专题08+动词语态和主谓一致-2019届高考英语热门考点全攻略 14页

命题探究 ‎1. 时态语态是高考中出现频率最高的语法项目，一般出现在单选、语法填空、改错中，分值在 3-5 分左右。考题创设的语境比较明确，通常是根据所设置的语境中上下文的信息判断时态以及主谓语之间的主谓或动宾关系。‎ ‎2. 高考中主要是以时态考查为主，语态考查为辅，在语法填空和短文改错中侧重考查一般时。‎ ‎3. 考生应了解并能够正确运用常考的 10 种时态所对应的被动语态的形式和用法以及主动形式表示被动意义的用法。‎ 考点精讲 一、被动语态 ‎1. 被动语态的构成：英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的，而 被动语态是有标记的。被动语态由“be + 过去分词”构成。be 动词要随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态、语 气的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态总结如下：‎ 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 is/am/are done was/were done will/shall be done would/should be done 进行 am/is/are being done was/were being done ‎--‎ ‎--‎ 完成 have/has been done had been done will have been done would have been done 完成进行 have/has been being done had been being done ‎--‎ ‎--‎ ‎（1）注意含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + done（过去分词）‎ 例：The plan will be given up. Bad habits have been done away with. He must be prevented from going. The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 此外，要注意的是，被动语态中，千万不可以丢掉后面的介词或副词。‎ ‎（2）“get+过去分词”可以表示被动，但此结构比较口语化。‎ 例：The patient got treated once a week. He fell off the car and got hurt. （3）主动形式表被动意义 ‎① 系动词“look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep, remain 等+形 容词/名词”构成的主系表结构。 ② 表示开始、结束的动词，如 begin, start, finish 等。‎ ‎③ 表示主语的某种属性特征的词，如 read, write, sell, wash, clean, wear, cook 等。这类词一般不单独使用，‎ 常用一个修饰语，一般是一个副词。 ‎ 例：Nylon cleans easily. Your speech reads well. This material has worn thin. ④ “介词 in, on, under + 名词”构成介词短语表示被动意义。表示方位或目的的介词与含动作意义的名词合 用，含被动意，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般没有冠词，常见的有：‎ under control 受控制 ‎ under treatment 在治疗中 under repair 在修理中 ‎ under discussion 在谈论中 under construction 在建设中 ‎ beyond belief 令人难以置信 beyond one’s reach 够不着 beyond one’s control 无法控制 for sale 待售 for rent 出租 in print 已出版 ‎ in sight 在视野范围内 on sale 出售 ‎ on show 展出 on trial 受审 ‎ out of control 控制不了 out of sight 超出视线之外 ‎ out of one’s reach 够不着 out of fashion 不流行 ‎ beyond our hope 令我们始料不及 ‎⑤ 不能用于被动语态的及物动词和词组 have 有 ‎ wish 希望 ‎ cost 花费 last 持续 ‎ date back to 追溯到 ‎ run out 用完 break out 爆发 ‎ happen 发生 ‎ take place 发生 occur 发生 ‎ succeed in 成功 ‎ suffer from 遭受 belong to 属于 ‎⑥ be to blame（该受责备，对某件坏事应负责任）与 be to let（待出租）两种结构中，用不定式的主动形 式表示被动含义。‎ 例：Which drivers is to blame for the accident?‎ This house is to let. ⑦need, want, require 等词语用-ing 表示被动，如 need doing sth=need to be done；want doing sth=want to be done 二、主谓一致 主谓一致指，在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的人称、数保持一致。一般可以根据三个原则来确定：语 法一致原则（主语的单复数决定谓语的单复数）、意义一致原则（形单意复的名词或形复意单的名词，要根据其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数）、就近或就远原则（谓语动词的单复数取决于离它最近的或较远的主语）。‎ ‎1. 语法一致 ‎（1）以单数名词或代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。‎ ‎（2）由连词 and 或 both...and 连接起来的合成主语，谓语动词一般用复数形式。‎ ‎（3）【either, neither, each, every 或 no + 单数名词】以及【由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词】，‎ 谓语动词一般用单数形式。（注意：如果“名词+each”这种形式，可以忽略 each，直接看名词单复数即可）‎ ‎（4）口语中 either 或 neither 后跟有“of + 复数名词或代词”作主语时，谓语动词单复数都可。若 neither of 后的名词是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎2. 意义一致（难点 需记忆）‎ ‎（1）集体名词作主语，谓语动词要根据主语的意义来决定。如 family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience, government, group, team 等。‎ ‎（2）当集合名词 people, police, cattle 等作主语，谓语动词用复数。trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes 等词作 主语，谓语动词用复数；但是若被 a pair of 等量词修饰，单复数取决于量词的单复数。‎ ‎（3）表示金钱、距离、时间、长度、体积、面积、重量、价格等复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作 一个整体，谓语动词一般用单数。