2020届二轮复习：语法填空专题课件 139页

专题四　语法填空 总纲目录 考点一 提示词类填空 考点二　无提示词类填空 应试策略 考情分析 真题研析   　　 项目 卷别　　     语篇类型 主题 考点 主题语境 主题内容 词形 变换 谓语 动词 非谓语 动词 介词、固定短语 冠词/ 代词 连词、复 合句及其他 词性 转换 2019 课标全国卷Ⅰ 说明文 人与自然 北极熊数量变化情况 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 课标全国卷Ⅱ 记叙文 人与自我 “年度女性” Irene的感人故事 0 2 3 0 1 2 2 课标全国卷Ⅲ 记叙文 人与社会 作者冒雨游玩受到热心招待 0 2 2 1 0 2 3 　　 项目 卷别　　     语篇类型 主题 考点 主题 语境 主题内容 词形 变换 谓语 动词 非谓语 动词 介词、固定短语 冠词/ 代词 连词、复 合句及其他 词性 转换 2018 课标全国卷Ⅰ 说明文 人与 自我 跑步对健康的益处 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 课标全国卷Ⅱ 说明文 人与 社会 中国种植业的变化 0 2 2 1 1 1 3 课标全国卷Ⅲ 记叙文 人与 自然 与大猩猩近距离接触 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 　　 项目 卷别　　     语篇类型 主题 考点 主题 语境 主题内容 词形 变换 谓语 动词 非谓语 动词 介词、固定短语 冠词/ 代词 连词、复 合句及其他 词性 转换 2017 课标全国卷Ⅰ 说明文 人与自我 盐和脂肪的摄入对 健康的影响 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 课标全国卷Ⅱ 记叙文 人与社会 伦敦地铁的起源及 发展历程 1 2 1 1 2 0 3 课标全国卷Ⅲ 记叙文 人与自我 中学生模特Sarah及其学业生活 1 2 2 1 1 1 2     2019课标全国Ⅰ 语篇类型:说明文 主题语境:人与自然 词数:185　　　　　　    难度:★★★ 语境内容:人与动物 真题研析 第一步　析原文   　　The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big ❶ land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88 ̊ , there is evidence 　61     they ❷ range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to ❸ figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 　62     (poor) studied; however, biologists ❹ calculate that there are about 20,000 —25,000 polar bears worldwide. Modern methods 　63     ❺ tracking polar bear populations have been ❻ employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 　64     (perform) ❼ consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 　65     (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 　66     (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have ❽ responded by 　67     (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that popu- lations are 　68     (high) than they actually are. Of 　69     nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 　70     (be) ❾ stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.   ◆文体特征　速读文章可知本文为说明文, 介绍了北极熊的分布区域和北极熊数 量的变化情况。 ◆素养解读　本文主题语境为人与自然,语境内容为人与动物,重在引导学生增强 保护动物的意识。 ◆重点词汇     ❶ land mass陆块;地块 ❷ range v .(在一定的范围内)变化,变动 ❸ figure out计算出 ❹ calculate v .估算,计算 ❺ track v .跟踪;追踪 ❻ employ v .应用;运用;使用 ❼ consistently adv .持续地 ❽ respond v .回答,回应 ❾ stable adj .稳定的;稳固的;牢固的 第二步　巧做题   有 提 示 词 62   审题 　考查词性转换。   解题 　poorly　词性转换法。此处应用副词作状语修饰谓语动词studied,填poorly。 64   审题 　考查非谓语动词。   解题 　to perform　固定句式法。该句为“sth. be+形容词+不定式”结构,其中不定式作状语,与sth.是被动关系,这里用主动表被动,填to perform。 65   审题 　考查动词时态和主谓一致。   解题 　have reported　标志词法。由In recent years可知此处语境表示的是从过去某时一直持续到现在,故用现在完成时,填have reported。 66   审题 　考查词性转换。   解题 　belief　词性转换法。根据空白处之前的冠词a及后面的同位语从句可知,此处应填名词belief。 有 提 示 词 67   审题 　考查非谓语动词。   解题　 noting　句法确定法。介词by后应用 note的-ing形式作宾语,填noting。 68   审题 　考查形容词的比较级。   解题　 higher　词形变换法。根据空白处之后的than可知,此处用high的比较级higher。 70   审题 　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。   解题 　are　语法一致法。根据空白处前面的are及空白处后面的is和lack可知,本句是现在时态,又根据 six可知此处填are。 无 提 示 词 61   审题 　考查同位语从句。  解题 　that　成分分析法。此处缺引导同位语从句的连接词that,说明evidence的具体内容, “证据表明 …… ”。 63  审题 　考查介词。   解题 　of/for　固定搭配法。method of/for 是固定搭配,意为“ …… 的方法”。 69   审题 　考查冠词。  解题 　the　成分分析法。此处特指19种被辨认出的北极熊亚群,因此用定冠词the。 考点突破 考点一　提示词类填空 (一)词性转换 1.作定语修饰名词,作表语或补足语表示性质或状态时常用形容词 【命题形式】给出名词或动词,将其变为形容词。 例1     (2019课标全国Ⅱ)We are so proud of her. It's 　70     (wonder). 思路点拨 　本句是主系表结构,故用wonder的形容词形式作表语。 答案 　wonderful 例2     (2019课标全国Ⅲ)They also shared with us many 　 67　 (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists. 思路点拨 　此处修饰名词stories应用形容词作定语。 答案 　traditional     例3 　I passed the math exam the other day, which made my parents 　　     (excite). 思路点拨 　此处作my parents的补足语,表示“感到兴奋的”,应使用excited。 答案 　excited 2.修饰形容词、副词、动词(短语)、介词短语或整个句子作状语需用副词 【命题形式】给出形容词将其变为副词。 例4     (2019课标全国Ⅱ)Her years of hard work have 　63　 (final) been acknowl- edged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year. 思路点拨 　此处修饰谓语动词应用副词作状语。 答案 　finally 例5      　　     (fortunate), we found the lost dog at length that my parents liked very much. 思路点拨 　此处修饰整个句子应使用副词作状语。注意Fortunately首字母要大 写。 答案 　Fortunately 例6 　Actually, what they most 　　     (urgent) need is not money but time. 思路点拨 　此处修饰动词need需用副词作状语。 答案 　urgently 3.形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、形容词、冠词、介词或及物动词(短语)后常 用名词 【命题形式】给出形容词或动词将其变为名词。 例7     (2019课标全国Ⅲ)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 　66　 (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. 思路点拨 　根据空白处之前的an interesting和后面的to watch可知,此处应填名词 competition。 答案 　competition   Ⅰ.单句填空 1.(2019陕西咸阳一模)The short film Making a Living marked his first film-acting      　     (appear) and was released on 2 February 1914. 答案 　appearance　句意:微电影《谋生之路》标志着他第一次在电影中露面,该电 影于1914年2月2日上映。设空处作marked的宾语,故填名词形式。appearance n .露 面;显现;外貌。 2.(2019 辽宁大连双基测试 ) 　　     (actual), the Hong Kong- Zhuhai -Macao Bridge is now ready for the access of the Internet of Things. 答案 　Actually　句意:事实上,港珠澳大桥目前已经准备接入物联网。设空处在句 中作状语,故用副词。actually事实上;实际上。 3.(2018课标全国Ⅱ,66)This switch has decreased 　　     (pollute)in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 答案 　 pollution 　句意 : 这种变化已经减少了中国主要湖泊和水库的污染 , 使人们的 饮用水变得更安全了。本题考查名词。空格处作 decreased 的宾语 , 故使用 pollute 的 名词形式 pollution 。 4.(2018课标全国Ⅱ,67)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total 　　     (globe)fertilizer consumption. 答案 　global　句意:根据世界银行的统计,中国占了全球化肥总消耗量的大约3 0%。本题考查形容词。空格处作fertilizer consumption的定语,故使用globe的形容 词形式global。 5.(2017课标全国Ⅱ,70)The Central London Railway was one of the most 　　     (suc- cess) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. 答案 　 successful 　句意 : 伦敦中心地铁是这些线路中最成功的一条 …… 。 most 后 跟形容词组成形容词的最高级 , 所以答案填 successful 。 6.(2017课标全国Ⅱ,66)...it must have been 　　     (fair) unpleasant for the passengers... 答案 　fairly　句意: …… 对于顾客来说那一定是相当令人不愉快的 …… 。此处用 副词fairly修饰形容词unpleasant。 7.(2017课标全国Ⅲ,70)It is 　　     (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. 答案 　 certainly 　分析句子结构可知 , 此处缺少副词成分修饰形容词 fun 。故正确 答案为 certainly 。 8.(2017课标全国Ⅱ,69)This development was only possible with the 　　     (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. 