专题03+阅读理解Ⅰ：主旨大意题（讲）-2019年高考英语二轮复习讲练测 25页

‎ ‎ ‎【构建知识体系】‎ 主旨大意题 考点1精确归纳标题 考点2概括文章大意 考点3总结段落大意 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2016-2018年全国高考Ⅰ卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ 第一节 主要介绍了四位著名的女性的基本情况。‎ 说明文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ 主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。‎ 说明文 文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。‎ 记叙文 主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。‎ 说明文 第二节 主要介绍了密码的设置方法和破解方法。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2017‎ 第一节 文章主要从购物点、就餐点、租借服务三方面介绍了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center为人们做的贡献，呼吁人们的支持。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎7‎ ‎5‎ ‎2‎ 记叙文 救助一只小猫头鹰，给它做新的窝，帮助它回到父母身边的故事。‎ 文章讲述了为提高人们对于爵士乐的重视程度，联合国教科文组织 把4月30号定为了国际爵士乐日。然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jason Moran认为时代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人联接起来，爵士乐应该也随之进步。‎ 说明文 文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。‎ 科普说明文 第二节 文章讲述了三年前，作者对露营一无所知，也不认为自己会喜欢露营。然而后来有过几次露营的经历，作者和他的家人开始爱上了露营，甚至为露营购买了设备齐全的房车。作者认为露营是回归大自然的一个方式，也建议读者找到适合自己的回归自然的方式。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2018‎ 第一节 本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行程及注意事项。‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎8‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。‎ 记叙文 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。‎ 议论文 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。‎ 科普说明文 第二节 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了室内设计中颜色的选择问题。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2016-2018年全国高考Ⅱ卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ A 主要介绍了几个广告的具体内容，涉及音乐、喜剧表演和歌曲等活动的具体安排，如时间、地点等。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎3‎ ‎2‎ B 主要讲述了作者在上课的时候通过让学生们拼装玩具，从而发现并鼓励学生们的创造性思维的故事。‎ 记叙文 C 主要介绍了网站BookCrossing.com建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。‎ 说明文 D 主要介绍了Frank用图片使一次失败的南极航海活动重新进入人们的视野，让人们能够了解这次航海的许多信息。‎ 记叙文 ‎2017‎ A 介绍了4‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎5‎ ‎6‎ ‎2‎ 则有关戏剧的广告。分别介绍了四个用不同语言演绎莎士比亚戏剧的文化盛事。‎ B 作者用深情追忆了自己和Paul Newman因为志趣相投、信念相守的深厚的友情。‎ 记叙文 C 本文比较详尽地介绍了新型交通工具——陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。‎ 说明文 D 文章通过两位科学家的研究发现，植被也有奇特的自我保护和协作抗击害虫的方式。‎ 科普说明文 ‎2018‎ A 本文是一篇广告布告类说明文。文中讲述了家长和孩子一起挑选可以参加的活动。文中分别对这些活动的名称，活动内容，活动特色和活动组织工作人员还有活动的价格进行了详细的描述。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎6‎ ‎7‎ ‎1‎ B 本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。‎ 说明文 C 据本周一公布的a Common Sense Media report 说明文 报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。‎ D 这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。‎ 议论文 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2016-2018年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ A 本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎10‎ ‎2‎ ‎2‎ B 文章通过作家Welty一次与朋友在外面吃饭的经历，讲述了小说中的人物大多都是来自现实生活。‎ 记叙文 C 介绍了苹果节的一些情况。‎ 说明文 D 讨论了新闻传播的规则，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。‎ 议论文 ‎2017‎ A 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎9‎ ‎3‎ ‎1‎ 介绍了旧金山消防车旅游的四个旅游项目：旧金山酒庄之旅，五十年代怀旧之旅，万圣节幽灵之旅和假日花灯展之旅。‎ B The Plaza Theater，一座带着一座城市记忆的剧院，由于种种原因，要面临关门歇业。临关门前，老板选了一部合适的老电影播放。伤心的观众眼含不舍的泪水。‎ 记叙文 C 生物链中任何一个环节出了问题都会对生态造成灾难性的破坏。黄石公园由于人类活动导致灰狼几近消失，幸亏当地政府采取措施引进灰狼，亡羊补牢，逐渐恢复了生态平衡。‎ 科普说明文 D 主要介绍了为老年人研制的一款电动汽车。‎ 说明文 ‎2018‎ A 文章为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了去Holker Hall& Garden 旅游的相关信息，如：出行方式，开放时间，旅行费用以及主要活动等。‎ 应用文 ‎2‎ ‎8‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ B 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。‎ 说明文 C 新闻报道 这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中融合中国传统建筑文化，获得了建筑界的诺贝尔奖——普利策奖，这让中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。‎ D 文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。‎ 议论文 ‎ ‎ ‎【考纲解读】‎ 考试大纲 要求 考纲解读 要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。‎ 考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。‎ 主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向 ‎1. 【2018·全国I】‎ Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.‎ In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.‎ ‎"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "‎ The eight-part series(系列节自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.‎ With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.‎ ‎27. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.【2018·全国I】‎ Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their ‎ languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisation. