专题12+完形填空说明文&议论文（冲关真题训练）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈 20页

备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈 专题12 冲关真题训练 题组一 Cloze 1(2016·上海卷)‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 一种新型管理理论 ‎ 382 ‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎17分钟 ‎ In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.‎ In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.‎ Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.‎ A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) ‎ much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.‎ Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.‎ ‎1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike ‎ ‎2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme ‎ ‎3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise ‎4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above ‎ ‎5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging ‎ ‎6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply ‎7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression ‎8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male ‎ ‎9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing ‎ ‎10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating ‎ ‎11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared ‎12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally ‎ ‎13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure ‎14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D.‎ ‎ on-the-scene ‎15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness ‎【文章大意】本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。‎ ‎1. D 根据后半句＂....will do anything to avoid it＂可知人们本能上不喜欢工作，他们为逃避工作可以做任何事情。故D项正确。‎ ‎2. A to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端。此处是说，无论如何，尽管很多证据与这个理论相反，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A项正确。‎ ‎3. B 由后面的例子他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给予他们不断的监督可知此处是举例说明。故B项正确。‎ ‎4. D 根据后句可知，此处是说，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项＂above上面的＂正确。‎ ‎5. C 根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。‎ ‎6. B refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。‎ ‎7. A agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商的基础上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。‎ ‎8. D 根据前半句＂...women will become more effective managers than men...＂可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效，因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D项正确。‎ ‎9. A 根据前句＂... encourage employees to use their own initiative... ＂（鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神），也就是说在作出决定的时候不用先请示上级经理。故A项正确。‎ ‎10. C 根据＂the trend towards downsizing＂（缩小规模的趋势）可知，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接作出决定而不需要请示上级，故动词＂reduce减少＂符合语境。‎ ‎12. B economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地。根据后句Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B项正确。‎ ‎13. D deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。‎ ‎14. A virtual虚拟的；ineffective无效果的，低效率的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。根据后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法。故A项正确。‎ ‎15. C opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力。根据后半句＂in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them＂可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品，而不是他们的工作时间。故C项正确。‎ Cloze 2（2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ) ‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。