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话题词汇
1.abundant adj.大量的；丰富的
2.disappear v.消失
3.memory n.记忆；回忆
4.permanent adj.永久的；永恒的
5.remain v.剩下；保持；仍是
6.widespread adj.分布广的；普遍的
7.have a history of有……的历史
8.in the course of在……期间
9.in the long run 从长远看
10.take on a new look呈现新面貌
话题佳作
假如你是李华，你所在的地区有一座古墓，墓内墙上绘有多幅反映当时人们生活的壁画，具有很高的艺术价值。但是，近年来，每天都有很多游人前来参观，空气污染对壁画正在造成破坏。请你就此写一封信，呼吁有关部门采取措施，保护这一文化遗迹。信中要包括以下信息：
1.说明写信的目的；
2.介绍墓壁的情况；
3.提出具体的建议。
佳作欣赏
Dear Sir or Madam，
I’m writing to inform you of a newly discovered ancient tomb in our city.
It was built in the late Tang Dynasty.On the walls of the tomb are many paintings，which show us how people at that time lived.The wall paintings are of great value.But I am worried about them because some of them are damaged by air pollution，which comes from visitors who come in every day.
I think some measures should be taken immediately.For example，we should put glass walls in front of the paintings.Second，the number of visitors should be limited.And we should build a website where people can look at the pictures and paintings of the tomb.Only in this way can we protect the tomb properly.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
名师点睛
作者充分利用写作提示进行了语言的组织和运用。作者首先表明了自己的身份，然后提出本文话题，最后阐述了自己的建议。文章符合写作要求，基本完成了写作任务。文中作者使用了较为高级的词汇和句式，如inform sb.of sth.，be of great value，take measures，look forward to等以及倒装句、定语从句、原因状语从句等。这些词汇和句式的使用表明作者具有一定的语言运用能力。
Ⅰ.写作必记单词
1.apology n.道歉，认错
2.absorb vt.理解，掌握；吸收
3.laughter n.笑；笑声
laugh vi.笑；嘲笑
4.majority n.大半，大多数
minority n.少数；少数民族
5.anyhow adv.总之，反正；不管怎样
6.manners n.礼貌
7.modest adj.谦虚的；适度的
8.movement n.动作；活动
move vi.移动；搬家；vt.移动；感动
9.familiar adj.熟悉的，常见的
10.arrival n.到达，抵达
arrive vi.到达
11.stare vi.盯着看，凝视
12.spoken adj.口头的
speak vt.讲话；发言
speaker n.演讲者；讲话人
13.educator n.教育者
educate vt.教育
education n.教育；培训
14.belong vi.适应；属于
15.forgive vt.宽恕，饶恕
16.bear vt.携带；容忍
Ⅱ.阅读识记单词
17.owe vt.欠(情、债等)
18.brief adj.短暂的，简短的
briefly adv.短暂地；简略地
19.expectation n.期待的事物，预期
expect vt.预料；期待
20.exchange vt.兑换，交换
21.tasty adj.美味的
taste v.品尝；尝起来；n.味觉
22.foggy adj.多雾的
fog n.雾
23.reasonable adj.合理的，正当的
24.indicate vt.表明；表示
25.curiously adv.奇怪地；好奇地
26.informal adj.非正式的
27.request n.请求
28.aspect n.方面
29.cautious adj.小心翼翼的，谨慎的
caution n.小心，谨慎；警告
30.whisper vi.&n.低语，耳语
31.conduct vt.指挥；实施
conductor n.指挥；售票员
32.injure vt.伤害
injury n.受伤
injured adj.受伤的
33.attach vt.喜欢，依恋；系，固定
34.contrary adj.相反的；n.相反
35.broad adj.各种各样的；广阔的
36.spot n.地点；点；斑点
37.addition n.相加，增加物
语境活用 [用所给词的正确形式填空]
1.The author is cautious(caution) about selfgovernment(自治).(2015·江苏)
2.In a recent study，Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted(conductor) some experiments.(2015·安徽)
3.Upon arrival(arrive)，Jimmy found a long line of applicants waiting to be interviewed.
4.The majority(major) of people seem to prefer TV to radio.
5.They joke and laugh(laughter) and are living in their own relaxed world.(2016·天津)
6.If it weren’t for Rachel Carson，the environmental movement(move) might not exist today.
(2016·全国Ⅰ)
7.We went to the restaurant to taste(tasty) the Chinese traditional food.(2016·天津)
8.In high school，I became curious(curiously) about the computer，and built my first website.
(2016·北京)
9.Each one was a brief(briefly) ticket to another time，a leap(跳跃) backward over years and decades.(2014·四川)
10.I was wearing a seatbelt.If I hadn’t been wearing one，I would have been injured(injury).
(2016·天津)
1.at least至少
2.get used to习惯于
3.give...a lift让……搭车
4.drop sb.off让某人下车
5.hang on不挂断(电话)
6.stare at盯着看；凝视
7.sound like听起来像
8.insist on坚持
9.see...off给……送行
10.be attached to依恋；附属于
11.be fond of喜爱
12.contrary to与……相反
13.in poor condition状况不好
14.bring an end to sth.结束某事
15.be sensitive to sth.对某事敏感，易受影响
语境活用 [运用上述短语完成片段]
Our school 1.is attached to(附属于) a college.All my teachers 2.are fond of(喜爱)their students，and most of them have 3.got used to(习惯于) living with us students.Just take my English teacher for example，his health is 4.in poor condition(状况不好)，but he 5.insists on(坚持) his work.Every day he walks 6.at least(至少) 10 li to our school.That 7.sounds like(听起来像) a touching story.
1.v.ing形式作原因状语
I don’t know what your expectations are of London，but knowing that you’ve never travelled outside of Asia，I thought I’d tell you a bit about what you can expect to find.
我不知道您对伦敦有什么期望，但是我知道您从来没有到过亚洲以外的地方旅行，所以我应该告诉您一些这里您要知道的情况。
仿写 花光了我们差不多所有的钱，我们住不起旅馆了。(2014·江西)
Having spent nearly all our money，we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.