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.‎ At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.z.x.xk Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.‎ ‎31. What is the main idea of the text?‎ A. New languages will be created.‎ B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages C. Human development results in fewer languages D. Geography determines language evolution.‎ ‎【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3.【2018·全国II】D We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the ‎ uncomfortable silence. ‎ ‎ What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.‎ ‎ Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t ‎ even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂‎ In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂‎ Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.‎ ‎35. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence ‎ ‎ ‎4.【2018·全国III】‎ Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.‎ Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.‎ But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.‎ ‎27. What is the text mainly about?‎ A. The rise and fall of a city.‎ B. The gold rush in Canada.‎ C. Journeys into the wilderness.‎ D. Tourism in Dawson.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【高考预测】‎ 纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2019年全国高考试题还会 ‎①Ⅰ卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.6。‎ ‎②Ⅱ卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题1题左右。‎ ‎【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点 ‎ ‎ ‎ 考点一 精确归纳标题 ‎【例1】B【安徽省江淮十校2019届高三第二次联考】‎ We humans are sweet on sugar. That makes sense. All animals need sugar to live. It ' s the fuel that powers our cells. So it' s not surprising that we ' re born to want the sweet stuff.‎ Sugar stores the sun' s energy like a battery. After a meal, your body breaks down foods into their building blocks. It uses some sugars for energy right away. The rest get stored for the body to break down later. It ' s a myth that sugar makes you extremely excited, but having a sugary snack can give you a quick burst of energy. That ' s because the sugars in sweet foods are easy for your body to turn into fuel. When you eat other kinds of foods, like vegetables, it takes longer for your ‎ body to break the sugars down.‎ These days it' s easy to find sweet snacks. Sodas, candy, cakes and even foods that seem healthy , such as yogurt, can be packed with sugar. Food makers add sugar, because they know that to humans, sweet makes everything taste better. Americans eat about 20 teaspoons of extra sugar everyday. That' s way more than what is good for us.‎ Eating too much sugar can cause more than a stomach-ache. It can make people overweight, decay the teeth and even cause diabetes. However, experts aren ' t worried about naturally sweet foods- the problem is added sugar. So go ahead and enjoy a sweet apple or even a sugar-rich carrot that are also full of vitamins and other good stuff.‎ Even cake is great once in a while , as long as you don ' t overdo it. After all, no one wants life to be dull. And your body needs its fuel!‎ What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Sugar Is Everywhere. B. Sugar Brings Happiness.‎ C. Why Does Sugar Taste So good? D. Why Does Sugar Make Us Fat?‎ ‎ ‎ 规律方法1： 如何精确归纳标题？‎ ‎1、利用主题段来概括标题 主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。‎ ‎2、利用主题句来概括标题 解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。‎ 做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：‎ ‎(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；‎ ‎ (2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；‎ ‎(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。‎ ‎【变式精练】‎ C【浙江省“五校联考”2019届高三上学期第一次考试】‎ Emoji might not be your first choice of communication in a disaster, but researchers feel they could make a difference during emergencies, where every second counts. Now, the Emoji-quake campaign is lobbying for an earthquake emoji to be added to the Unicode set — the standard group of icons available on digital devices worldwide. The campaign aims to find an earthquake-appropriate design to be submitted to Unicode.‎ ‎“Approximately up to one third of the world’s population are exposed to earthquakes,” explains University of Southampton seismologist (地震学家) Dr. Stephen Hicks, a founder of the campaign. “So we really want to be able to communicate to all of those regions, all of those different languages, and an emoji is an amazing way of doing that.”