答案 　introduction　由空前的定冠词可知,此处需用名词形式,动词introduce去 “e”加后缀-tion构成名词形式。 9.(2017课标全国Ⅰ,69)However, be 　　     (care) not to go to extremes. 答案 　careful　结合句意及空格前的 be 可知此处应填care的形容词形式careful,故 正确答案为careful。 Ⅱ.语法填空 Passage 1 (2019安徽高三上学期调研性检测) Classical Chinese garden design aims to create a natural landscape on a small scale and emphasize the perfect harmony between man and nature. A Chinese garden 　1     (be) like a scroll(卷轴)painting, 　2     (show) a series of careful- ly composed scenes. New views are revealed as one walks along the pathways. In the gard - ens, 　3     most frequently meets the eye is winding paths that seemingly lead to nowhere. There, a path seems to end, but all of 　4     sudden, a new world is rolled out before you: pavilions(亭子), rock formations, spring waters—all combined to provide a pleasant surp - rise! At the 　5     (enter) to a Chinese garden, there is usually a huge stone or wall 　6     (use) to screen your view so as to later produce unimaginable delight when you turn around the wall. A Chinese garden may have windows in all 　7     (it) four walls. And it is 　8     (interest) that, through the windows, visitors may see different views at different angles, and thus the composition of the garden becomes enlarged. A Chinese garden is where culture is both created and enjoyed. All plants mark the shift of the 　9     (season). Similarly, water, a symbol of the ever-changing, 　10     rocks, a symbol of the eternal(永恒的), create a harmonious balance of nature's yin and yang . 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。中国古典园林设计的目的是创造一个小规模的自然 景观,强调人与自然的完美和谐。中国古典园林就像一幅卷轴画,展示了一系列精 心构成的场景。 1.is　考查动词时态及主谓一致。分析句子可知,本句中的主语是单数,所以谓语动 词要用is。 2.showing　考查非谓语作定语。句意:一个中国园林就像一卷画,展示了一系列精 心构成的场景。此处在句中可作定语,修饰painting, 二者是主动关系,故用showing。 3.what　考查名词性从句。句意:在园林里,最常见到的是蜿蜒的小径,似乎是无尽 的。句中主语从句中缺少主语,故填what。 4.a　考查固定搭配。all of a sudden, 为固定搭配,意为“突然地”,故填a。 5.entrance　考查名词。分析句子可知,空格处前有定冠词the,故要用enter的名词形 式entrance。 6.used　考查非谓语动词作定语。在中国园林的入口处,通常有一块巨大的石头或 墙用来遮挡你的视线。分析句子可知,此处作stone or wall 的定语,二者是被动关系, 故填used。 7.its　考查代词。句意:中国园林可能在它所有的四个墙壁上都有窗户。故填its(它 的)。 8.interesting　考查形容词。有趣的是,通过窗户,游客们可以在不同的角度看到不 同的风景。It is+ adj .+that从句,而interest是名词,所以用其形容词形式。 9.seasons　考查名词复数。句意:所有的植物都标志着季节的变化。一年有四季, 故要用复数形式。 10.and　考查连词。句意:同样,水是千变万化的象征,岩石是永恒的象征,它们创造 了自然界阴阳的和谐。分析句子可知“水”和“岩石”二者是并列的主语,所以要 填and。 Passage 2 (2019 山师大附中模拟 ) Paper cutting is a folk culture with so long a history. When the Chinese lunar New Year is coming, it is a custom for northern people 　 1     (post) paper cuts on windows. Gradually, it develops into an art form, one of the most popular 　 2     (tradition) decoration arts. It is recorded that there were decorations 　3     (make) by gold and silver foil(箔纸),leather and silk products 　4     the Shang Dynasty. We can say that paper cutting came from these art forms. In some villages, paper cutting is 　 5 　 (usual) made by females. Nowadays, probably of the available material and the decoration effect, paper cutting is deeply loved by 　6　 public. People still keep the tradition to post paper cuts on windows and doors during 　7     (festival). And it has already developed into a unique art form. You can also see paper cuts in brand advertisements, fashion designs and stamp designs. In the early days, people made images of both humans and 　8     (others) subjects to bury together with bodies in the tombs or to burn on the funerals. In 105AD, Cai Lun improved the paper-making technique and a large amount of paper was produced, 　9     laid the foundations of the spread of paper cutting. Beautiful patterns 　10     (create)and gradu- ally, the patterns were widely used in other fields later. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。文章介绍了中国的剪纸从民间文化到艺术形式的变 化。 1.to post　考查非谓语动词。it's a custom for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是一 种风俗,句中it是形式主语,不定式为真正的主语。 2.traditional　考查形容词。句中修饰名词decoration arts须用tradition的形容词形式。 3.made　考查非谓语动词。decorations与make构成被动关系,故使用过去分词made 作后置定语。注意其中介词by的提示作用。 4.in　考查固定搭配。表示“在 …… 朝代”须用介词in。 5.usually　考查副词。句中修饰动词须用usual的副词形式。 6.the　考查固定搭配。the public意为“公众”。 7.festivals　考查名词的数。festival为可数名词单数,前面没有修饰词,故此处使用 复数形式表示泛指。 8.other　此处应用限定词other修饰后面的名词subjects。 9.which　考查定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句代指前面整句话的内容,并在从 句中作主语,须用关系代词which。 10.were created　考查动词的时态和语态。create与patterns构成被动关系,结合下文 的were widely used可确定用一般过去时的被动语态。   1.表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词、并列名词或谓语动词为复数形式时,名词需 用复数形式 【命题形式】给出名词单数形式。 (1)有some、many、all、both、a number of、hundreds of等词修饰时,可数名词 常用复数形式。 (2)名词前有one of/among时,名词常用复数形式。 (3)谓语动词是复数形式,名词作主语时,名词用复数形式。 (二)词形变换 例1     (2018课标全国Ⅰ)...a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 　67     (cause). 思路点拨 　cause作“原因”讲时为可数名词,根据设空前的all可知此处应使用其 复数形式causes。 答案 　causes      2.表示比较的意义、有比较结构或比较级修饰词时要用比较级;三者、三者以上或 有修饰最高级的词时使用最高级 【命题形式】给出形容词或副词的原级。 (1)直接型:题目中有much、far、still、even、 rather、a little、a bit、a lot、a great deal、than等标志性词汇。 (2)间接型:根据上下文的隐含信息作出逻辑判断。 (3)“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义。 The film can't be any better. 这部电影再好不过了。 (4)“one of the +形容词最高级+可数名词复数+比较范围”表示“ …… 中最 …… 之 一”。 Tom is one of the tallest boys in our class. 汤姆是我们班最高的男孩之一。 (5)“the+比较级...,the +比较级...”表示“越 …… 越 …… ”。 The harder you work, the better result you will get. 你工作越努力,就会得到越好的结果。 例2     (2019课标全国Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that popu- lations are 　68     (high) than they actually are. 思路点拨 　根据空白处之后的than可知,此处用high的比较级。 答案 　higher 3.根据在句子中所担当的句法功能确定合适的代词形式 【命题形式】给出代词变换其合适形式。 例3     (2018课标全国Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 　68     (they)alive. 思路点拨 　设空处用代词作宾语,用宾格,故填them。 答案 　them   Ⅰ.单句填空 1.(2019吉林省吉林市一模,46)So if you take a nap during the day,especially if you take it too late in the afternoon, you will actually release some sleepiness and it will make it much 　　     (hard) to fall asleep at night. 答案 　harder　句意:因此,如果你白天小睡,尤其是睡到下午太晚的时候,实际上就 会释放一部分睡意,这会令晚上入睡变得难多了。