2.Would you mind doing...?
Would you mind giving me and my schoolmate a lift to school?
你能让我和我的同学搭你的车去上学吗？
仿写 请你给这位病人让点儿地方出来行吗？
Would you mind making some room for the patient?
3.疑问词＋不定式
Decide where to go on holiday with a friend.
定好和朋友到哪儿度假。
仿写 选择吃什么，已经不像以前那么简单了。
Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.
4.have a time doing sth.
When I first arrived in San Francisco，I had a difficult time understanding certain aspects of the American way of doing things.
刚到旧金山时，有段时间我很难理解某些美国人的处事方式。
仿写 她有段时间很难完成要求的阅读任务。(2015·浙江)
She had a hard time finishing the required reading tasks.
5.the last time引导时间状语从句
I had a similar experience the last time I visited China.
我上次访问中国时有一次类似的经历。
仿写 我记得你上一次参观我们学校的时候给我看了一些关于那个主题的照片。(2016·全国Ⅱ)
I remember you showed me some photos on that theme the last time you visited our school.
6....wonder if...
I wonder if they’ll ever forgive the way they’ve been treated.
我想知道他们是否会原谅他们曾被对待的方式。
仿写 我想知道你是否愿意和我一起去。(2015·北京)
I wonder if you’d like to go with me.
owe v.欠(账、钱、人情等)；归因于；归功于
(1)I owe my brother 50.
我欠我弟弟50美元。(朗文词典)
(2)He owes his success to his teachers and parents.
他把成功归功于老师和父母。
(1)owe sb.sth.＝owe sth.to sb.欠某人某物；把……归功于……
owe it to sb.to do sth.应该为某人做某事
(2)owing to由于
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)Owing to bad weather，this morning’s flight will be delayed.
(2)He owed 300 to me.
(3)I owe everything to him.
(4)You owe it to your supporters not to give up now.
写作能力提升——[一句多译]
(5)由于下雨，运动会不得不推迟。
①Owing to the rain，the sports meeting had to be put off.(owe)
②Because of the rain，the sports meeting had to be put off.(because)
③On account of the rain，the sports meeting had to be put off.(account)
absorb v.吸收(液体、气体等)；理解；掌握；吸引全部注意力；使全神贯注；使并入，吞并
(1)Our good learning habits will make us study more easily and efficiently and absorb knowledge completely.
好的学习习惯会使我们更加轻松和有效地学习，全面地掌握知识。
(2)Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air and moisture from the soil.
植物从空气中吸收二氧化碳并从土壤中汲取水分。
(3)He was so absorbed in thought that he ran against a passerby.
他全神贯注地想心事，以至于和一个行人撞了个满怀。
absorb one’s attention吸引某人的注意
absorb...from...从……中吸收……
be absorbed in全神贯注于
be absorbed by/into被……吞并(吸引)
名师点拨
(1)表示“全神贯注”的常见短语还有：be lost in，be buried in，fix/focus one’s attention on，devote...to，concentrate one’s mind on，apply oneself to，be addicted to等。
(2)特别注意absorb用其过去分词或形容词形式作状语的情况。
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)Most little shops have been absorbed into/by big businesses.
(2)After absorbing(absorb) enough water，the plants grow well.
(3)Absorbed(absorb) in writing，Jack didn’t notice evening approaching.
写作能力提升——[句式升级]
(4)He was so absorbed in TV that he forgot to sleep.(用形容词短语作状语改写)
Absorbed in TV，he forgot to sleep.
exchange v.调换；交换；交流；兑换
n.交换；互换；交流；兑换
(1)It’s traditional for the two teams to exchange shirts after the game.
比赛后两个球队交换球衣是传统。(剑桥词典)
(2)I wish to exchange it for another camera or declare a refund.
我希望可以换一台相机，否则我要求退款。
(3)He exchanged a quick smile with her and then entered the lift.
他和她匆匆相视一笑，然后走进了电梯。
exchange A for B 拿A换B
exchange sth.with sb.与某人交换某物
in exchange (for)作为(对……的)交换
图解助记
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)Where can I exchange my dollars for pounds?
(2)I exchanged seats with Bill.
写作能力提升——[一句多译]
(3)他用一个苹果换我一块蛋糕。
①He gave me an apple in exchange for a piece of cake.(exchange n.)
②He exchanged an apple with me for a piece of cake.(exchange v.)
majority n.大部分；大多数
(1)The majority of them take an online language test before starting their programme.
大部分人在开始这个课程前参加网上语言测试。(2016·天津)
(2)The majority of people in the town strongly support the plan to build a playground for children.
镇上大部分人强烈支持为孩子们修建一个游乐场的计划。
(3)Only a minority of people in that city do not have a car while the people taking subway to work are in the/a majority.
在那个城市只有少数人没有汽车，但是乘坐地铁上班的人却占了大多数。
(1)in a/the majority占大多数
by/with a majority of以大多数……
(2)major in主修……
名师点拨
(1)the majority单独作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。
(2)“the/a majority of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数与of后面的名词保持一致。
[单句语法填空]
(1)The majority was/were(be) in favor of the proposal.
(2)The majority who attended the meeting yesterday were(be) students.
(3)The majority of the damage is(be) easy to repair.
request vt.& n.要求；请求
(1)I wrote them a letter，officially requesting permission to proceed.
我写信给他们，正式请求允许我继续进行。(朗文词典)
(2)Students are requested to park at the back of the Department.
学生必须把车停在该系后面。
(3)She had requested that the door to her room (should) be left open.
她要求不要关闭通向她房间的门。
request sb.to do sth.请求某人做某事
request sth.from sb.向某人要求某物
request that...(should) do...要求……
at one’s request(＝at the request of sb.)应某人的要求
名师点拨
动词request后的宾语从句以及名词request后的表语从句、同位语从句都要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为“(should＋)动词原形”。
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)I request him to come(come) to the meeting on time.