‎ Unlike many other weather and climate related events, where longer warning times or visible signs are available, earthquakes move incredibly quickly and are difficult to measure while they are still occurring. Populations in areas like Japan and Mexico are dependent on earthquake early warning technology, which issues an alert on digital devices and broadcast media. “You may have ‎ seconds to get under a table or to protect yourself,” explains Dr. Hicks. “That can be life saving in many cases. Naturally you don’t want too much wording in the warning message.”‎ Pictographs (象形文字) and other visuals like emoji have a track record of being faster and easier to understand than written information. Dr. Sara McBride, a communications specialist, who is also part of the campaign, told BBC News, “Emoji can cross the boundaries of written languages, helping communicate valuable information to people who may struggle to read a certain language.”‎ The potential usefulness of emoji in emergencies could extend well beyond earthquakes. A team of designers also came up with emerji—an entire set of emoji dedicated to climate and environmental events.‎ The best title of the passage should be ___________________.‎ A. Could an emoji save our life?‎ B. What can emoji do in our life?‎ C. How is emoji changing our life?‎ D. Do we really know about emoji?‎ ‎ ‎ A主旨大意题。第一段说表情符号可能不是你在灾难中沟通的第一选择，但研究人员认为还是会有作用的。接着下面讲述了一场以添加地震表情为目标的运动。下面的地震博士Dr. Hicks为此作了很多的解释，想让人们相信表情能挽救生命。分析选项可知A项（一个表情能拯救我们的生命吗？）符合题意，故选A项。‎ C【湖南省三湘名校教育联盟2019届高三第一次大联考】‎ The sun was setting and the farm would be closing. I dressed our three daughters quickly as my husband started the van. Cutting down our own Christmas tree had been a family tradition. As our family grew，so did our excitement for going out to find the perfect tree.‎ As we walked through the rows of trees，my youngest daughter Kimberly shouted excitedly，“There it is，the perfect tree!”The other two agreed. My husband and 1 looked at each other puzzled. We were surprised the girls thought that straggly (凌乱的）little tree was perfect. Its branches were misshappen(崎形的）and the trunk was visible through the spots where there were no pine needles.‎ We tried to persuade our daughters into changing their minds, but in vain. We had to tie the sad little tree to the roof of our van and headed home. As we reached our house ? Heather jumped out first. Suddenly she shouted，“ The tree isn’t there! ”We thought she was kidding. However，it wasn’t there.‎ The girls were so disappointed. “We’ll get another tree tomorrow，”I said, secretly hoping the new tree would be prettier. But the girls gave us the look that no parent can resist. We had no choice but to go back and find that tree.‎ About five minutes into our drive, we saw it on the side of the road. As we got closer, we found it had been run over by a truck. As we lifted the tree ，we saw that a big part was ripped off，but we took it home anyway.‎ That night，as we decorated our tree,something magical happened. We didn’t realize it at the time but we were making a very special family memory. By the time we were done，I had to admit，it didn’t look sad after all. “This is the best tree we ever had. It’s perfect!，’my second daughter Samantha said excitedly. My husband and I couldn’t have agreed more!‎ Now we always recall that little broken tree! Year by year，we tell the story of that very special Christmas almost twenty-five years ago.‎ Which is the best title of this text?‎ A. A Perfect Christmas Day B. The Sad Little Tree C. A Magical Christmas Tale D. Our Family Tradition at Christmas ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 考点二 概括文章大意 ‎【例2】C【安徽省江淮十校2019届高三第二次联考】‎ Humans have uniquely expressive faces. We laugh, we cry, we turn red with feeling. Now, scientists report that blue-and-yellow macaws(金刚鹦鹉) may join us in this club of emotions – at least, when it comes to blushing.‎ Parrots are known for being clever and chatty. They ' re even skilled enough to make their own tools and occasionally nose their way into human machines like cars. Their curiosity and courage are what make them excellent pets. So it ' s no surprise that they have their own range of communication tools. On the whole, birds are no strangers to blushing. Many different kinds of birds have been known to exhibit this behavior. Parrot owners often notice it in their pets. The motivations behind it are still a mystery to scientists , though.