如：Eight hours of sleep is enough. （4）两个或两个以上的并列名词或代词由 and 连接时，若表示不同概念则谓语动词用复数；若表示相同概念则用单数。如：Wu Dong and Wu Xi are twin brothers. 和 The singer and dancer comes from Shanghai.但是，若 and 连接的两个并列单数主语前有 no, every, each, more than one, many a(an)修饰时，其谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎（5）★①当主语是“most/ the majority/ some/ half/ the rest/ a lot/ lots/ plenty/ a number/ 分数、百分数 ‎+ of +名词”时，如果 of 后面的名词表示单数概念或不可数名词时，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果 of 后面的 名词表示复数概念，则用复数形式。②当主语是“the number of + 名词”，谓语动词用单数，表示“...的数量”；‎ ‎③当主语是“large(small)quantities of + 名词”时，谓语动词通常用复数。④当表示数量短语“one and a half +‎ 名词复数”作主语时，要看名词的含义，若表示时间金钱距离（*参考<3>名词）等用单数，反之复数。‎ ‎（6）★many a 或 more than one 修饰主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。此处还需注意：many a/ more than one 后面接名词单数。‎ ‎（7）★定语从句中，关系代词 that, who, which 等作主语时，从句谓语动词单复数取决于先行词。注意，“one of + 复数名词”后的定语从句，谓语动词用复数；而“the (only) one of + 复数名词”后的定语从句，谓语动词 用单数。‎ ‎（8）★none 作主语，谓语动词单数、复数都可以。all 单独作主语，表示人时谓语用复数；表示事物时谓 语动词一般用单数。‎ ‎3. 就近原则和就远原则 ‎（1）就近原则：即谓语动词在人称、数上与这些词或句型离得最近的主语保持一致。‎ ‎ ① 由 or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also. 这同样适合于疑问句。‎ 例：You or he is good at English. 以及 Are you or he good at English?‎ ‎② there 和 here 引导的句子，其主语是一系列的事物时，使用就近原则。最常见的就是 there be 句型。‎ ‎（2）就远原则：即谓语动词在人称、数上与这些词或词组前面的主语保持一致。 ‎ ‎① 主语后有 with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, but, except 时。‎ 例：The teacher as well as the students likes the painting 专项精练 一、单句语法填空 ‎1. (2018•全国I) While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it __________(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.‎ ‎2. (2018•全国II)Since 2011, the country __________(grow) more corn than rice.‎ ‎3. (2018•全国II) The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 – when the government __________(start) a soil-testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers–and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.‎ ‎4. (2017•全国Ⅰ)Fast food __________(be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.‎ ‎5. (2017•全国Ⅰ)When fat and salt __________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.‎ ‎6. (2017•全国Ⅱ)Steam engines __________(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.‎ ‎7. (2017•全国Ⅲ)Sarah __________(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year.‎ ‎8. (2017•全国Ⅲ)But at the moment, school __________(come) first.‎ ‎9. (2017·天津)I __________(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.‎ ‎10. (2016•全国Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil __________(use) for cooking.‎ ‎11. (2016•全国II)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow __________(be) often acceptable.‎ ‎12. (2016•全国Ⅲ)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might __________(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.‎ ‎13. (2016•全国Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and __________(be) too violent for use at the table.‎ ‎14. (2016•浙江)While online shopping __________(change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive.‎ ‎15. (2016·四川)The giant panda __________(love) by people throughout the world.‎ ‎16. (2016·上海)In recent years, stress __________(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness.‎ ‎17. (2018·海淀二模)I __________(make) up my mind what I was going to say in the seminar, but it was cancelled.‎ ‎18. (2018·江苏97校联考)—You look pretty tired today!‎ ‎—I __________(write) an environmental report over the last few days, which should be submitted to the boss tomorrow.