‎ ‎ 240‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎17分钟 ‎ As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this 　1　at work in people of all 　2　.For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 　3　with their new toys. But their 　4　soon wears off and by January those 　5　toys can be found put away in the basement. The world ‎ is full of 　6　stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 　7　interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child 　8　bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the 　9　of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great 　10　but are soon looking forward to 　11　.The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many 　12　, who now complain (抱怨) about the long drives to work, 　13　drove for hours at a time when they first 　14　their driver’s licenses(执照)?Before people retire, they usually 　15　to do a lot of 　16　things, which they never had 　17　to do while working. But 　18　after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they 　19　.And, like the child in January, they go searching for new 　20　.‎ ‎1. A. principle B. habit C. way D. power ‎2. A. parties B. races C. countries D. ages ‎3. A. working B. living C. playing D. going ‎4. A. confidence B. interest C. anxiety D. sorrow ‎5. A. same B. extra C. funny D. expensive ‎6. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed C. newly-collected D. half-filled ‎7. A. broad B. passing C. different D. main ‎8. A. silently B. impatiently C. gladly D. worriedly ‎9. A. promise B. burden C. right D. game ‎10. A. courage B. calmness C. confusion D. excitement ‎11. A. graduation B. independence C. responsibility D. success ‎12. A. children B. students C. adults D. retirees ‎13. A. carefully B. eagerly C. nervously D. bravely ‎14. A. required B. obtained C. noticed D. discovered ‎15. A. need B. learn C. start D. plan ‎16. A. great B. strange C. difficult D. correct ‎17. A. time B. money C. skills D. knowledge ‎18. A. only B. well C. even D. soon ‎19. A. lost B. chose C. left D. quit ‎20. A. pets B. toys C. friends D. colleagues ‎ 【文章大意】本文通过举例说明这样一个道理：各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。‎ ‎1. A 其实，我们可从各年龄段的人们身上看到这个准则是如何起作用的。第一段的第一句出现短语As a general rule，本空填principle呼应名词rule。‎ ‎2. D 各年龄段的人都会产生厌倦情绪。从下文可知，孩子厌倦玩具、少年厌倦高中、青年厌倦大学、成年 人厌倦开车、老年人厌倦退休后的生活。因此本空填ages。‎ ‎3. C 在圣诞节早上，孩子们一开始很喜欢玩(playing)他们的新玩具。‎ ‎4. B 但是，不久他们对新玩具的兴趣(interest)逐渐消失了。‎ ‎5. A 到了一月，同样的(same)玩具再也不能吸引孩子们了，他们就把那些玩具收起来了。‎ ‎6. D 生活中满是装满一半(half-filled)邮票的集邮册和没有完工的模型。后文的＂unfinished＂是关键信息。‎ ‎7. B 这些东西说明很多人曾经喜欢某一件事,结果半途而废。他们的兴趣是短暂的(passing)。故选B。 ‎ ‎8. C 当父母带回家一个宠物时，孩子高兴地(gladly)为它洗澡、刷它的毛。‎ ‎9. B 但是，过不了多久，照顾动物的重担(burden)又被移交给了父母。‎ ‎10. D 青少年带着极大的兴奋之情(excitement)进入高中。‎ ‎11. A 但是，不久他们就盼望着毕业(graduation)。‎ ‎13. B 而当他们刚刚拿到驾照时，他们翘首企盼(eagerly)一次开好几个小时。eagerly＂渴望地＂，符合文意。‎ ‎14. B obtain＂得到＂。这里指考取驾照。‎ ‎15. D 在退休前，人们通常计划(plan)做很多事情。‎ ‎16. A 这些事情是他们上班时没有时间做的大事(great things)。‎ ‎17. A 参见上题解析。他们上班太忙了，没有时间(time)做这些事情。‎ ‎18. D 但是，退休后不久(soon)，像打高尔夫、钓鱼、阅读及其他所有的消遣方式都变得没有意思了。‎ ‎19. C 那些消遣方式就像他们刚离开(leave)的工作一样，非常乏味。‎ ‎20. B 这些退休老人遭遇的处境，就像一月的孩子一样，开始找新玩具(toys)，寻求刺激了。‎ Cloze 3（2015·安徽卷）‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 环保问题 ‎ 287‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎18分钟 ‎ In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 　1　 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 　2　 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.‎ ‎ How did we 　3　 a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 　4　 an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 　5　 modern manufacturing(制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 　6　.‎ ‎ Another cause is our 　7　of disposable(一次性的)products. As 　8　 people, we are always looking for 　9　 to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 　10　 thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.‎ ‎ Our appetite for new products also 　11　 to the problem. We are 　12　 buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 　13　 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 　14　 useful possessions to make room for new ones.