(2)We specially requested that you (should) be informed(inform).
(3)The request is that manuscripts (should) be written(write) on one side only.
(4)The performance was repeated at the request of the audience.
写作能力提升——[同义句改写]
(5)We requested Mr.Wang not to smoke in the office.
We requested that Mr.Wang (should) not smoke in the office.
(6)It is requested that all the club members attend the annual meeting.
All the club members are requested to attend the annual meeting.
(7)He requested that he should be transferred to another department.
He was transferred to another department at his own request.
familiar adj.熟悉的；常见的
(1)I don’t believe we’ve met before，although I must say you do look familiar.
我相信我们以前没有见过面，不过我必须说你看上去的确很面熟。
(2)The voice on the phone sounded familiar to me.
电话里的声音我听起来很熟悉。
sb.be familiar with...某人对……熟悉
...be familiar to sb.某人熟悉……
be on familiar terms with...熟悉……；与……关系亲近的，亲密的
[单句语法填空]
(1)Broadband networking technology is familiar to him.
(2)You certainly seem to be on familiar terms with him.
(3)Are you familiar with English sounds yet?
bear vt.承受；忍耐；运送；生(孩子)；结(果实)
(1)However，a plan can bear no fruit without being actually carried out.
但是，计划不经执行就不会产生结果。(2016·浙江)
(2)I can’t bear having a cat in the house.
家中养猫我受不了。
(3)Bear in mind that success comes from hard work.
记住：成功来自于努力。
bear doing/to do...忍受做……
bear sb./sb.’s doing...容忍某人做……
bear sb.to do...忍受某人做……
keep/bear sth.in mind牢记……
名师点拨
(1)bear表示“容忍，忍耐”时多与can/could连用，且多用于否定句和疑问句中。
(2)bear的过去分词形式，作“生育，生产”讲时用borne；作“出生”或“出身”时用born。
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)Mary has borne him six sons and the eldest son was born in 1970.(bear)
(2)He can’t bear being laughed/to be laughed(laugh) at.
(3)I can’t bear him treating/to treat(treat) his parents like that.
写作能力提升——[一句多译]
(4)那个妇女已生了两个孩子。
①The woman has borne two children.(bear)
②The woman has given birth to two children.(birth)
③The woman has been delivered of two children.(deliver)
spot v.发现；认出；点缀
n.斑点；污点；地点
(1)As soon as someone spotted the boat，everyone would do lastminute tidying and change into fancy clothes.
当有人发现了船，大家就做最后的清洁工作并换上别致的衣服。(2015·湖南)
(2)Neighbours spotted smoke coming out of the house.
邻居们发现有烟正从这所房子里冒出来。
(3)You’ll never know unless you ask the interviewer on the spot.
除非你当场向面试官问个清楚，否则永远不会知道。
spot sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事
be spotted with满是……斑点
on the spot＝on the scene到(在)现场；当场
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)He spotted his friend talking(talk) with someone in the distance.
(2)The young man，who was the only man on the spot，was told to set down what he saw.
(2015·湖北黄冈调研)
(3)His trousers were spotted with ink.
写作能力提升——[句式升级]
(4)The police arrived at the spot and there they found the evidence.(改为含有定语从句的复合句)
The police arrived at the spot where they found the evidence.
curiously adv.好奇地
基础知识训练——[完成句子]
(1)她那样做仅仅是出于好奇心。
She did that just out of curiosity.
(2)真奇怪，他不辞而别了。
It’s curious that he left without saying goodbye.
(3)Felix好奇地问，“你在那儿得到了什么？”
“What have you got there？” Felix asked with curiosity/curiously.
(4)那对夫妇对野生植物那么好奇以至于他们决定去Madagascar作进一步的研究。(用倒装语序)
So curious were the couple about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.
写作能力提升——[句式升级]
(5)He was curious about Australian cities，so he read the book written by Dr.Johnson.(用形容词短语作状语改写)
Curious about Australian cities，he read the book written by Dr.Johnson.
名师点拨
可用with curiosity 代替curiously表示“好奇地”。
cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)The governments are very cautious about setting a new policy and make no decision until they are quite sure it is the right one.
(2)The teacher cautioned him against being late.
(3)You should cross the street with caution.
(4)We were cautioned(caution) against using that bridge.
写作能力提升——[同义句改写]
(5)Those numbers need to be treated cautiously.
Those numbers need to be treated with caution.
名师点拨
(1)be cautious of/about在……方面谨慎
be cautious to do...小心做……
(2)caution n.& v.小心；谨慎；警告
with caution小心地
caution sb.to do.../against doing...警告某人做/不做……
(3)cautiously adj.小心地，谨慎地
conduct v.组织；实施；传导；指挥；带领；引导；处理；举止
n.行为；举止
[写出下列句子中conduct的汉语意思]
(1)Our guide conducted us round the whole tourist attraction.带领
(2)Do all the metals conduct electricity？传导
(3)You should conduct yourself at any time.行为，举止
(4)We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service.组织，实施
名师点拨
conduct作名词时，不可数
conduct oneself举止，行为
belong vi.适应；属于
[用belong的正确形式填空]
(1)Our teacher keeps telling us that the future belongs to the welleducated.
(2)Please take fewer belongings next time，there is little room left in our car.
(3)With his classmates he felt a sense of belonging.
[单句改错]
(4)If you love someone，you will like all that to him.
(5)This is a house to my grandfather.
(6)He walks in and out as if the house belonged to .
名师点拨
(1)belong to属于
(2)a sense of belonging归属感
(3)belongings n.所有物；财产
(4)belong to无被动语态(其过去分词也不可用作后置定语)，无进行时，后接名词的普通格或代词宾格。
contrary adj.相反的
n.相反的事实或情况
[单句语法填空]
(1)Any judgment to the contrary is simply not true.
(2)He is not poor，on the contrary，he is a millionaire.
(3)What you do now is contrary to the doctor’s advice.
[完成句子]
(4)You didn’t bother me.Just/Quite the contrary(恰恰相反)，I like your company.