设空处在句中作宾语补足语,根 据语境和much可知此处用比较级。 2.(2018课标全国Ⅲ,63)He screams the 　　     (loud)of all. 答案 　loudest　句意:它尖叫的声音最大。本题考查副词最高级。根据句意及本句 中的“of all”可知设空处填副词最高级,故填loudest。 3.(2017课标全国Ⅰ,66)Even 　　     (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. 答案 　worse　句意:甚至更糟糕的是,人们所吃的快餐的量增加了。此处应表达的 是“更糟的是”,故此处应填bad的比较级worse。 4.(2017课标全国Ⅱ,61)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 　　     (crowd) on the roads above... 答案 　crowds　crowd 为可数名词,意为“人群”,并且前面没有限定词,所以此处 用复数形式crowds。 5.(2017课标全国Ⅲ,67)She has turned down several 　　     (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 答案 　invitations　根据前面的 several 可知此处应该使用名词的复数形式,故正确 答案为 invitations。 Ⅱ.语法填空 Passage 1 (2019广西桂林4月检测) 　　Researchers examined the benefits of singing among people with mental health conditions 　1     (include) anxiety and depression. They found people who took part in a community singing group improved their mental health and that the combination of singing and socialising was an important part of 　2     (recover). The grass-roots action runs weekly singing workshops for people 　3     mental health conditions as well as the general public. It 　4     (original) began at a hospital in 2005, 　5     afterwards moved into the community. Around 120 people now attend four free workshops each week across Norfolk, two thirds of 　6     have had contact with mental health services. The research project followed the group for six months and 　7     (undertake) interviews with participants, organisers, and workshop 　8     (leader). The report shows how singing and socialising gave participants 　9     feeling of belong- ing and well-being that often lasted a day or 　10     (many), as well as improved social skills and confidence. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。研究表明唱歌有助于改善人的心理健康和社交。 1.including　本题考查介词。including作介词时放于名词或代词之前,意为“包括 …… 在内”。 2.recovery　本题考查名词。放于介词of之后需用名词形式,故答案为recovery,意为 “恢复,痊愈”。 3.with　本题考查介词。此处with意为“带有,具有”。 4.originally　本题考查副词。句中修饰动词began需用副词,故填originally。 5.but　本题考查连词。上下文构成转折关系,故使用连词but。 6.whom　本题考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句,先行词为people,指人,应 使用关系代词whom作介词of的宾语。 7.undertook　本题考查动词的时态。设空前and连接两个并列的谓语,根据谓语动 词followed可判定此处使用一般过去时。 8.leaders　本题考查名词的数。leader为可数名词,根据句意可知应使用其复数形式 leaders。 9.a　本题考查冠词。此处表示泛指“一种感觉”,且feeling以辅音音素开头,故使 用不定冠词a。 10.more　本题考查比较级。a day or more意为“一天或更长时间”。 Passage 2 (201 9 山东临沂模拟) The lion is a special animal to Chinese people. A pair of stone lions, a male and a female, are 　1     (common) seen in front of the gates of traditional buildings. The lion 　2     (regard) as the king in the animal world, so it represents power. The stone lions are also used to indicate the ranks of 　3     (official). It is interesting to note that China had no lions originally. The earliest stone lions were sculpted 　4     the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty with 　5     introduction of Buddhism into ancient China. In the Buddhist faith, the lion, 　6     can protect the truth and keep off evils, is considered a holy animal of nobleness and dignity. In Chinese folk tales, the lion has become a symbol of 　7     (brave), power and good luck. It was also popular 　 8     (decorate) bridges with sculpted lions for the same reason. The 　 9     (well) known of the bridges is the Lugou Bridge, 　 10     (build) from 1189 to 11 92.A famous proverb says,“The lions on the Lugou Bridge are uncountable.” 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　在东汉初,随着佛教传入中国,人们开始雕刻石狮子。如今,在传统建 筑大门口以及桥梁之上常见到狮子的雕塑。 1.commonly　设空处修饰动词,故填副词。commonly广泛地;通常。common为形 容词,意为“常见的;共同的;共有的”。 2.is regarded　设空处在句中作谓语动词。be regarded as被看作;被当作。根据语境 可知本句为一般现在时态。 3.officials　句意:石狮子也被用来表明官员的等级。由介词of可知此处用名词作宾 语,official官员,为可数名词,根据语境可知用复数。 4.at　at the beginning of...在 …… 初;在 …… 开始时。 5.the　因为特指佛教的传入,故在前面加定冠词the。 6.which　设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代先行词the lion,在从句中作主语,故填 关系代词which。 7.bravery　设空处作介词of的宾语,与power和good luck并列,故填名词。bravery勇敢。 8.to decorate　句意:因为同样的原因,用狮子雕像来装饰桥梁也非常流行。It在句 中作形式主语,用不定式短语作真正的主语。 9.best    在以狮子来装饰的桥梁中,最为著名的就是卢沟桥。根据语境可知此处用 最高级,表示“最为著名的桥梁”。 10.built　设空处作定语,修饰the Lugou Bridge,因为the Lugou Bridge与build之间为 被动关系,故用过去分词作定语。 (三)谓语动词与非谓语动词   1.谓语动词 技法一　抓住题眼定身份 空格处所在的句子找不到谓语,则所给动词为谓语动词。 技法二　理清主谓定语态 (1)被动语态的基本形式为be done; (2)系动词look、sound、feel、smell、taste、appear、seem、stay、turn、become、 get、grow、keep、go、remain、prove等没有被动语态; (3)表示主语某种属性特征的动词,如read、write、sell、wash、clean、dry等没有被 动语态; (4)belong to、date back to、date from 没有被动语态。 例1     (2019课标全国Ⅲ)On the last day of our week-long stay, we 　69     (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals. 思路点拨 　谓语动词invite和主语we之间是被动关系,故用被动语态,根据时间状语 On the last day of our week-long stay可知应用一般过去时的被动语态。 答案 　were invited    技法三　根据标志词定时态 (1)看到always、often、seldom、sometimes、usually等常用一般现在时; (2)看到ago、the other day、one snowy day、in the past等常用一般过去时; (3)看到already、just、yet、so far、up to now、till now、ever since或since+过去的 时间点,for+一段时间,in/over/during/for the last/past+一段时间等常用现在完成时; (4)表示并列关系的谓语动词往往时态保持一致,如and、but、not only...but also等 连接的句子时态前后要呼应,保持一致。 (5)熟练掌握特定句型的常用时态。 ①be doing...when..., when连接的分句常用一般过去时。 ②It is/has been+一段时间+since...表示“自从 …… 以来已经 …… ”,since从句用一 般过去时。 ③This/It is the+序数词+time that...表示“这是第几次 …… ”,后面的从句要用现在 完成时。 It/That was the+序数词+time that...表示“那是第几次 …… ”,后面的从句要用过去 完成时。 ④It is high time that...did/should do sth.表示“到了 …… 该做某事的时间了”。 例2     (2019课标全国Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 　66     (make) over the years. 思路点拨　 over the years常与完成时连用,在此处意为“(从过去某时到现在的)多 年来”。根据主句谓语动词love的时态可知,定语从句用现在完成时。 答案 　have made     例3     (2019课标全国Ⅲ)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 　65     (rec- ommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. 思路点拨 　此句是在叙述过去的情况,再根据空白处前面的and连接的并列谓语动 词shared可知,此处用recommend的过去式recommended。 答案 　recommended      技法四　主谓一致心中记 根据语法一致、意义一致和就近原则确定主谓一致。 例4     (2018课标全国Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the re- view says it 　64     (be)more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. 