‎ ‎ All around the world, we can see the 　15　 of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 　16　 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 　17　, more ‎ governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 　18　, this is not enough to solve(解决)our problem.‎ ‎ Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 　19　 throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 　20　. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.‎ ‎1. A. key B. reason C. project D. problem ‎2. A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products ‎3. A. face B. become C. observe D. change ‎4. A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw ‎5. A. Thanks to B. As to C. Except for D. Regardless of ‎6. A. safe B. funny C. cheap D. powerful ‎7. A. love B. lack C. prevention D. division ‎8. A. sensitive B. kind C. brave D. busy ‎9. A. ways B. places C. jobs D. friends ‎10. A. donate B. receive C. produce D. preserve ‎11. A. adapts B. returns C. responds D. contributes ‎12. A. tired of B. addicted to C. worried about D. ashamed for ‎13. A. newer B. stronger C. higher D. larger ‎14. A. pick up B. pay for C. hold onto D. throw away ‎15. A. advantages B. purposes C. functions D. consequences ‎16. A. show B. record C. decrease D. measure ‎17. A. technology B. environment C. consumers D. brands ‎18. A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Meanwhile ‎19. A. by B. in favour of C. after D. instead of ‎20. A. spending B. collecting C. repairing D. advertising ‎【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章分析了为什么我们的社会变成了一次性物品充斥的社会，同时指出要解决这一问题，除了回收资源以外，人们更应该改变消费习惯。‎ ‎1.D 根据第一段末句中的＂because people ... than ever before＂可知这里描述的是一种世界各国正在面临的 问题(problem)。‎ ‎2.B 根据空格后的原因状语从句＂because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before＂可知答案。‎ ‎3.B文章第二段、第三段和第四段分析了我们变成一次性物品充斥的社会的原因。由此可知此句是总领性 的句子——我们是怎样变成一次性物品充斥的社会的。‎ ‎5.A 由于现代制造业和技术，公司可以更快地、更加低成本地生产东西。thanks to＂幸亏，由于＂。‎ ‎6.C 由上一句中的＂produce products quickly and inexpensively＂可知，产品应该是充足的和便宜的。故此空 应填cheap。‎ ‎7.A 由第三段可知，人们喜爱一次性产品是因为它可以节约时间，使人们的生活更轻松。这里表明人们对一次性产品的喜爱是另外一个原因。prevention＂预防＂； division＂分开，分隔＂。‎ ‎8.D 为什么要节约时间?是因为人们比较忙。busy＂忙碌的＂，符合语境。‎ ‎9.A 忙碌的我们总是寻找节省时间的方法，故选ways。‎ ‎10.C 公司生产许多不同种类的一次性产品。根据前句的语境可知此处表示生产(produce)一次性产品。 donate＂捐赠＂；preserve＂保护＂。‎ ‎11.D 由本段内容可知，我们对新产品的强烈欲望也会引起这个问题。adapt to＂适应＂；return to＂返 回＂；respond to＂对……作出反应＂；contribute to＂是……的原因之一＂。‎ ‎12.B 根据前句＂我们对新产品的强烈欲望也会引起这个问题＂，以及后句中的＂we will be happier with the 　 　latest products＂推理可知此处应选B，be addicted to＂对……上瘾＂。‎ ‎13.A 根据空后的＂we will be happier with the latest products＂可知此处表示＂越新越好＂。‎ ‎14. D make room for new ones意为＂为新东西腾出空间＂，那么如何为新东西腾出空间呢?当然是通过throw away＂扔掉＂。‎ ‎15.D 根据后句＂Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger＂可知此处指的是＂这种抛弃型的生活方式造 　 　成的后果＂。 advantage＂优点＂；purpose＂目的＂；function＂功能＂；consequence＂结果，后果＂。‎ ‎16.C 根据后文中的＂more governments are requiring people to recycle materials＂和文章最后一句中的＂...to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment＂可知，人们回收资源的目的是减少垃圾的 ‎　　数量和保护环境。decrease＂减少＂，符合语境。‎ ‎17.B 参见上题解析。‎ ‎18.A 根据下一段内容以及空格后的＂this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem＂推理可知空格前后应为 　转折关系，故选择However。‎ ‎19.D 维修东西和扔掉它们是对立的概念，因此选择instead of＂而不是＂。in favour of＂支持＂。‎ ‎20.A 根据前句中的＂to repair our possessions 　19　 throwing them away＂以及后句中的＂Repairing our ‎ ‎ possessions and changing our spending habits...＂ 可知选A。‎ 题组二 ‎ Cloze1(2015·福建卷)‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 要管好你的嘴 ‎ 321‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎17分钟 ‎ One of the easiest things in the world is to become a fault-finder. However, life can be 1　 when you are not busy finding fault with it.