(5)I admit that your opinion is contrary to mine(与我的相反).
(6)He produced evidence to the contrary(与此相反的).
(7)Contrary to my expectation(跟我的预料相反)，he won the speech competition.
名师点拨
(1)(be) contrary to与……相反；违反；对抗
quite/just the contrary恰恰相反
on the contrary相反；反之
to the contrary与此相反(的)
(2)on the contrary与to the contrary均可表示“相反”，但前者主要用于加强语气，用以强调说话者对前面所提出的情况完全不同意；而后者则仅指反面的情况。
see...off给……送行
[短语填空]
(1)I’ll see to it that he will not be late tomorrow.
(2)He could see through her lies.
(3)Anne saw Terry off at the station yesterday.
bring an end to结束；终止
基础知识训练——[短语填空]
(1)That job came to an end last month.
(2)Since Mike lost his job，we can’t make ends meet.
(3)I must warn you that my patience is almost at an end.
(4)I hope we have brought an end to our arguments.
写作能力提升——[同义句改写]
(5)The meeting came to an end.
①We put/brought an end to the meeting.
②We brought the meeting to an end.
名师点拨
掌握表示“结束；终止”的几个短语：be at an end，come to an end，bring/put an end to，bring...to an end。
Would you mind giving me and my schoolmate a lift to school？
你能让我和我的同学搭你的车去上学吗？
(1)Would you mind answering some questions on shopping habits?
你介意回答一些关于购物习惯的问题吗？
(2)Do you mind if I use your phone?
介意我用一下你的电话吗？
(3)Would you mind if I went ahead of you?
你介意我走在你前头吗？
mind表示“介意，反对”，常用于下列句型：
Would/Do you mind doing...？请你做……好吗？
Would/Do you mind sb./one’s doing...？某人做……你反对吗？
Would you mind if...did...？某人做……你介意吗？
Do you mind if...do...？某人做……你介意吗？
应注意该句型的答语：表示不介意多使用：Of course not./Certainly not./No，not at all./No.Go ahead./No，please do./No，I don’t.；如果表示介意、反对，常用下列说法回答：I’m sorry，but you’d better not./I’m sorry，but it’s not allowed./Sorry，but I do.。
never mind可用于下列三种情况：回答别人的道歉；安慰别人；谢绝别人帮忙。它不用来回答含有mind的问句。
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)Do you mind my/me smoking(smoke)?
(2)Would you mind if I opened(open) the window?
写作能力提升——[完成句子]
(3)—Sorry，I made a mistake again.
—Never mind.Practice more and you’ll succeed.
——抱歉，我又出错了。
——没关系。只要你多加练习一定会成功的。
Decide where to go on holiday with a friend.
定好和朋友到哪儿度假。
(1)One tactic involves where to display the goods.
一个策略涉及到在哪里展示货物。(2015·重庆)
(2)I don’t know how to do it next.
我不知道下一步该怎么办。
(3)Why not discover what you enjoy and do that?
为什么不去发现你喜欢做的然后去做呢？
“疑问词＋不定式”结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
(1)在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中，不定式必须用主动式而不能用被动式。
(2)why后加不定式时，不定式省略符号to。
(3)whether后可接不定式，而if不可。
名师点拨
疑问代词(who，which除外)后面须跟及物动词；若是不及物动词，后面须跟相应的介词。疑问副词后可以接不及物动词；若接及物动词，动词不定式须有自己的宾语。
基础知识训练——[单句语法填空]
(1)He doesn’t know what to talk(talk) about.
写作能力提升——[同义句改写]
(2)I really have no idea whether I will accept her invitation or not.(改为简单句)
→I really have no idea whether to accept her invitation or not.
(3)Why don’t you stop to have a rest？(用why not改写)
→Why not stop to have a rest?
I had a similar experience the last time I visited China.
我上次访问中国时有一次类似的经历。
(1)The last time Dad and I set sail together，he told me lots of useful sailing skills.
我和父亲最后一次一起驾驶帆船时，他告诉了我许多有用的驾驶技巧。
(2)He paid back the money he owed us immediately he returned home.
他一回到家就把欠我们的钱还上了。
(3)Every time I see the old man in the park，he is absorbed in reading papers.
每次在公园里看到这位老人时，他都在专注地看报。
the last time作连词，引导时间状语从句。类似的还有：the moment，the minute，the second，the instant，the day，the week，the month，the year，each/every/next/any/last time，immediately，instantly，directly等。
名师点拨
for the first time在句中只能作状语，不具有连词功能，不能用来引导状语从句。
基础知识训练——[单句改错]
(1)Naturally，you were nervous when you went on the platform the first time.
写作能力提升——[同义句改写]
(2)I fell in love with you the moment I saw you.
①I fell in love with you as soon as I saw you.(用as soon as改写)
②I fell in love with you immediately/directly/instantly I saw you.(用以ly结尾的连词改写)
Ⅰ.教材与语法填空
Xiaojin writes a letter to Aunt Mei,1.saying(say) that she has been in London for 6 months and that she owes Aunt Mei an 2.apology(apologize) for not writing more often.She has been busy 3.studying(study) and trying to absorb all the new things.There is so much here 4.that is different from home.She wishes Aunt Mei’s visit not to be so brief and tells her a bit about 5.what she can expect to find.She tells Aunt Mei the food in London and about the British tipping system and ways 6.to exchange(exchange) travelers’ cheques at banks.7.Additionally(addition)，she suggests they 8.(should) stay(stay) in the English countryside to wander 9.through the fields and so on.At last she says the majority of British people are 10.friendly(friend) and she has made some good friends.
Ⅱ.教材与短文改错
When Jin Li first arrives in San Francisco，she had a difficult time understand the American way of doing things.Once she was to a friend’s home.As soon as she said goodbye，his friend went back to his room closed the door behind him.It made her to feel not welcome.For Martin，he finds the Chinese are extreme welcoming.When he had a dinner at a Chinese family，he had a good appetite，the food was yummy.But his host kept on putting much food in his bowl.He thinks that was very special experience in China.