思路点拨     设空处所在从句被用来介绍一种理论,需用一般现在时;再根据从句主 语it及提示词be可知设空处填is。 答案 　is     2.非谓语动词 技法一　抓住题眼定身份 句中已有谓语动词,且空格处所给的动词不作并列谓语(没有连词连接)时,则所给动 词为非谓语动词。 技法二　两个原则心中记 (1)主被动原则:现在分词与过去分词的选择。 逻辑主语与非谓语动词构成主动关系时,用现在分词,构成被动关系时用过去分词。 (2)时间先后原则:现在分词、过去分词和不定式的选择。 非谓语动词表示正在进行,用现在分词;表示已经完成,用过去分词;表示动作将来发 生,用不定式。 例5     (2019课标全国Ⅱ)When we got a call 　68     (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. 思路点拨 　saying she was short-listed为动词-ing短语,在此处作call的后置定语,相 当于定语从句which said...;名词call与动词say为主动关系,故用动词-ing形式。 答案 　saying     技法三　根据句法定形式 非谓语动词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语和补语。理解非谓语动词 的句法功能是判断非谓语形式的关键。 (1)缺少主语常用动名词形式 (2)作介词的宾语常用动名词 (3)作动词的宾语常用动名词 (4)作目的状语使用不定式的一般式 (5)作伴随状语、方式状语和结果状语(意料中)用现在分词 (6)作定语常用现在分词和过去分词 例6     (2019课标全国Ⅱ)A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for 　61     (be) Britain's oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week. 思路点拨 　介词后应用动词的-ing形式作宾语。 答案 　being      技法四　根据搭配定形式 牢记非谓语动词的一些固定搭配和常用句型,结合具体语境确定非谓语动词的形 式。 例7     (2019课标全国Ⅱ)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award, proud Irene declared she had no plans 　65　 (retire) from her 36-year-old business. 思路点拨 　名词plans后接不定式作后置定语。 答案 　to retire 例8     (2019课标全国Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn 't help wondering how long it would take 　62     (get) there. 思路点拨 　分析句子结构可知,在it takes+时间+to do sth.中,it作形式主语,动词不定 式作真正的主语。 答案 　to get       Ⅰ.单句填空 1.(2019新疆乌鲁木齐二诊,63)It 　　     (be) a tradition since the Anglo-Saxon kings in the eighth and ninth centuries stopped trading on a Sunday. 答案 　 has been 　句意 : 自从盎格鲁 — 撒克逊的国王们在八世纪和九世纪的某个周 日停止贸易以来 , 这就成为一个传统。根据 since 引导的时间状语从句可知主句用 现在完成时态。 2.(2018课标全国Ⅱ,61)Since 2011, the country 　　     (grow)more corn than rice. 答案 　has grown　句意:自2011年以来,国家种植玉米(的数量)超过了水稻。本题 考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中时间状语Since 2011可知,此处使用现在完成时,且 主语为单数,故填has grown。 3.(2018课标全国Ⅰ,63)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 　　     (die)early by running. 答案 　dying    句意:你可能饮酒、吸烟、超重,而且你仍然可以通过跑步降低过早 死亡的危险。本题考查非谓语动词。介词of后须用动名词形式作宾语,根据提示词 die可知设空处填dying。 4.(2018课标全国Ⅱ,64)Another reason for corn's rise:The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 　　     (improve)water quality. 答案 　to improve　句意:玉米产量增长的另一个原因是:政府鼓励农民种植玉米而 不是水稻来提高水质。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。此处“提高水质”为鼓励农 民种玉米的目的,故使用动词不定式作目的状语。 5.(2018课标全国Ⅱ,70)China's approach to protecting its environment while 　　     (feed)its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers world- wide,”says the bank's Juergen Voegele. 答案 　 feeding 　本题考查非谓语动词作状语。名词 China 和动词 feed 构成逻辑上的 主动关系 , 故使用现在分词。 6.(2018课标全国Ⅲ,64,65)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 　　     (look)directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel 　　     (challenge). 答案 　looking;challenged　句意:我迅速弯下身,低下头以避免直视它的眼睛使它不 会感到受到了挑战。第一空考查非谓语动词作宾语。动词avoid后须用动名词形式 作宾语。第二空考查非谓语动词作表语。主语he与challenge(挑战)为逻辑上的被 动关系,故填过去分词形式challenged。 7.(2018 课标全国 Ⅲ,70)Once his message was delivered,he allowed me 　　     (stay) and watch. 答案 　to stay　句意:一旦它的信息传递了,它就允许我待在那里观察(它们)了。本 题考查非谓语动词作宾补。allow后须加不定式作宾补;又因为宾语me与stay为逻 辑上的主动关系,故填to stay。 8.(2017课标全国Ⅰ,63)They are required 　　     (process) the food that we eat, to re- cover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 答案 　 to process　be required to do sth. 为固定搭配。 9.(2017课标全国Ⅰ,64)When fat and salt 　　     (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. 答案 　are removed　句意:当把脂肪和盐从食物中去掉时,食物尝起来就好像缺少 了什么。fat and salt 和动词 remove 是被动关系,故此处应使用被动语态,故正确答 案为 are removed。 Ⅱ.语法填空 Passage 1 (2019山东潍坊3月一模) 　　The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge(HZMB), a 55-kilometre bridge-tunnel sys- tem, 　1     (consist)of a series of three cable-stayed bridges, an undersea tunnel, and four artificial islands. It is both the longest sea crossing and the longest fixed link on earth, another 　2     (significance)project. The HZMB, 　3     connects Hong Kong, Macau, and Zhuhai—three major cities on the Pearl River Delta, crosses the Lingding and Jiuzhou channel. The HZMB designed 　4     (last)for 120 years was built with a cost of 126.9 billion yuan (US $18.77 billion).The cost of 　5     (construct)the Main Bridge was estimated     6     51.1 billion yuan (US $7.56 billion)shared among the governments of mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. 　7     (initial)set to be opened to traffic in late 2016, the structure was finally completed on 6 February 2018 and 　8     (journalist)were subsequently given rides over the bridge. On 24 October 2018, the HZMB was opened to 　9     public after its opening ceremony a day 　10     (early). 1. 　　     2. 　　     3. 　　     4. 　　     5. 　　     6. 　　     7. 　　     8. 　　     9. 　　     10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]    本文是说明文。介绍港珠澳大桥的结构、功能和意义。港珠澳大桥 是中国大陆、香港、澳门共同努力建成的。 1.consists　考查主谓一致。句子主语是The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge,文章 的主体时态为现在时,主语为第三人称单数,故填consists。 2.significant　考查词性转换。设空处前为限定词,后面为名词project,故中间应该用 形容词significant作定语。 3.which　考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为The HZMB,关 系词在定语从句中作主语,故填which。 4.to last　考查非谓语动词。固定搭配be designed to do,故填to last。 5.constructing　考查非谓语动词。设空处作介词of的宾语,因此要用动名词形式,故 填constructing。 6.at　考查介词。表示价格、成本时,用介词at。 7.Initially　考查副词。设空处修饰后面的过去分词短语set to be opened to traffic in late 2016,故应用副词形式Initially。 8.journalists　考查名词复数。根据后面的谓语动词were可知,前面的名词应用复 数,故填journalists。 9.the　考查冠词。the public公众;大众。 10.earlier　考查副词比较级。a day earlier前一天。 