‎ ‎ Several years ago I 　2　 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as a world-class fault-finder, almost always 　3　 by things. People were always doing things that annoyed her, and 　4　 was ever good enough. She was highly self-critical and also found fault with her friends. She became a really 　5　 person.‎ ‎ Unfortunately, it took a horrible accident to change her 　6　. Her best friend was seriously hurt in a car crash. What made it almost 　7　 to deal with was that the day before the 　8　, Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her 　9　 of boyfriends, the way she was living, the way she related to her mother, and various other things she felt she needed to 　10　. It wasn’t until her friend was badly hurt that Kerry became 　11　 her habit of finding fault. Very quickly, she learned to appreciate life rather than to 　12　 everything so harshly(刻薄). She was able to transfer her new wisdom to other parts of her 　13　 as well.‎ ‎ Perhaps most of us aren’t as extreme at fault-finding, 　14　 when we’re honest, we can be sharply 　15　 of the world. I’m not suggesting you 　16　 problems, or that you pretend things are 　17　 than they are, but simply that you learn to allow things to be as they are — 　18　 most of the time, and especially when it’s not a really big 　19　.‎ ‎ Train yourself to ＂bite your tongue＂, and with a little 　20　, you’ll get really good at letting things go. And when you do, you’ll get back your enthusiasm and love for life.‎ ‎1. A. lonely B. great C. quiet D. uneasy ‎2. A. received B. answered C. expected D. rejected ‎3. A. threatened B. interrupted C. bothered D. spoiled ‎4. A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing ‎5. A. caring B. boring C. interesting D. surprising ‎6. A. attitude B. plan C. measure D. explanation ‎7. A. urgent B. unnecessary C. certain D. impossible ‎8. A. occasion B. event C. accident D. adventure ‎9. A. memory B. notice C. evidence D. choice ‎10. A. hear B. contribute C. express D. admit ‎11. A. aware of B. afraid of C. curious about D. confused about ‎12. A. discuss B. realize C. judge D. settle ‎13. A. family B. life C. career D. education ‎14. A. so B. or C. but D. for ‎15. A. proud B. sure C. hopeful D. critical ‎16. A. face B. create C. solve D. ignore ‎17. A. rarer B. better C. stranger D. worse ‎18. A. at least B. at last C. by far D. so far ‎19. A. task B. deal C. result D. duty ‎20. A. practice B. speech C. rest D. pity ‎ 【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章通过讲述Kerry从一个吹毛求疵的人变为一个学会感恩生活的人，告诉我们＂要管好你的嘴＂，寻回昔日对生活的热情。‎ ‎1. B从下文内容可知,本文作者不赞同人们老是挑毛病,所以用great表示当你不忙于挑毛病时生活会很精彩。‎ ‎2. A receive a letter from sb. ＂收到某人的来信＂。‎ ‎4. D根据and前面的句子可知,此处表示＂没有一件事情她觉得好＂,所以用nothing。‎ ‎5. B此处用boring表示＂令人厌烦的＂。‎ ‎6. A 根据下文可知,这场意外改变了她的态度。attitude ＂态度＂。‎ ‎7. D事故发生前一天Kerry拜访了她的这个朋友并一直挑朋友的毛病。据此可知,这使得事情几乎无法应对。‎ ‎8. C根据上文的＂it took a horrible accident＂ 可知,此处选C。‎ ‎9. D Kerry批评她的朋友对男朋友的选择。choice ＂选择＂。‎ ‎10. C 空处所在的句子是定语从句,various other things 是先行词,关系词that/which 代替先行词在从句中作宾语，所以用express＂表达＂。‎ ‎11. A 直到她的朋友严重受伤Kerry才意识到她挑毛病的习惯。aware of ＂意识到＂；afraid of ＂害 ‎ ‎　　　怕＂；curious about ＂好奇＂；confused about ＂感到困惑＂。‎ ‎12. C judge ＂判断，评价＂。此处judge … harshly和上文的＂appreciate life＂形成对比。‎ ‎13. B她也能够把她的新智慧转移到她生活的其他方面。‎ ‎14. C上下文是转折关系，所以用but。‎ ‎15. D be critical of 和find fault with是同义短语。‎ ‎16. D根据上下文可知，不挑剔并不意味着忽视问题。ignore ＂忽视＂。‎ ‎17. B或者假装事情比真实情况要好。‎ ‎18. A至少大多数时候是这样的。at least ＂至少＂。‎ ‎19. B a big deal是固定搭配,含义为＂重要的事情＂。‎ ‎20. A根据上下文可知，要做到这一点需要的是少量的训练。practice ＂练习，训练＂。‎ Cloze 2(2014·广东卷)‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 父母与孩子的关系 ‎292 ‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎15分钟 ‎ Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have 1　feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 　2　between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 　3　rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children’s refusal to help with the 　4　. On the other hand, teenagers lose their ‎ patience continually when parents blame them for 　5　the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.