答案
When Jin Li first in San Francisco，she had a difficult time the American way of doing things.Once she was a friend’s home.As soon as she said goodbye，
friend went back to his room the door behind him.It made her to feel not welcome.For Martin，he finds the Chinese are welcoming.When he had a dinner at a Chinese family，he had a good appetite， the food was yummy.But his host kept on putting food in his bowl.He thinks that was very special experience in China.
Ⅲ.教材与微写作
写作素材(关于文化素养)
1.大多数人认为，谦虚谨慎对所有的人来说都是一种社会美德。
2.另外，人们还认为积极道歉，宽恕别人也是一种有礼貌的表现。
3.但与我们的期望相反的是，许多人没有礼貌，他们也不勇于承认自己的错误。
提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达，并且请使用宾语从句和适当的过渡连接词等。
连句成篇(将以上句子连成一篇60词左右的英语短文)
The majority of the people think that being modest and cautious is a society virtue for all the people.What’s more，it is thought that apologizing to others actively and forgiving others are also good manners.But contrary to our expectations，many people not only have bad manners but don’t want to admit their own mistakes bravely.
(一)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.When the author saw the basket in the window，she stared(stare) at her mother.(2016·浙江)
2.When deeply absorbed(absorb) in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
3.I hope you can do something，such as helping us practice our spoken(speak) English，and
introducing something about American culture.(2014·天津)
4.Started in the 1950s there is a wide variety of shoes and boots belonging(belong) to everyone from queens and presidents to pop stars and actors!
5.They had requested that we (should) bring(bring) our families along.
6.I could hear everyone whispering(whisper).“Who in our school could draw that well？”
(2014·北京)
7.I think sometimes we attach too much importance to our phones so that we ignore our friends.
(2014·重庆)
8.This will be an informal opportunity to meet the Squad Leader，Squad Associate and other young people.(2014·湖南)
9.There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，staring(stare) at the night sky.(2014·湖南)
10.To express how much she is attached to her home.
Ⅱ.阅读理解
(2017·广西桂林中学月考)
We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good or bad to eat.As a result，people from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are unacceptable.Many people would find it terrible to eat rats，but there are fortytwo different cultures whose people regard rats as proper food.
Food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition.For example，broccoli(花椰菜) is first on a list of the most nutritious common vegetables，but it is twentyfirst on a list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.Tomatoes are sixteenth on the list of most nutritious vegetables，but they are first on the list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.
But dislikes is not the only reason why some cultures will not eat a certain food.In some cultures，certain foods are taboo.Taboo is a word from the language of the Fiji Islands that is used to describe something that is forbidden.We do not usually think about why certain things are taboo in our culture.
One example is that Americans do not eat dogs，although people from some other cultures
regard them as good food.In the United States，dogs are very important to people as pets.They are usually regarded as part of the family，almost like a child in some cases.In addition，dogs have value as protection against criminals(罪犯).Actually，the dog’s place in society as a companion makes the dog taboo as food.
Scientists believe that most food likes and dislikes are a result of the ways of life of different people.People will not eat pets such as dogs.Americans eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land for raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply for long distances by railroads.
语篇解读 本文讲述不同的文化中有不同的饮食习惯，有些饮食看似怪异但与他们的文化是分不开的。
11.The writer uses the example of rat as food to show that .
A.some cultures may seem rather strange
B.understanding between different cultures is easy
C.people may eat very different things
D.eating properly is very difficult
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Many people would find it terrible to eat rats，but there are fortytwo different cultures whose people regard rats as proper food.”可知，人们会吃不同的食物，故选C项。
12.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.People don’t often consider nutrition as important.
B.Some vegetables are more nutritious than others.
C.Broccoli and tomatoes are common vegetables.
D.Americans like broccoli better than tomatoes.
答案 A
解析 段落大意题。根据第二段第一句“Food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition.”可知，人们不经常把营养看得重要。故选A项。
13.Why is eating dogs a taboo in America?
A.It is a taboo from the Fiji Islands.
B.It is against American laws.
C.Dogs are needed by the police.
D.Dogs are close to human life.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段末句“Actually，the dog’s place in society as a companion makes the dog taboo as food.”可知，狗与人的亲近关系让狗作为一种食物成为禁忌，故选D项。
14.What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A.Nutritions and Beliefs
B.Food and Culture
C.Taboo About Food
D.Science in Eating
答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。本文讲述不同的文化中有不同的饮食习惯，饮食与文化有着密切联系，故选B项。
Ⅲ.七选五
How to Overcome Challenges in Your Life
We all face tough and difficult challenges in life.To overcome challenges you need to have that “never quit” attitude in life.If you develop it，you’ll overcome quite a bit.
Motivate yourself.Say “YES，I CAN.” The challenge should bring out the best of you in this situation.Slow it down，and think that process through. 15 If you develop that mindset(心态)，you’ll get it done.
16 Remain calm when you’re facing serious troubles and problems in life.You have to recollect yourself，and calm down.You can’t solve problems when you’re panicking.Take a deep breath，relax，and slow it down.Think things through calmly.
Let failure and fear fuel you in a positive way.Everyone fails at times.If you fail the first，second，or third time，don’t give up. 17 Learn what made you fail at overcoming these challenges.
Simplify the challenge you’re facing.Make the challenge easier than it is. 18 As you get through each step，you develop more confidence and you believe you can get it done，and then you will.
Stay positive and confident. 19 You have to find out all the ways you can use to overcome it，and put them to full use with all your effort.It’s our own mental stability that’s the difficult part.When you do it mentally，you’ll actually be able to do it.
A.Stay calm and cool headed.
B.Think the best，not the worst.
C.Start by breaking it down into steps.
D.To overcome a challenge，you have to believe you can really do it.
E.Most people will avoid any challenge，because they’re scared of failing.
F.Develop that confidence in saying there’s no way you’re going to fail at this.
