专题11+阅读理解——说明文+名师揭秘-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试 13页

‎ ‎ ‎【考点解读】‎ 阅读理解是高考考查的重点。影响学生阅读理解能力除了语法，词汇，句型结构这些语言因素外，还有一些非语言知识的因素，如逻辑推理，评价判断能力，背景知识的多寡及阅读技巧等等。高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。 高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实，主旨大意，推理判断，猜测词义。其中，说明文主要以细节事实，主旨大意和猜测词义三方面的问题为主。‎ 一、词义猜测类题型 阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目。有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法，语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：‎ 一）内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。‎ ‎1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，‎ 如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships。此句中的Venus（金星），Mars（火星），Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，‎ 如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother。根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。‎ ‎2.根据因果关系猜测词义 通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：‎ You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。‎ 3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time.Then there is a dry period，or drought.‎ 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。‎ 4. 通过句法功能来推测词义 例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。‎ ‎5.通过描述猜词 描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of seabird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it can not fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。‎ 二）外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snake slithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为"爬行"。‎ 三）构词法 在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根，前缀，后缀，合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。‎ ‎1.根据前缀猜测词义 例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义"半清醒的，半昏迷的"。 I’m illiterate about such things.词根literate意为"有文化修养的，通晓的"，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指"一窍不通，不知道的"。‎ 2. 根据后缀猜测词义 例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed. 后缀cide表示"杀者，杀灭剂"，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为"杀虫剂"。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示"小的"，词根drop指"滴，滴状物"。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义"小滴，微滴"‎ ‎3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Highlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是"以强光照射，使突出"的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动斗牛。‎ 二、主旨大意类题型 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：‎ ‎（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题 文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意 ‎（二）寻找文章的主题句 分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句。其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。‎ 总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想，比较，归纳，推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础。阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。‎ ‎【真题分析】‎ ‎1.【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）B篇】‎ Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.‎ More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they’re studying in the classroom.‎ For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn ‎ about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of “downed” pilot.‎ With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.‎ All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.‎ Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!‎ For more details, please visit us online at www.oursac.com.‎ ‎40. Why do people come to SAC?‎ A. To experience adventures.‎ B. To look for jobs in aviation.‎ C. To get a degree in engineering.‎ D. To learn more about medicine.‎ ‎41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .‎ A. fly to space B. get an Aviation badge first C. study the principles of flight D. build and fire model rockets ‎42. What is the most important for trainees?‎ A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.‎ C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目的相关信息，包括训练内容、受训者参加的条件和益处等。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎42. B。细节理解题。根据文章第四段With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B。‎ ‎2.【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）C篇】‎ Plastic-Eating ‎Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.‎ Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down ‎ about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.‎ Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂‎ Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University‎ of ‎Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?‎ Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂‎ ‎43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?‎ A. They take plastics as their everyday food.‎ B. They are newly evolved creatures.‎ C. They can consume plastics.‎ D. They wind up in landfills.‎ ‎44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .‎ A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed ‎45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .‎ A. help to raise worms B. help make plastic bags C. be used to clean the oceans D. be produced in factories in future ‎46. What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To explain a study method on worms.‎ B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.‎ C. To present a way to break down plastics.‎ D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎43. C。细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down ‎ plastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。‎ ‎44. C。细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。‎ ‎45. D。 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【名师点睛】根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息），多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。本题的最后一题为写作意图题。文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现---蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推着写作意图是告知、告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。‎ ‎3.【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）C篇】‎ If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get ‎ the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems(生态系统）, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC, 美国青年农会）and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.‎ For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.‎ The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors. developers, and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers.‎ From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions.‎ Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于）farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation's farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food.‎ There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from ‎ all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.‎ ‎61. The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce .‎ A. the progress made in car industry B. a special feature of agriculture C. a trend of development in agriculture D. the importance of investing in car industry ‎62. What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2?‎ A. Loans to small local farmers are necessary.‎ B. Technology is vital for agricultural development.‎ C. Competition between small and big farms is fierce D. Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.‎ ‎63. What is the difficulty for those new famers?‎ A. To gain more financial aid.‎ B. To hire good farm managers.‎ C. To have farms of their own.‎ D. To win old farmers’ support.‎ ‎64. What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy?‎ A. Seek support beyond NYFC.‎ B. Expand farmland conservation.‎ C. Become members of NYFC.‎ D. Invest more to improve technology.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文为说明文。文章作者作为全国青年农民联盟（NYFC）的联合创始人，分析了美国小农场的特点及目前美国小农场所面临的问题，督促国会对某些领域进行改革以支持美国国内小农场的发展。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎61. B。推理判断题。根据文章第一句话If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies.可知，一般人不可能影响到汽车工业，而根据第二句话的but 可知，农业和工业是不同的，接下来就介绍了农业不同于工业的地方，故B正确。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎63. C。细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own.可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。‎ ‎64. A。细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds.可知，NYFC需要广泛的支持，包括要求国会增加农田保护，推动移民改革，寻求确保不同背景的新农民的成功的政策等，所以为了保证农业经济的可持续发展农民需要寻求NYFC以外的很多方面的支持。故选A。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