‎ ‎ The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 　6　to these problems. However, some approaches are more 　7　than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 　8　clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s 　9　. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 　10　of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 　11　their actions.‎ ‎ Psychologists say that 　12　is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 　13　to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may 　14　their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and 　15　each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.‎ ‎1. A. natural B. strong C. guilty D. similar ‎2. A. interest B. argument C. link D. knowledge ‎3. A. noisy B. crowded C. messy D. locked ‎4. A. homework B. housework C. problem D. research ‎5. A. washing B. using C. dropping D. replacing ‎6. A. approaches B. contributions C. introductions D. attitudes ‎7. A. complex B. popular C. scientific D. successful ‎8. A. later B. deliberately C. seldom D. thoroughly ‎9. A. behavior B. taste C. future D. nature ‎10. A. failures B. changes C. consequences D. thrills ‎11. A. defend B. delay C. repeat D. reconsider ‎12. A. communication B. bond C. friendship D. trust ‎13. A. reply B. attend C. attach D. talk ‎14. A. hate B. scold C. frighten D. stop ‎15. A. loving B. observing C. understanding D. praising ‎ 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，文章就父母与孩子的关系进行了讨论。最新研究表明，父母与孩子之间最为常见的争执在于不整洁和日常家务这两个方面。同时，父母不同的应对方法收效也不尽相同。心理学家说，在处理父母与孩子的关系时，最重要的还是在于双方的沟通和理解。‎ ‎1. D根据第一段中的＂it is difficult to live with teenagers＂以及＂saying that it is not easy living with them＂可 知，父母和孩子均表示住在一起不容易，所以双方的感觉是相似的，可知此处选D。其余选项不符合 语境。 ‎ ‎2. B下文提到＂parents go mad＂ ＂teenagers lose their patience＂表明此处表示父母和孩子之间的争论 (argument)。‎ ‎3. C前一句提到untidiness, 再根据空后的＂clothes thrown on the floor＂可知,此处应用messy。 ‎ ‎4. B根据上文中的＂daily routine tasks＂可知，此处应用housework与之对应。‎ ‎6. A 根据下文中的＂However, some approaches are more 　 than others＂中的＂approaches＂可知此处选A。 ‎ ‎7. D下文列举了两个例子，第一个例子中父母的做法改变孩子们的习惯的可能性很小，另外一个例子中,父母会迫使孩子们改变，所以，有些方法是更成功的。 ‎ ‎8. A 那些开始因孩子们的不整洁大嚷大叫，随后又为孩子们整理房间的父母，改变孩子们的行为的可能性 是很小的。‎ ‎9. A参见上题解析。 ‎ ‎10. C那些让孩子们体验行为后果的父母会做得更好。根据下句的例子，可知答案为C。 ‎ ‎11. D孩子们不去帮忙购物，结果就是在冰箱里找不到自己喜欢喝的饮料，因此他们不得不重新考虑他们的 行为了。 ‎ ‎12. A下文提到 ＂ 　    to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say＂＂Communication is a two-way process＂，由此可知答案为A。 ‎ ‎13. D根据下文中的＂at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say＂可知，此处指交谈和聆听。 ‎ ‎14. B根据下文中的＂but they should also understand＂以及上文中的＂when parents blame them for＂可知，此处应用 scold。‎ ‎15. C父母与孩子只有通过聆听和相互理解才能解决问题。上文中的＂they should also understand that＂也是提示。‎ Cloze 3(2014·上海卷)‎ 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 ‎ 闲言碎语的重要性 ‎450 ‎ ‎★★★☆☆‎ ‎18分钟 Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple 　1　.‎ ‎ Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we  　2　 do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult 　3　 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.‎ ‎ So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 　4　, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 　5　issues.‎ ‎ Dunbar 　6　 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— 　7　, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.‎ ‎ Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 　8　 of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or　9　from outside it.‎ ‎ As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 　10　 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 　11　__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to  　12　 the pressure and calm everybody down.