G.Pick yourself up，and learn from why you’ve failed，and move on in a positive direction.
15.答案 F
解析 本段讲要激励自己，要对自己说我能行，不要着急，发挥最好的自己。如果有这种心态事情就能成功。F项：用这种方法来增加自信就不会失败。此句话承上启下，故选F。
16.答案 A
解析 本段主要讲遇事要冷静及具体实施办法。A项：保持镇静，头脑清醒，能概括全段内容适合作标题。故选A。
17.答案 G
解析 本段讲用积极的态度面对失败。上句讲如果失败几次，不要放弃。G项：重新爬起，从失败中学习然后朝着积极的方向前行。与上句连接，告诉了我们具体办法，故选G。
18.答案 C
解析 本段讲简化面对的挑战。使困难变容易些，当通过每一步的时候你就会有更大的信心相信自己能行，你就会成功。C项：从把挑战分解成几个小的步骤开始。连接前后，故选C。
19.答案 D
解析 本段讲要保持积极的态度和信心。下文讲要找到解决问题的方法，用头脑全力以赴去解决问题。D项：为了战胜挑战你必须相信你能行。符合本段意思且连接前后，故选D。
Ⅳ.完形填空
When you eat out in a restaurant，it is not unusual to hear people yelling，“Let me get this one！” Sometimes you can see them 20 or arm wrestling to fight for the 21 for paying the bill.These fights are often very loud and active.Each person 22 shows an honest desire to pick up the bill，and in the end，all the people at the table give the winner praise and 23 .
In fact，figuring out who will get the bill is always a 24 for Chinese people at formal meals.Although the people who 25 the meal are very likely to pay the check，it is a 26 practice to make an effort to pay the bill.But you will 27 them if you do end up actually collecting money.
In recent years，going Dutch has been embraced by many young people. 28 ，older generations who fear “losing 29 ” still find it embarrassing and mean to calculate each person’s 30 of the bill.
But these days， 31 digital payment apps，splitting(分摊) the bill 32 is becoming widelyaccepted idea.Even people from 33 generations may want to do so.By scanning a code 34 paying their share via WeChat or Alipay on their phones in one easy click，Chinese are 35 it easy to relieve the embarrassment of figuring out each person’s payment when they order a meal.This function has made going Dutch less 36 and more fun in China.“Many of us are never without our phones 37 they are convenient.And persontoperson mobile payment services are incredibly 38 to use and at the same time save the trouble of 39 change，” said 18yearold Han Chen，a student from Senior High School.
20.A.talking B.arguing
C.pushing D.carrying
答案 C
解析 talk谈话；argue辩论；push推；carry搬运。有时候你会看到饭店里吃饭的人推搡着抢着付款。可知C项符合题意。
21.A.turn B.privilege
C.order D.right
答案 B
解析 turn转弯；privilege特权；order顺序；right权利。争取付款的特权。故选B。
22.A.involved B.called
C.selected D.invited
答案 A
解析 involve涉及，使参与；call打电话；select挑选；invite邀请。此处是过去分词作后置定语，指涉及到的每个人。故选A。
23.A.courage B.comment
C.apology D.gratitude
答案 D
解析 courage勇气，胆量；comment评论；apology道歉；gratitude感激。所有吃饭的人都给获胜者以赞美和感激。故选D。
24.A.headache B.tradition
C.plan D.conflict
答案 A
解析 headache头疼；tradition传统；plan计划；conflict冲突。事实上，在中国吃饭时谁付款总是一件令人头疼的事。故选A。
25.A.eat B.cook
C.host D.enjoy
答案 C
解析 eat吃；cook做饭；host做东；enjoy喜爱。尽管做东的人很可能付款。故选C。
26.A.unusual B.strange
C.unexpected D.common
答案 D
解析 unusual不寻常的；strange奇怪的；unexpected未料到的；common共同的，普通的，常见的。这是一个惯例。故选D。
27.A.disappoint B.frustrate
C.embarrass D.inspire
答案 C
解析 disappoint使失望；frustrate挫败；embarrass使尴尬；inspire鼓舞，鼓励。实际上如果你真的以收集钱而结束的话，这将会使他们尴尬。故选C。
28.A.However B.Therefore
C.Moreover D.Besides
答案 A
解析 however然而；therefore因此；moreover而且，此外；besides另外。最近几年，AA制已经为大多数年轻人所采纳。然而，害怕丢脸的更老的一代仍然认为计算每个人的付款是令人尴尬的和吝啬的。故选A。
29.A.promise B.face
C.credit D.money
答案 B
解析 promise许诺；face脸面；credit信用；money金钱。句意见上题。lose face丢脸，故选B。
30.A.task B.part
C.ability D.share
答案 D
解析 task任务；part部分；ability能力；share份额。由此处指每个人该付的部分可知选D。
31.A.as well as B.according to
C.thanks to D.apart from
答案 C
解析 as well as还，又；according to根据，按照；thanks to多亏，由于；apart from除……之外。由于电子支付的应用，以电子形式分摊账单已成为被广泛接受的想法。故选C。
32.A.personally B.electronically
C.separately D.immediately
答案 B
解析 personally就个人而言；electronically电子地；separately分离地；immediately立刻，马上。句意见上题。故选B。
33.A.younger B.newer
C.older D.later
答案 C
解析 younger更年轻；newer更新的；older更老的；later更迟的。上文提到更老的一代认为AA制非常丢面子，而此处指甚至更老一代的人也想这样做。故选C。
34.A.and B.but C.or D.for
答案 A
解析 and和；but但是；or或者，否则；for因为。通过扫描一个密码来付款。可知此处是并列的递进关系，故选A。
35.A.hoping B.finding
C.looking D.making
答案 B
解析 hope希望；find找到；look看；make制造。中国人发现当他们点餐时用这种方法很容易缓解计算每个人付款的尴尬。故选B。
36.A.sadness B.excitement
C.quarrel D.trouble
答案 D
解析 sadness伤心；excitement兴奋；quarrel争吵；trouble麻烦。由空前的less和空后的and more fun及上文说吃饭时由谁付款是一件令人头疼的事，可知此处选D。
37.A.although B.because
C.if D.so
答案 B
解析 although尽管；because因为；if如果；so所以。我们中的很多人都离不开手机，因为它们很方便。故选B。
38.A.easy B.expensive
C.difficult D.complex
答案 A
解析 easy容易的；expensive昂贵的；difficult困难的；complex复杂的。个人对个人的移动支付服务是非常容易使用的。故选A。
39.A.putting on B.setting aside
C.providing with D.dealing with
答案 D
解析 put on穿上；set aside储存，留在一边；provide with提供；deal with处理。同时节省处理零钱的麻烦。故选D。
(二)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
One of the toughest things about being a high school student is that you never seem to get enough sleep at night，which often leaves you nodding during classes.Spending either less than six or more than nine hours in sleeping puts your health at risk.A popular solution to a lack of sleep at night is to take a “power nap(小睡)”during the day，but does this work？Generally speaking，it
can be beneficial.Research shows that a nap in the day－even a brief one as short as ten minutes—can clear your mind and leave you with increased energy and improved productivity.