Passage 2 (2018河北衡水中学十模) High-speed railways, electronic payment, shared bicycles and online shopping are Chi- na's four new ways of life. They are most appealing to youths from 20 countries partici- pating 　1     the Belt and Road Initiative. The four new great inventions are all related to China's high-tech innovation, 　2     has improved the quality of people's life. “My wallet is no longer in use. I can buy and eat whatever I want 　3     (simple) with a tap of my phone,” said Lin Jinlong, an overseas Chinese student from Cambodia, 　4     (add) that even pancake sellers are using Alipay (a mobile payment). In 　 5     word, China is leading in many ways. Bike sharing, for example, is not new itself. But China has made it much more convenient and 　 6     (enjoy) both in China and overseas. Leading Chinese bike-sharing 　 7     (company), Mobike and ofo are now operat - ing in foreign countries such as Singapore and Britain. Users in the countries 　8     (feel) excited and posted photos of 　9     (they) riding the Chinese bikes on social media. A growing number of foreigners hope 　10     (promote) economic development in their home countries by paying more attention to the achievement of China. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文主要介绍了中国新的“四大发明”:高速铁路、电子支付、共享 单车和在线购物。新的“四大发明”提高了人们的生活质量,同时这些高科技革新 对其他国家也产生了影响。 1.in　考查固定搭配。participate in意为“参加”,是固定搭配。 2.which　考查定语从句。先行词是high-tech innovation,关系词在非限制性定语从 句中作主语,故用关系代词which。 3.simply　此处作状语,应用副词形式,故填simply。 4.adding　考查非谓语动词。动词add与Lin Jinlong构成主动关系,故用现在分词形 式作状语。 5.a　考查固定搭配。 in a word总而言之。 6.enjoyable　考查形容词。and是并列连词,它前后连接两个相同的语法成分,由 convenient可知填enjoyable。 7.companies　考查名词复数。根据下文Mobike and ofo 可知此处须填companies。 8.felt　考查动词的时态。该空处后面的and是并列连词,它前后连接两个相同的语 法成分,felt和posted是并列谓语,都用一般过去时态,故填felt。 9.themselves　考查反身代词。主语和宾语为同一个人,故用反身代词themselves。 10.to promote　考查非谓语动词。hope后接动词不定式作宾语,故填to promote。 　　　 考点二　无提示词类填空 (一)冠词、代词和介词   1.冠词 对冠词的考查主要是考查冠词的特指和泛指用法;冠词+形容词+名词;the+最高级; the用于双方都知道的人或物前。 例 1     (2018 课标全国 Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 　 62     past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent. 思路点拨 　本题考查冠词。句意:在过去的25年里,玉米的产量已经激增了将近12 5%,而水稻的产量只增长了7%。over the past 25 years(在过去的25年里)为固定搭配。 答案 　the     2.代词 设空处在句中充当主语或宾语时,考虑用代词。主格代词:I、we、you、he、she、 they、it;宾格代词:me、us、you、him、her、them、it;形容词性物主代词:my、our、 your、his、her、their、its;名词性物主代词:mine、ours、yours、his、hers、theirs; 反身代词:myself、ourselves、 yourself、yourselves、himself、herself、themselves、 itself;不定代词:one、other、another等。找出设空处代词指代的是什么,并根据各自的指代特点确定答案。it充当形式主语或形式宾语也是考查的重点。 例2     (2018课标全国Ⅰ)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 　70     a try. 思路点拨 　句意:如果你时间不充裕,你只需要花费其他运动一半的时间跑步便可 获得同样的收益,因此或许我们应该试一试跑步。设空处作give的宾语,需填名词或 代词,因此用it代替上文中的running或直接填running作宾语。 答案 　it/running     3.介词 对介词的考查主要是考查常见介词in、at、on、for、with、without、beyond、un- der、through等的本质含义,另外一个重点是考查介词在固定搭配中的用法。 例3     (2017课标全国Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学 界) 　61     a method of fighting heart disease... 思路点拨 　分析句子结构可知,此处表示“作为”,所以填as。 答案 　as       Ⅰ.单句填空 1.(2019课标全国Ⅱ,69)When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was 　　     joke. 答案 　a　本题考查冠词。joke是单数可数名词,故其前应用不定冠词a表示泛指。 2.(2018课标全国Ⅱ,65)Corn uses less water 　　     rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) run-off. 答案 　 than 　句意 : 玉米用水量比水稻少 , 造成更少的化肥流失。本题考查介词。根 据句中的 less 可知 , 此处表示比较 , 故使用介词 than 。 3.(2018课标全国Ⅲ,62)Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at 　　     top of her lungs. 答案 　the　句意:出乎意料的是,我正与那只大猩猩面对面,它开始声嘶力竭地尖 叫。本题考查冠词。at the top of one's lungs意为“声嘶力竭地”。 4.(2017课标全国Ⅲ,68)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time be- fore going to university to get a degree 　　     engineering or architecture. 答案 　in　a degree in...表示“某专业的学位”,专业前用介词in。 5.(2017课标全国Ⅱ,67)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 　　     every day. 答案 　it　it指代the railway。 6.(2017课标全国Ⅰ,65)As 　　     result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. 答案 　a　as a result为固定搭配,意为“因此,结果”。 Ⅱ.语法填空 Passage 1 (2019吉林名校一模) The Truth about Whisky Whisky is probably 　1     most famous product of Scotland. Whisky making provides work 　2     several thousand people, and whisky is Scotland's biggest goods 　3     (sell) to every corner of the world. The qualities of whisky come from the water which 　4     (use) to make it. When whisky is first made, it is 　5     (actual) clear, not brown in colour. The colour comes from the wooden 　6     (container) in which the whisky is stored for several years to allow it 　7     (mature). For many years, whisky has been one of the most popular drinks all over the world, and Scotland 　8     (produce) more and more of it so far. But whisky sales have not increased as fast, so there are now large reserves of whisky in Scotland, especially the better and 　9     (much) expensive whisky. So a lot of the whisky sold today was made several years ago when people thought that whisky would get more and more popular. That is 　10     , today, a lot of the whisky in the shops is marked with “Ten years old”, or even “Fifteen years old”. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。文章介绍了苏格兰生产威士忌的相关情况,生产威士 忌为苏格兰人提供了很多就业岗位,并且他们的产品出口到世界各地。 1.the　考查冠词。句意:威士忌可能是苏格兰最著名的产品。最高级前应用定冠 词,故填the。 2.for　考查介词。威士忌制作为苏格兰的几千人提供了工作岗位。provide sth. for sb.为某人提供某物,故填介词for。 3.sold　考查非谓语动词。威士忌是苏格兰最主要的商品,销往世界各地。分析句 子结构可知,设空处作后置定语,修饰goods,goods与sell之间为逻辑上的被动关系,故 填过去分词sold。 4.is used　考查动词时态和语态。which指代the water,指被用来制作威士忌的水,此 处描述的是客观事实,故用一般现在时的被动语态。 5.actually　考查副词。句意:当威士忌开始被酿造时,它的颜色实际上是清澈的,而 不是棕色的。此处用副词作状语修饰动词,故填actually。 6.containers　考查名词。威士忌的颜色来自木质容器,威士忌在其中被存放数年。 容器不止一个,container为可数名词,故用复数形式。 7.to mature　考查非谓语动词。allow sb./sth. to do sth.允许某人/某物做某事。 8.has produced　考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意:多年以来,威士忌是全世界最受 欢迎的饮品之一,苏格兰到目前为止生产的威士忌越来越多。根据时间状语so far 可知,此处用现在完成时,主语为Scotland,故填has produced。 9.more　考查形容词。句意:但是威士忌的销量并没有增长那么快,所以现在苏格 兰有大量的威士忌储备,尤其是更好更贵的威士忌。由better可知,此处用比较级,填 more。 10.why　考查名词性从句。句意:这就是为什么今天很多商店里的威士忌有“十 年”甚至“十五年”的标记。根据句意可知此处由why引导表语从句,表原因。 