‎ ‎ But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be　13　 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 　14　 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one　15　 contact. 1. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language ‎2. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally ‎3. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural ‎4. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters ‎5. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult ‎6. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens ‎7. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result ‎8. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour ‎9. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance ‎10. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses ‎11. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection ‎12. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease ‎13. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained ‎14. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. Thoughtful ‎15. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret ‎ 【语篇解读】研究表明人们的语言大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而很多是闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢，Robin Dunbar教授不是这样认为的，他认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，是人类发展过程中非常重要的交流形式。‎ ‎1．C 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.宣称,B.描述，C.闲话，D.语言，根据上文的句子：可 知我们人类的大多数对话不是文化的，政治的问题，也不是关于电影和树的讨论，而就是简单的 闲言碎语，Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading下文多次出现gossip这个词，所以选C。‎ ‎2．B 考查副词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.偶然地，B.习惯地，C.独立地，D.最初地，根据上一句， Language is our greatest treasure as a species,语言是我们做为一个物种的最伟大的财宝，我们习惯怎 么使用它？所以选B。‎ ‎3．A 考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.社交的，B.政治的，C.历史的，D.文化的，根据下文 的：involving children, lovers, and colleagues.包括孩子，爱人和同事这些都是社会形势，所以选A.‎ ‎4．D 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.仰慕者，B.主人，C.使用者，D.浪费者，根据上文，So why are we keen on gossiping?我们为什么喜欢说些闲言碎语，因为我们是时间和语言的浪费者吗？ 所以选D。‎ ‎5．A 考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.至关重要的，B.敏感的，C.理想的，D.困难的，根据 上文的介绍，It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.可知Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们 是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是最重要的事情，所以选A。‎ ‎6．B 考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.证实，B.反对，C. 概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图D.拓 宽，根据上下文可知Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期在组织打猎 的时候发展起来的这个观点，所以选B。‎ ‎8．D 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.动机，B.外表，出现，C. 情感，D.行为，根据下文的 描述By means of grooming可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个令人高兴的理论的，所 以选D。‎ ‎9．A 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.进攻，B.联系，C.视察，D.帮助，根据上文的conflict 可知猴子和其他的个体形成群体来获得在内部冲突事件中或来自外界的进攻时的支持，所以选A。‎ ‎10．C 考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.回想，B.否认，C.下结论，结束，D. .承认，聆听(某人 的)忏悔，这句话的意思是：教授下结论说，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，所以选C。‎ ‎11．D 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A. .前景，期望，眺望处，景象，B.责任，C.领导，D.保 护，根据下文的：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. 可知因为群体越大，获得的保护就越大，所以选D。‎ ‎12．D 考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.衡量，B.展示，C.保持，D.缓解，根据上文：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.群体越大，生活在一起的压 力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人都冷静下来，所以选D。‎ ‎14．B 考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.常见的，普遍的，B.有效的，C.科学的，D.考虑周到 的，根据上文的effectiveness可知这里是需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。所以选B。‎ ‎15．C 考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.间接的，B.日常的，C.物理的，身体的，D.秘密的， 语言演变成了有声的梳理毛发，它可以让人们通过比一对一的日常交流更多的人群中交换信息， 这样可以和更大的群体发展关系，所以选C。‎