Here are some things you need to know to nap correctly.To start with，every time you doze(打瞌睡) during the day does not count as a “power nap”.The best time to take a power nap is in the midafternoon，when your energy level tends to decrease.Try to avoid naps after 4 pm，for sleeping too late in the day can make it harder to fall asleep at night.How long should a power nap be？Grabbing 10－30 minutes of rest is usually best for a middleoftheday nap.You are not really getting established sleep if you nod for only five minutes.
However，napping more than 40 minutes can leave you feeling sleepier than when you start，meaning you’ll have to go through the whole wakingup process after you go into the deeper stage of sleep.However，as refreshing as it might be，if you are getting adequate sleep at night，taking a power nap isn’t such a wise choice.The reason is that sleeping during the day can interfere with(妨碍) your body’s biorhythms(生理节奏).The brain gets used to going to bed at roughly the same time each night and getting up at the same time each day，and you don’t want to disturb this routine.
语篇解读 学生睡眠不足会导致课堂打盹，如何解决这一影响学生健康的问题呢？本文作者提出了白天小睡这一概念，以及如何有效地进行小睡。
1.If a student lacks sleep，he or she will .
A.get sleepy at class
B.sleep better at night
C.be easily angry
D.not feel like eating
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“One of the toughest things about being a high school student is that you never seem to get enough sleep at night，which often leaves you nodding during classes.”可知选A。
2.Why is the best time to take a power nap in the midafternoon?
A.Because at that time you are the most tired.
B.Because at that time the conditions are the quietest.
C.Because at that time your energy level tends to decrease.
D.Because at that time the number of people who want to sleep are most.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“The best time to take a power nap is in the midafternoon，when your energy level tends to decrease.”可知选C。
3.Which of the following isn’t mentioned?
A.The best time to take a nap.
B.The amount of time you have a nap.
C.The solution to a lack of sleep at night.
D.The persons you take a nap with.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据“The best time to take a power nap is in the midafternoon...；How long should a power nap be？A popular solution to a lack of sleep...”三句可判断A、B、C三项原文中都有涉及；D项文中没有提到，故答案为D。
B
(2017·广东揭阳一中、潮州金中联考)
Texting(发短信) walkers aren’t just an annoyance to other walkers，Australian researchers armed with movie specialeffects technology have determined scientifically that they’re threats to themselves.Using motioncapture technology similar to that used for films，researchers concluded that texting while walking not only affects balance but also the ability to walk in straight line.
“Some people like checking emails while walking to work in the morning，” said the study coauthor Hoorn，“But they may not know it has a serious effect on the safety of themselves.”Other facts have also proved this.A tourist from Taiwan walked off a pier near Melbourne last month while checking Facebook，bringing a sudden and icy end to a penguinwatching visit.Another person who was too wrapped up in his phone to notice dangers walked straight into the fountain in front of a shopping mall.
The Australian study involved 27 volunteers，a third of whom admitted having knocked into objects while texting.They were asked to walk 8.5 meters three times—once without phones，once
while reading text and once while writing text，when eight cameras recorded their actions.
They found the volunteers using the phones walked slower，and，more seriously，they locked their arms and elbows in like “robots”，which forced their heads to move more，throwing themselves off balance.“In a pedestrian(步行的) environment，inability to maintain a straight path would be likely to increase potential for traffic accidents，” said Mr.Hoorn.“The best thing to do is to step aside and stop，or keep off the phone.”
Authorities worldwide have taken note.Signs on Hong Kong’s subway system advise passengers in three languages to keep their eyes off their phones.Police and transport authorities have highlighted the danger in Singapore，where the Straits Times newspaper recently declared cellphonedistracted road crossing as “bad habit No.2” contributing to the rising number of road deaths.Some U.S.states，including New York and Arkansas，are considering bans on what they’re calling phone jaywalking.
语篇解读 本文属于议论文。短信是人们平时交流的方式，但是走路的时候发短信，这往往会带来一系列的交通安全问题。所以有些国家为了避免安全事故的发生，正在考虑对走路发短信进行立法。
4.According to the passage，people texting while walking usually .
A.do not influence other walkers
B.do harm to their eyes
C.put themselves in danger
D.can still walk straight
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Texting(发短信) walkers aren’t just an annoyance to other walkers，Australian researchers armed with movie specialeffects technology have determined scientifically that they’re threats to themselves.”可知，走路时发短信不但给他人带来不便，也把自己置于危险当中。故选C。
5.Which of the following words has the closest meaning to “wrapped up” in Paragraph 2?
A.Absentminded. B.Annoyed.
C.Confused. D.Absorbed.
答案 D
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“Another person who was too wrapped up in his phone to notice dangers walked straight into the fountain in front of a shopping mall.”可知，这个人因为太专注手机而没有注意到危险，故选D。
6.About the Australian study，we know that .