Passage 2 (201 9 山东济南模拟) In the long history of China, many things are more 　1     (advance)than the rest of the world and liquor(酒)is one of them. In China, liquor brewed(酿造)from cereal grain has always been in the dominant position and liquor brewed from fruits accounts 　2     a small proportion only. Therefore, to explore the origin of liquor is 　3     (main)to ex- plore the origin of liquor brewed from cereal grain. The history of liquor 　 4     (date)back to the Shanggu period. In Shiji Yinbenji ( Histori - cal Records ), there were some records about liquor:“King Zhou made a liquor pool and 　 5     (hang)meat like a forest, drinking all night long.” In Shi Jing ( The Book of Songs ), there were some poems about liquor:“October is the time 　 6     (harvest)the grain to make liquor and people use the liquor to celebrate the longevity of 　7     se- nior.” Those records indicated that liquor has a history of at least five thousand years. According to some archaeological evidence, there were dedicated liquor tools among the Neolithic(新石器时代)—potteries unearthed in modern times, 　8     showed that liquor brewing was rather popular in primitive societies. After the Xia and Shang 　9     (dynasty), there were more and more liquor-drinking vessels, 　10     (indicate)that liquor drinking was prevalent at that time. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文介绍了中国酿酒的历史。 1.advanced　考查形容词。句意:在中国的悠久历史中,很多东西都比世界上其他地 方的先进,酒就是其中之一。此处作表语,故使用形容词advanced。 2.for　考查固定搭配。account for在此处意为“占 …… 的比例”。 3.mainly　考查副词。此处用作状语须用main的副词形式。 4.dates　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意:酒的历史可以追溯到上古时期。date back to追溯到,常用一般现在时。主语是单数,故用dates。 5.hung　考查动词的时态。根据and前面的made可知此处使用一般过去时。 6.to harvest　考查非谓语动词。句意:十月份是收获谷物来酿酒的季节,人们用酒来 庆祝老人长寿。the time之后常用不定式作后置定语。 7.the　考查冠词。the senior老人。 8.which　考查定语从句。which在此处引导非限制性定语从句,代替前面整句话的 内容,在从句中作主语。 9.dynasties　考查名词的数。根据the Xia and Shang可判断此处使用dynasty的复数 形式。 10.indicating　考查非谓语动词。indicate与前面整句话的内容构成主动关系,故使 用现在分词,相当于which indicated...。   (二)定语从句与名词性从句 1.定语从句 高考对定语从句的考查集中在对关系代词和关系副词的考查上。首先要研读分析 整个题干,找出定语从句和其修饰的先行词,然后分析定语从句的结构,找出从句中缺少的成分,这是至关重要的一步。 (1)关系代词引导的定语从句。如果从句中缺少主语、宾语,就要用关系代词:that (指人或物),which(指物),who/whom(指人);如果设空处后面是名词,而设空处单词作 定语,就要用关系代词whose。 例1     (2018课标全国Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 　66     showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. 思路点拨 　句意:该报告的其中两名作者在2014年还发表了一项研究,这项研究表 明每天只跑步5至10分钟便可以降低患心脏病或由于各种原因导致过早死亡的危 险。本题考查定语从句。先行词为study,指“物”;将先行词代入定语从句后为: The study showed a mere five to 10 minutes...,由此可见关系词在定语从句中作主语, 故填that或which。 答案 　that/which     例2     (2019黑龙江哈尔滨三中一模)Beijing Opera has a history of 200 years, 　61     origin can be seen as old local operas, especially Anhui Opera, or what is now called Huiju. 思路点拨 　句意:京剧有200年的历史,可以认为它起源于地方戏剧,尤其是安徽戏 剧,现在称之为徽剧。设空处引导定语从句,先行词为Beijing Opera,代入定语从句 为:Beijing Opera's origin can be seen as old local operas,故定语从句中缺少定语,故由 关系代词whose引导从句。 答案 　whose   (2)关系副词引导的定语从句。如果从句中缺少时间、地点或原因状语,那就 要用关系副词when、where、why。 例3     (2019陕西汉中一模)Our office wasn't far from Chinatown, 　41     I found some very good Chinese restaurants. 思路点拨 　句意:我们办公室离唐人街不远,我在那里发现了一些很好的中餐馆。 先行词为Chinatown,代入定语从句为:In Chinatown, I found some very good Chinese restaurants.,定语从句中缺少地点状语,故填关系副词where。 答案 　where     (3)如果设空处前有介词的话,那就是考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句, 修饰的先行词是人,那就用whom,修饰的先行词是物,那就用which。 例4     (2019云南高中第二次统一检测)By the end of 2018, China's railway mileage (里程) had reached 131,000 kilometers, of 　43     29,000 kilometers was high-speed rail. 思路点拨 　句意:到2018年底,中国的铁路里程已经达到13.1万公里,其中2.9万公里 是高速铁路。本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。定语从句的先行词 为131,000 kilometers,指物,放于介词of后引导定语从句需用关系代词which。 答案 　which 2.名词性从句 　　名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。研读题干分 析句子结构,关键是找到句子的谓语动词。引导名词性从句的连接词可以从两方面 解决:第一,准确把握题干,翻译句意,确定设空处应该用哪个连接词;第二,根据设空 处连接词在从句中充当的成分判断应该用哪个连接词。如果从句意思完整、结构 正确,就用that引导;如果从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语,就要用what引导。高考对名 词性从句的考查主要集中在对that和what的考查上。 例5     (2019吉林省吉林市一模)The ideal nap depends on 　49     you want from that nap. 思路点拨 　句意:理想的小睡情况取决于你希望从中得到什么。设空处引导宾语从 句,从句中want后缺少宾语,指物,故由what引导宾语从句。 答案 　what     例6     (2019贵州黔东南高三下学期一模)It's true 　46     TCM is one of the oldest healing systems on the planet. 思路点拨 　句意:的确,中医是地球上最古老的治疗系统之一。句中It为形式主语, 空格处引导主语从句,在从句中不作成分,故使用that。 答案 　that     例7     (2019课标全国Ⅰ,61)While they are rare north of 88 ° , there is evidence 　　     they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 思路点拨 　此处缺少引导同位语从句的连接词that,说明evidence的具体内容,“证 据表明 …… ”。 答案 　that       Ⅰ.单句填空 1.(2019课标全国Ⅱ,62)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, 　　     she opened with her late husband Les. 答案 　which　先行词是the pet shop,指“物”,因此用which引导非限制性定语从 句。 2.(2019 课标全国 Ⅲ,64)They were well trained by their masters 　　     had great expe - rience with caring for these animals. 答案 　who/that　此处用who或that引导定语从句,修饰先行词masters。 3.(2019黑龙江哈尔滨六中二模,61)Now millions of fans are eagerly awaiting its eighth and final season, 　　     starts on April 14th. 答案 　 which 　句意 : 现在 , 几百万粉丝们正焦急地等待第八季 , 也是最后一季 , 将于 4 月 14 日开始。设空处引导非限制性定语从句 , 先行词为 its eighth and final season, 故 填关系代词 which, 在从句中作主语。 4.(2019云南昆明高三复习教学质量检测,46)Alibaba isn't the only company 　　     introduces high-tech hotels. 答案 　that　句意:阿里巴巴并不是唯一一家引进高科技酒店的公司。定语从句的 先行词company前有the only,只能使用关系代词that。 5.(2019黑龙江大庆一中二模,68)As more and more people own private cars, parking has become a big headache for many car owners, especially for those 　　     live in downtown areas without enough parking spaces. 答案 　 who 　句意 : 随着越来越多的人拥有私家车 , 停车已成为令很多车主非常头疼 的事 , 尤其是对于居住在车位不足的市中心地区的人而言。 those 为先行词 , 定语从 句中缺少主语 , 故由关系代词 who 引导限制性定语从句。 those 指人时 , 引导定语从 句的关系代词不能用 that, 只能用 who 。 6.(2019山东荣成六中检测, 68)Helen McCarthy, an author and expert on Japanese car- toons, explained 　　     the character is so popular, “Because Hello Kitty is all about happiness, friendship and fun.” 答案 　why　考查名词性从句。句意:海伦·麦卡锡,一位日本漫画的作者和专家,解 释了为什么这个角色如此受欢迎,“因为凯蒂猫都是关于幸福、友谊和欢乐的。” 根据后面的Because一词可判定答案为why。 7.(2019 重庆二诊 ,66)The rise in sales of translated fiction shows 　　     hungry so many British readers are for terrific writings from other countries. 答案 　how　句意:译本小说销量的上涨表明,很多英国读者多么渴望读到来自其他 国家的十分出色的著作。shows后为宾语从句,引导词修饰形容词hungry,故由how 引导宾语从句。 8.(2019吉林普通高中三调,68)It is possible 　　     caffeine may cause birth defects (缺 陷) in humans, too. 答案 　 that 　句意 : 咖啡因也可能导致人类出生缺陷。 It 为形式主语 , 设空处引导主 语从句 , 作真正的主语。分析从句结构可知不缺少任何成分 , 故由 that 引导该从句。 9.