‎ ‎19. (2019·广东六校第一次联考)The phrase __________(create) for the first time in 2014 in Japan to describe young men who no longer bother to start relationships with women or follow someone else’s life path.‎ ‎20. (2018•河南洛阳新安县第一高级中学热身练)When a balloon __________(fly) into the sky, it doesn’t end up staying there.‎ ‎21. (2018•河南信阳高级中学一模)The doctor said he had a very serious illness and he __________(die) before he was 23.‎ ‎22. (2018•广东肇庆蓝精灵中学第一次月考)Will it matter if you don’t take your breakfast. Recently a test __________(give) in the United Sates.‎ ‎23. (2019•福建闽侯第四中学开学考试)Last month, an unforgettable adult ceremony __________(hold) for all the senior 3 students in our school.‎ ‎24. (2017•石嘴山三中月考)The camera __________(reduce) to half the original price last year.‎ ‎25. Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she ___________ (teach) a class at that time.‎ ‎26. I __________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.‎ ‎27. (2018•浙江嘉兴高三基础检测)By that time, she __________ (accept) by Yale University and Harvard University in the US.‎ ‎28. (2018•甘肃兰州检测) Oh, it looks like professor Brown is here, I __________(talk) to you some more after class.‎ ‎29. —We’ve spent too much money recently.‎ ‎—Well, it isn’t surprising. Our friends and relatives ___________(come) around all the time.‎ ‎30. As time went on, Einstein’s theory __________ (prove) to be correct.‎ ‎31. More efforts, as reported, __________(make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.‎ ‎32. He __________(direct) the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring.‎ ‎33. (2017•佛山市一中第一次大考）The man who __________(stand) there is the headmaster of our school.‎ ‎34. (2018•浙江湖州模考)One day, when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he __________(bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly.‎ ‎35. (2017•漳州一中高三期末)Sailing races __________(hold) on the lake at 11:30 next Tuesday.‎ ‎36. (2017•石嘴山三中月考)Rowing __________(recognize) as an Olympic Sport in 1908.‎ ‎37. As a foreigner, I __________(absorb) and charmed by the genuine warmth of welcome and unique culture during the trip.‎ ‎38. (2017•福建福州期中)I noticed a man sitting at the front. He __________(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.‎ ‎39. Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, __________(keep) some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.‎ ‎40. He is going to visit her aunt the day he __________(arrive) in Beijing.‎ ‎41. As you go through this book, you __________(find) that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎4. 题干描述的是客观事实，故用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，故填is。‎ ‎5. 根据主句中谓语动词tastes可知，此处用一般现在时，而且fat and salt 和remove 之间是被动关系，故填are removed。‎ ‎6. 根据后面must have been可知，是表示一般过去的情况，而且steam engines和use是被动关系，故填were used。‎ ‎7. 根据宾语从句she could be…可知，此处是过去发生的动作，而且Sarah和tell是被动关系，故填was told。‎ ‎8. 根据时间状语at the moment可知，表示现在的情况，school作为主语，应该使用第三人称单数，故填comes。‎ ‎9. 句意：我正开车前往伦敦，突然发现我走在错误的路上。此处是“be doing …when …”结构，意为“正在做……这时突然……”。根据从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应该用过去进行时was driving。‎ ‎10. 根据时间状语 Every day 和主句he makes sure 可知，此处用一般现在时，而且fresh vegetables and high quality oil 和use 之间为被动关系，故填are used。 ‎ ‎11. 句意：把不重要的事情留到明天，通常是可接受的。此处考查动名词短语做主语，而是表示一般的情况，时态用一般现在是，谓语动词使用第三人称单数，故填is。‎ ‎12. 此处有情态动词might，情态动词后面使用动词原形，而且主语Truly elegant chopsticks 和make 之间是被动关系，故填be made。‎ ‎13. 句意：孔子认为刀子会使人想起杀戮并且在餐桌上使用也太暴力了。根据主句Confucius believed可知，从句也要用一般过去时，故填were。‎ ‎14. 主语是online shopping，结合语境以及后面的have been可知，这里要用现在完成时，表示网购对我们生活造成的影响。故填has changed。‎ ‎15. 句意：大熊猫被全世界的人喜欢。表示客观事实，且与主语是被动关系“被喜欢”，故用一般现在时态的被动语态，故填is loved。