A.the volunteers using phones while walking moved normally
B.ten volunteers admitted having bumped into things while texting
C.the volunteers were divided into three groups during the study
D.texting walkers are exposed to greater possibility of traffic accidents
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“...the volunteers using the phones walked slower...throwing themselves off balance.”及“...inability to maintain a straight path would be likely to increase potential for traffic accidents...”可知研究表明，走路发短信的人会失去平衡感，从而增加了交通事故的发生概率。故选D。
7.The last paragraph suggests that .
A.actions have been taken against texting while walking
B.Hong Kong’s subway system forbids texting walkers to take the train
C.New York has made laws to ban phone jaywalking
D.cellphonedistracted road crossing is considered the worst habit in Singapore
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Authorities worldwide have taken note.”可知，最后一段暗示世界各地对走路发短信已经采取了一些措施。故选A。
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2017·河南部分重点中学联考)
A boy trembled in the cold winter， 8 (wrap)his arms around himself on a bus stop bench.He
9 (wear)warm clothes and the temperature was —10℃.A heartbreaking scene！But the good deeds of the ordinary people who witnessed 10 11yearold Johannes were both joyous 11 inspiring.A woman，sitting next to the boy，discovered he was 12 a school trip and was told to meet his teacher at the bus stop.She 13 (self)covered her own coat around his shoulders.Later， 14 woman at first gave him her scarf，and then wrapped him in her large jacket.Throughout the day，more and more people offered Johannes their gloves and even the coats off their backs. 15 (actual)，it was a hidden camera experiment by Norwegian charity SOS Children’s Village as part of their winter campaign to collect 16 (donate)to help Syrian children get through the winter.Synne Ronning，the information head of the organization，also noted that the child was a volunteer who was never in any 17 (danger)situation during the filming.
8.答案 wrapping
解析 此处wrap和本句主语a boy是主谓关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。应填wrapping。
9.答案 wasn’t wearing
解析 根据前一句可知此处指的是他没有穿着暖和的衣服，并且气温是零下10℃。本句描述的是过去某时正在进行中的动作，故用过去进行时。应填wasn’t wearing。
10.答案 the
解析 根据前两句描述，可知此处特指的是这个11岁的小男孩，应用定冠词。故填the。
11.答案 and
解析 根据前半句可知此处指的是，看到这一幕的人们做的好事让人又高兴又振奋。both...and...两者都，又……又……。
12.答案 on
解析 根据下文“a school trip”可知此处指的是去上学的路上。on a trip在旅途中。
13.答案 selflessly
解析 根据后半句，可知这个女人无私地把自己的外套盖在了这个小男孩的双肩上。此处用副词作状语，selflessly无私地。
14.答案 another
解析 根据前一句可知此处指的是另一个女人。another多个中的另一个。
15.答案 Actually
解析 根据后半句，可知实际上这只是一个隐藏的摄像头实验。actually实际地，实际上。
16.答案 donations
解析 根据后半句可知此处指的是收集赠品来帮助叙利亚的孩子们度过冬天。根据前文collect可知此处用名词作宾语，应填donations捐赠，善款。
17.答案 dangerous
解析 此处用形容词修饰名词situation，故填dangerous。
Ⅲ.短文改错
(2017·福建三明一中月考)
Last summer I did some fruitpicking.It is pretty hard work.I had to start in 7 am and pick for a good eight hour.But it was such cheerful that we had great fun.Some of we had guitars，so in the evenings we had barbecues and played a bit music together.I only got about 80 a week，but at the least they gave me all my meals，and the food was not that awfully.Basic accommodation was also supplying.Still，I’m afraid I won’t be going fruitpicking this summer，because I’ve got a temporary job what pays better in town.
答案
Last summer I did some fruitpicking.It pretty hard work.I had to start 7 am and pick for a good eight .But it was cheerful that we had great fun.Some of had guitars，so in the evenings we had barbecues and played a bit music together.I only got about 80 a week，but at the least they gave me all my meals，and the food was not that .Basic accommodation was also .Still，I’m afraid I won’t be going fruitpicking this summer，because I’ve got a temporary job pays better in town.
18.答案 is→was
解析 根据前面的last summer可知应用一般过去时态，故is改为was。
19.答案 in→at
解析 在几点钟用介词at，故in改为at。
20.答案 hour→hours
解析 八小时，hour应用复数形式。故把hour改为hours。
21.答案 such→so
解析 cheerful是形容词，此处为“so＋adj.＋that”结构，故such改为so。
22.答案 we→us
解析 介词后面代词用宾格，故we改为us。
23.答案 a bit后加of
解析 a bit of 修饰名词，故在a bit后加of。
24.答案 去掉the
解析 固定词组：at least至少。故去掉at the least中的the。
25.答案 awfully→awful
解析 形容词作表语，故awfully改为awful。
26.答案 supplying→supplied
解析 句意为：基本住宿也被提供。故supplying改为supplied。
27.答案 what→that/which
解析 此处a temporary job作先行词，指物，后面的定语从句缺少主语和引导词，故把what改为that/which。
Ⅳ.书面表达
(2017·福建上杭、武平、漳平、永安、长汀一中五校联考)
假如你叫李华，打算毕业后到美国留学，请给你的美国笔友Tom写一封电子邮件，内容主要包括：
1.留美原因：增长见识，体验不同文化；
2.目前困扰：语言障碍，学业压力；
3.征求对方的建议。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数；
3.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Tom，
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
参考范文
Dear Tom，
I’ve finally made my decision to go to America for further study after graduating from high school.
I’ve been longing to go to America，mainly for two reasons.One is that I can experience American culture，which is quite different from that of my country.The other is that I can broaden my horizons in this developed country.
But honestly，I am faced with some challenges.I don’t have a good command of English，especially spoken English，so I’m afraid I’ll have difficulty fitting in very soon.Besides，I have the pressure from my lessons，which I don’t know how to handle.
With so many things bothering me，I hope you can offer me some practical advice.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
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