(2018课标全国Ⅱ,69)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005— when the government started a soil-testing program 　　     gives specific fertilizer rec- ommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 答案 　that/which　本题考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词为program,指物,关系词 在从句中作主语,故使用关系代词that或which。 10.(2017课标全国Ⅲ,64)But Sarah, 　　     has taken part in shows along with top models, wants... 答案 　 who 　分析句子结构可知 , 先行词为 Sarah, 指“人” , 从句中缺少主语且从句 前有逗号 , 故此处应填入关系代词 who 。 11.(2017课标全国Ⅰ,70)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 　　     is not good for the health. 答案 　which　分析句子结构可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,设空处指代逗号 前面的内容,且在从句中作主语,故填关系代词which。 12.(2019四川遂宁三诊,66)However, because of poverty, Nolan has to leave high school and find a job, 　　     life is full of ups and downs. 答案 　whose　句意:然而,由于贫穷,诺兰不得不离开高中找一份工作,她的生活充 满了起起落落。设空处在从句中作定语修饰名词life,故使用关系代词whose。 Ⅱ.语法填空 Passage 1 (2019山东日照3月一模) 　　Beijing‘s Forbidden City is a place full of wonders. From its thousands of rooms to its many beautiful artifacts, it's no wonder it is one of China's most popular scenic 　1     (spot). But even more than 600 years after it 　2     (build), it's still managing to serve up surprises. The Forbidden City draws visitors because of its rich history and 　3     (culture) signifi- cance, but perhaps it should add one more thing to its list of attractions: earthquake shelter. While most structures weren't made 　4     (survive)natural disasters, the Forbidden City seems to withstand anything. To show how strong the ancient Chinese architecture really is, 　5     model of one of the Forbidden City's palaces was put to the test. It survived a simulated(模拟的) earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale—equal to the 　6     (large) ever-recorded quake. Instead of falling apart, the model was just moved gently during the test. According to experts, the key 　7     the Forbidden City's strength, as well as other an- cient Chinese structures, 　8     (lie)in dougong (斗拱)—a centuries-old building method invented in China. Ancient Chinese craftsmen created structures 　9     were both enduring (耐用)and elegant, 　10     (show) their advanced understanding of mathematics, architec - ture, materials, and structural science. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,介绍了北京故宫(紫禁城)的历史和结构。通过对故宫 抗震的介绍,弘扬了中华民族的传统工艺和文化,彰显了中国古代工匠的高超技艺。 1.spots　考查名词复数。one of后面跟名词复数。 2.was built　考查动词的时态与语态。after在此处为连词,其后从句的主语为it,it与 build之间构成被动关系,且此处说的是过去的事,因此要用一般过去时的被动语态, 故填was built。 3.cultural　考查词性转换。设空处修饰后面的名词,应该用形容词形式。 4.to survive　考查非谓语动词。be made to do sth.结构中,不定式作目的状语,故填 to survive。 5.a　考查冠词。此处表泛指,要用不定冠词a。 6.largest　考查形容词最高级。此处表示有史以来最大的地震。 7.to　考查介词。the key to为固定搭配。 8.lies　考查时态和主谓一致。设空处所在句子的主语为the key,且此处表示客观 事实,故用lies。 9.that/which　考查定语从句。先行词是structures,关系代词在从句中作主语,故填 that/which。 10.showing　考查非谓语动词。此处用现在分词短语作状语。 Passage 2 (201 9 安徽十校模拟) Each year thousands of 　1     (explore) and tourists visit the polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctic. But the increasing number of people travelling to the ends of the Earth can have a negative effect 　2     fragile ecosystems. Should tourists 　3     (allow) to visit polar regions? About 40,000 tourists visit the Antarctic each year. More than five million travel to the Arctic and sub-Arctic. Transporting tourists to the regions 　4     (increase) ship and airplane traffic, adding to the risk of pollution, oil spills, and other 　5     (environment) damage. Because the places where wildlife is accessible 　6     (be) few in number, tourist traffic can become concentrated in specific areas, 　7     (put) the Arctic vegetation at risk. Others say that access 　8     these very special parts of the world should not be restrict- ed to only researchers and scientists. Polar tourism allows people to develop a deep personal connection with polar regions. “Those 　9     travel to the Arctic or Antarctic often become cheer leaders for supporting those places,” Jim Sano, vice president for travel and 　10     (conserve) at the World Wildlife Fund, told TFK. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文对游客是否该去南极和北极旅游进行了探讨。 1.explorers　考查名词。 　　     and tourists作句子的主语,故用名词形式,且被thou- sands of修饰,所以用名词复数,填explorers。 2.on　考查固定搭配。have an effect on对 …… 有影响。 3.be allowed　考查动词的语态。动词allow 与 tourists构成被动关系,且情态动词 Should后用动词原形,故填be allowed。 4.increases　考查主谓一致。 v .-ing形式作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,所以 填increases。 5.environmental　考查形容词。修饰名词damage用形容词environmental。 6.are　考查主谓一致。从句主语the places是复数意义,且根据语境应用一般现在 时,所以填are。 7.putting　考查非谓语动词。put与其逻辑主语tourist traffic构成主动关系,故用现 在分词作状语。 8.to　考查固定搭配。access to通向 …… 的入口;(使用或见到的)机会,权利。 9.who　考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词为Those,指“人”,关系词在从句中作 主语,故填关系代词who。 10.conservation　考查名词。介词for之后用名词,所以填conservation。   (三)并列连词和状语从句 1.并列连词 并列连词可以连接单词、短语和句子,根据设空处前后在语义上的关系(并列、转 折、递进、因果、选择、对比),选定所需要的连词:and、but、so、while等。 例1     (2019课标全国Ⅱ)I work not because I have to, 　67     because I want to. 思路点拨 　but与前面的not一起构成not...but结构,意为“不是 …… 而是 …… ”。 答案 　but      2.状语从句 分析句子结构,找出主句和从句。研读题干,翻译句意,根据句意判断属于哪一类状 语从句,选定所需要的连词。状语从句有:时间状语从句(when、while、as、since)、条件状语从句(if、unless、as/so long as)、原因状语从句(because、as、since)、地点状语从句(where)、让步状语从句(although、though、while、even if/though、no matter+疑问词)等。 例2     (2019课标全国Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining 　61　 hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there. 思路点拨 　so...that是固定结构,意为“如此 …… 以至于”,引导结果状语从句,因此 应填so。 答案 　so       Ⅰ.单句填空 1.(2019四川攀枝花高三下学期第三次统考,67)Audiences cannot only understand how to appreciate the beauty of cultural relics, 　　     also know the civilization and the spirit of Chinese culture. 答案 　 but 　句意 : 观众不仅可以了解如何欣赏文物的美 , 还可以了解中国文化的文 明和精神。 not only...but also... 不仅 …… 而且 …… 。 2.(2019云南高中检测,47)If you want to travel around China, the high-speed trains will be your ideal choice since they are clean, comfortable 　　     modern. 答案 　 and 　句意 : 如果你想环游中国 , 高速列车将是你理想的选择 , 因为它们干净、 舒适和现代化。