‎ ‎18. 句意：——你今天看起来很累！——在过去的几天里我一直在写一个环境报告，这个报告明天要提交给老板。表示从几天前开始一直进行持续到现在的动作，用现在完成进行时，故填have been writing。‎ ‎19. 句意：这句话是2014年在日本首次被创造出来，用来形容那些不再费心与女性建立关系或追随他人生活道路的年轻男性。此处句子主语The phrase 和create之间是被动关系，主语是单数第三人称，再根据2014可知，句子用一般过去时态的被动语态，故填was created。‎ ‎20. 句意：当气球飞向天空的时候，它并不会待在那儿。这里表达客观事实，使用一般现在时，且本句的主句it doesn’t end up ______ (stay) there.使用了一般现在时。因此时态要保持一致，故填flies。‎ ‎21. 句意：医生说他得了一种严重的疾病，23岁前就会死的。根据before he was 23可知，句子用过去将来时态，故答案为would die。‎ ‎22. 结合句子此处指过去的事情，句子主语a test是单数第三人称形式，和give之间是被动关系，所以这里用一般过去时态的被动语态，故填was given。‎ ‎23. 句意：上个月，一场令人难忘的高三成人礼在我校举行。an unforgettable adult ceremony（主语）与hold（谓语）是被动关系，last month是过去时间状语，故填was held。‎ ‎24. 句意：去年照相机的价格降到了原价的一半。根据句中last year可知，用一般过去时态的被动语态，The camera是单数第三人称，故填was reduced。‎ ‎27. 根据by that time可知，表示在那之前已经录取，此处用过去完成时。故填had been accepted。‎ ‎28. 根据前一句的时态和after class判断，talk这一动作发生在将来，故用will talk。‎ ‎29. 句意：——最近，我们花了太多钱。——这并不足为奇，我们的朋友和亲戚一直来访。表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且可能还将持续下去，用现在完成进行时，故填have been coming。‎ ‎30. 句意：随着时间的推移，爱因斯坦的理论被证明是正确的。prove意为“证明是”‎ ‎，这里用作连系动词，要用主动形式表被动含义，因时间状语从句使用一般过去时，故此处也应用过去时，填proved。‎ ‎31. 本句的时间状语in the years ahead（在将来的几年），和将来时连用，且efforts与动词make构成被动关系，所以使用被动语态，故填will be made。‎ ‎32. 由and was stored until the spring.可知，是发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时，故填directed。‎ ‎33. 句意：正站在那里的那个人是我们学校的校长。在定语从句中作谓语，表示动作正在进行用现在进行时，根据先行词是The man，动词用第三人称单数，故填is standing。‎ ‎34. and连接的并列句要保持时态的一致性，根据前面“I was drawing diagrams”可知，这里应使用过去进行时was bathing。‎ ‎35. 句意：帆船比赛将在下周二在湖上举行。根据时间next Tuesday可知，用将来时，主语Sailing races和动词hold是被动关系，要用将来时的被动will be+过去分词，故填will be held.‎ ‎36. 句意：Rowing在1908年被确认作为奥运会运动项目。根据in 1908可知，此处用一般过去时态。Rowing是主语，与recognize是被动冠词，故填was recognized。‎ ‎37. 由句子中by…可知，此处应使用被动语态，而且during the trip表明是过去情况，故填was absorbed。‎ ‎38. 根据and giving it a voice可知，此处pretend和giving是同时发生的，而且noticed 表明是过去时态，故填was pretending。‎ ‎39. 根据句中is可知，此处使用一般现在时，主语为Walmart，谓语动词是第三人称单数，故填keeps。‎ 二、单句改错 ‎1. (2018·全国I)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎2. (2018·全国II) I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎3. (2017·全国I)Once I started the car, my mind goes blank.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎4. (2017·全国Ⅱ)When summer came, they will invite their students pick the vegetables！‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎5. (2017·全国Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎6. (2016•全国Ⅰ) It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎7. (2016•全国Ⅲ) However, my parents didn’t seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎8. (2019•宁夏银川一中第一次月考)He is now in his thirties and has been teaching in almost ten years.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎9. (2018•湖北省鄂东南省级示范高中教育教学改革联盟学校联考)By the time Kenny, 16, reached his third year of high school, he has become vice president of his school’s cooking club.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎10. (2018•吉林省长春外国语学校高三月考)When times are hard and workers laid off, they receive very little.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎11. (2018•新疆乌鲁木齐诊断)Next Sunday, the twenty-fifth of October, we have an open day at our school.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎12. (2018•辽宁沈阳一模) Li Yuan did very well in her job. And then she runs a teahouse of her own.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎13. (2018•兰州二模)When we arrived, we were warmly welcome by them.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎14. (2018•福建福州十三中期中)Today I’ve got wonderful news to tell you. I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎15. (2018•甘肃天水一中一模)Since last winter, the smog has been occurred a lot of times.