形容词 clean 、 comfortable 与 modern 构成并列关系 , 故使用连词 and 。 3.(2019吉林四平一中二模,69)Life isn't perfect and it's always hard, 　　     we need reminders in our life from a friend, author, blogger, pastor or our inner spirit to focus our attention on the things that matter and make us live positively. 答案 　 so 　句意 : 生活不是完美的 , 总是充满困难 , 因此在生活中我们需要来自朋 友、作者、博主、牧师或者我们内心精神的提醒 , 以此将我们的注意力关注到那些 非常重要的、让我们积极生活的事情上。根据上下句之间的关系可知 , 设空处前后 为因果关系 , 故填并列连词 so 。 4.(2019吉林普通高中三调,64)Small amounts of caffeine — a cup 　　     two of coffee a day — seem safe for most people. 答案 　or　句意:对于大部分人来说,少量咖啡因——每天一杯或者两杯咖啡—— 似乎是安全的。根据句意可知,此处意为“或者”,表示选择关系,故填并列连词or。 5.(2019辽宁辽南协作体二模,64)Therefore, they are reduced to giving up long 　　     any realistic results are achieved. 答案 　 before 　句意 : 因此 , 还没有达到任何实际效果 , 他们就早早放弃了。设空处 引导状语从句 , 表示“还没来得及 ; 在 …… 之前” , 故由 before 引导时间状语从句。 6.(2019黑龙江哈尔滨六中三模,69)I don't listen to English music as frequently 　　     I listen to Chinese music. 答案 　as　句意:我听英语音乐不如听中文音乐多。as...as...为同级比较结构,第二 个as可作为连词,引导比较状语从句。 7.(2019内蒙古呼和浩特一模,49)Tongpao has risen in number over the past 15 years 　　     a worker in central China's Henan Province named Wang Letian made a hanfu- style suit and wore it in public in 2003. 答案 　 since 　句意 : 自 2003 年中国中部河南省一名叫王乐天的工人制作了一套汉 服并在公共场合穿着以来 , 同袍的数量在过去 15 年里已经有所增加。根据语境可 知 , 此处引导时间状语从句 , 意为“从 …… 以来” , 且主句为现在完成时态 , 故填 since 。 8.(2019云南玉溪一中高三第五次调研,61)In your daily life, there are many examples where your parents control hundreds of things for you 　　     you are a kid, such as the clothes you wear, the food you eat, where you go and how you get there. 答案 　when　句意:在你的日常生活中,有很多例子,当你还是个孩子的时候,你的父 母为你控制了数百件事情,比如你穿的衣服,你吃的食物,你去哪里以及你如何到达 那里。根据上下文的逻辑关系可知空格处引导时间状语从句,故填when。 Ⅱ.语法填空 Passage 1 (2019四川教考联盟4月三诊) In the 17th century, dentists did their best 　1     (make) false teeth. The problem, how- ever, was not making the teeth, 　2     keeping them in place. They had to tie each tooth to the one on either side of it. Only rich people could afford false teeth, 　3     were usually made of gold or silver. As more and more people wanted new teeth, poor peo- ple 　4     (sell) their teeth to the rich so that they could buy food and clothing. During the next 200 years, many changes were made to false teeth although some of these were not really improvements. Towards the end of the 19th century, for example, cheap elas- tic teeth were introduced. But they caught fire very 　5     (easy), so a number of men were badly burned while they were smoking 　6     (cigarette). Nowadays, false teeth 　7     (be) so well made and look so real that it is often 　8     (possible) to tell from a person's appearance whether or not they have them. And in 　9     near future, very few people will have them by 　10     (add) certain things to the water we drink. We have been able to keep our teeth so healthy that most people will never need false teeth. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　本文简要介绍了假牙的发展历史。 1.to make　本题考查固定搭配。do one's best to do sth.意为“尽某人最大努力做某 事”,故填to make。 2.but　本题考查连词。前后语义表示转折,故填but构成not...but...结构,表示“不是 …… 而是 …… ”。 3.which　本题考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句的先行词为false teeth,指物,从句 中缺主语,故使用关系代词which。 4.would sell/sold　本题考查动词的时态。本题可以理解为表示“过去的意愿”或 陈述过去的事实,故填would sell或sold。 5.easily　本题考查副词。句中修饰动词caught需用副词,故填easily。 6.cigarettes　本题考查名词的数。cigarette为可数名词,其前没有限定词,故使用其 复数cigarettes。 7.are　本题考查主谓一致。根据Nowadays与false teeth判断答案为are。 8.impossible　本题考查形容词。根据前文的so well made以及look so real可知此处 表示“不可能的”,故填impossible。 9.the　本题考查定冠词。in the near future在不久的将来。 10.adding　本题考查非谓语动词。介词by后面需接动名词作宾语,故填adding。 Passage 2 (2018吉林省吉林市调研) In ancient China the kite was known as zhiyuan . 　1     (original) regarded as a technol- ogy, it also features in many art collections, and is considered to have unique artistic values. It first 　2     (appear) in the year of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC—476 BC). According to historical records, Mo Zi spent three years 　3     (construct) a wooden kite that failed after one day‘s flight. One book noted that the master carpenter Lu Ban also made some that 　4     (use) to spy on the situation of the enemy. Now the basic procedure of making kites remains the same, but the 　5     (style) of kite- making vary in different regions. These in the “World Kite Capital” of Weifang in Shandong Province are well-known for 　6     (they) craftsmanship, materials, painting, sculpture and flexible flying movement. One of these kites, 　7     was over 300 meters long, won first place in the International Kite Festival 　8     (hold) in Italy. It is now housed in the Weifang Kite Museum. Every year, the festival is held there and is ex- pected to draw many fans with a passion for flying kites. 　9     you are interested in flying a kite, you should choose a sunny and windy day so you can enjoy the open air. Take care to avoid electric wires and cars. You could take more than one with you and fly them according to the change of wind. And of course, a pair of sunglasses may prove useful in protecting your eyes 　10     bright sunshine. 1. 　　     　2. 　　     　3. 　　     　4. 　　     　5. 　　     6. 　　     　7. 　　     　8. 　　     　9. 　　     　10. 　　     答案      [语篇解读]　文章介绍了风筝的历史以及现在的发展情况,而且还为户外放风筝提 出了建议。 1.Originally　此处在句中作状语,故用副词形式。originally原来;起初。 2.appeared　根据时间状语in the year of the Spring and Autumn Period(770 BC—476 BC)可知句子的谓语动词用过去时态。 3.constructing　spend...doing sth.意为“花费 …… 做某事”,此处指“墨子花费三年 时间建造了一只木头风筝”。 4.were used 　此处意为“被用来监视敌军情况的风筝” ,that 代指先行词 some, 即鲁 班建造的风筝 , 与 use 之间为被动关系 , 而且根据语境可知用过去时态表示过去发生 的事情。 5.styles　句意:现在制作风筝的基本步骤是相同的,但是制作风筝的风格各地区并 不相同。根据谓语动词vary可知应该用复数形式。 6.their　句意:“国际风筝之都”山东潍坊的风筝因其技艺、原料、绘画、雕刻及 飞行的灵活性而著名。设空处修饰后面的名词,故填形容词性物主代词,故填 their。 7.which　设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指物,故填which。 8.held     此处作定语 , 意为“在意大利举办的国际风筝节” ,“ 国际风筝节”与“举 办”之间为被动关系 , 故由过去分词作后置定语。 9.If     如果你对放风筝感兴趣的话 , 应该选择晴朗、有风的天气 , 这样就可以享受户 外的空气。设空处引导条件状语从句,故填If。 10.from/against　protect...from/against...保护 …… 免受(危害、攻击等)。