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎16. (2018•安徽皖南八校联考)If our staffs determined that your clothes are not appropriate, you will be forbidden to enter the school.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎17. (2016•四川成都外国语学校月考)One evening, a man visited me and after a while, he inquires about my ‎ studies.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎18. (2018•河南省中原名校第一次质量考评)Without rain, our water supply would cut off and we would die.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎19. (2018•广东仲元中学七校联合体考前冲刺交流)John went shopping in a store, but he forgot to bring a bag. So he buys a shopping bag.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎4. 根据主句they will invite可知，时间状语从句要使用一般现在时，符合主将从现的规则，故把came改为comes。 ‎ ‎5. 这里考查被动语态。这里表达“在这张照片被照一个月以后”，took是take的过去式，被动语态要使用过去分词而非过去式，故把took改为taken。‎ ‎6. 根据It is always crowded with customers at meal times.可知，这里表达的是现在的情况，故后面句子也要使用一般现在，故把had改为have。‎ ‎7. 根据前面my parents didn’t seem是一般过去时，故后面的动作也应是发生在过去，也要使用一般过去时，故把tell改为told。‎ ‎8. 与现在完成进行时has been teaching连用，表示一段时间，介词用for，故把in改为for。‎ ‎9. 本句有时间状语By the time Kenny, 16,表示16岁时动作已完成，要用过去完成时。故把has改为had。‎ ‎10. workers与lay off之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态，表示一个客观的事实，用一般现在时，这里应该使用一般现在时的被动语态，故workers后加are。‎ ‎14. 句意：今天我有个好消息要告诉你。因为我的好的表现，一家位于英国的公司给了我一份工作。这里表示过去的动作对现在的影响，应该用现在完成时而不是过去完成时。故把had改为have。‎ ‎15. occur表示“发生”，是不及物动词，无被动语态，故been是多余的，删掉。‎ ‎16. if引导条件状语从句，主句使用一般将来时，从句使用一般现在时。故把determined改为determine。‎ ‎17. 根据时间状语one evening可知，指代那天晚上发生的事情，故使用一般过去时。故把inquires改为inquired。‎ ‎18. 句意：没有雨水，我们的水供应将被切断，我们会死。句子用过去将来时态的被动语态，故在would后加be。‎ ‎19. 动作都发生在过去，所以用一般过去时，故把buys改成bought。‎ 综合精练 ‎ 语法填空 Chinese anti-corruption (反腐败) TV series, In the Name of the People, has really captured great popularity. Some people call it Chinese House of Cards, 1． (compare) it to the American political drama House of Cards. The drama, which 2． (base) on the novel of the same name, shows a deep reflection on the fight 3． corruption.‎ What makes In the Name of the People unusual is not only how 4． (direct) it describes the ugly side of Chinese politics, but also that it has the 5． (permit) of the country’s top officials. The Chinese government in 2004 decided 6． (limit) the production of such dramas because too many were of poor quality. But since Chinese President Xi Jinping took power in 2012, anti-corruption dramas 7． (become) increasingly popular.‎ People of all ages love it. “There are two aspects about In the Name of the People to 8． we should pay attention. First, the cast includes 9． number of skilled actors and actresses. Second, shooting an anti-corruption show under the current system is like 10． (try) to dance wrapped in chains. Therefore, it is much more difficult to create such a drama than it is for other kinds.” a denizen wrote in a review on Douban.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎3．against前文提到《人民的名义》是一部主题为anti-corruption (反腐败) 的政治剧，这里应该用fight against（对抗，与...作斗争） corruption 。‎ ‎4．directly 全句理解：《人民的名义》之所以如此不同寻常，不仅因为它非常直接地揭露了中国政治的黑暗面，而且因为它获得了当局政府的播放许可。这里direct（直接）用来修饰后面动词describes，用其副词形式directly。‎ ‎5．permission 全句理解：《人民的名义》之所以如此不同寻常，不仅因为它非常直接地揭露了中国政治的黑暗面，而且因为它获得了当局政府的播放许可。这里获得许可，应为permit的名词形式permission。‎ ‎6．to limit 这里decide to do sth（决定做某事）固定搭配，因此用动词不定式to limit。‎ ‎9．a 全句理解为：第一这部剧有很多（a number of）实力派演员参演。a number of固定搭配，意为很多。‎ ‎10．trying 全句理解为：拍摄反腐剧就像（like）被锁在铁链里跳舞一样。这里like表示“像”的意思，后面跟名词或动名词，因此用try的动名词形式trying。‎