‎ To zero in on why macaw faces blush, some scientists led by Aline Bertin of the University ‎ of Tours studied five captive blue-and-yellow macaws as they interacted with each other and their human caretakers. They were amazed to see that human attention seemed to make the macaws blush. The blushing died down when the caretakers ignored the parrots.‎ Facial expressions can be signs of a human ' s emotional state. Likewise, bird blushing could convey well-being. It' s not quite as obvious as smiling. Still, it ' s fairly impressive. After all, these macaws don' t have the same facial muscles that we do. The birds are much smarter and kinder than they look. They are believed to be as intelligent as monkeys.‎ Bertin and the other scientists believe their work opens the door to further research. One limitation of the study is that no macaws in natural environment have been observed. That makes it hard to draw conclusions about the birds as a species. They are also not quite sure what the blushing means. There is still more to learn about these possible expressions of emotion.‎ What is the main idea of the text?‎ A. Parrots make excellent pets.‎ B. Parrots are skilled to make tools.‎ C. The macaws can communicate with each other.‎ D. The macaws can go red in the face with feeling.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 这是一篇说明文。科学家通过研究证明了金刚鹦鹉会因感觉而变得脸红。‎ ‎ ‎ 规律方法2：如何概括文章大意?‎ ‎1、做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。‎ ‎2、在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。‎ ‎【变式精练】‎ B【浙江省“五校联考”2019届高三上学期第一次考试】‎ Japan has made a lot of noise in recent years about removing the traditional view that women should stay at home while men go out to work. So it was shocking when, on August 7th, Tokyo Medical University (TMU), a distinguished medical school, admitted marking down the test scores of female applicants to keep the ratio of women in each class below 30%.‎ Their defence was that women are more likely to drop out to marry and have children. To judge female applicants to medical school purely on their academic performance would leave Japan with a shortage of doctors, they said. The admission has caused outrage.‎ ‎“Doctoring has long been a male field. But it is not the only one. Discrimination is common in banks and trading firms, where stamina (耐力) and loyalty, qualities somehow associated with men, are prized,” says Mari Miura, a political scientist at Sophia University. All this embarrasses a government that has promised to make women “shine”. The policy seems based on the need for more workers rather than on genuine concern for women.‎ Shinzo Abe, the prime minister, says he wants to bring millions more women into the workforce to make up for a labour shortfall caused by its ageing and declining population. In the field of politics, the record under Mr. Abe’s premiership (首相任期) is disappointing. Just two members of his 20-strong cabinet are women, including Seiko Noda, in charge of women’s rights. Ms. Noda, who makes little secret of her ambition to beat Mr. Abe in a leadership contest next month, has just published a book called “Grab the Future”, her public declaration for pulling Japan into line with “global standards”. She has almost no chance of winning.‎ What does the passage mainly talk about?‎ A. Doctoring has long been a male field in Japan.‎ B. Professions like banking and trading are tailored to men.‎ C. Shinzo Abe performed poorly in dealing with labour shortfall.‎ D. Discrimination against women in careers in Japan is a big concern.‎ ‎【解析】‎ ‎ ‎ B【湖南省三湘名校教育联盟2019届高三第一次大联考】‎ Postmen are all too used to keeping an eye out for the threat of dogs. But in a seaside town in North Wales，they have been forced to take cover from an unexpected threat seagulls. They have complained that the birds have become so terrifying that deliveries to some streets have been suspended. Yesterday residents of Abergele agreed the seagulls were fearless but said they were angry at losing their daily post.‎ Roberts, who works as a safety adviser，lives where the attacks have taken place. “Last week，we noticed we hadn’t got any mail for what we thought was a week，but it’s hard to tell because you don’t always know if you’re due any mail，”she said. “We put something on Facebook asking if anyone else had not had their post. . . One of my Facebook friends said a postman had refused to deliver because of the seagulls. ”‎ Royal Mail said that deliveries had been interrupted because of the postman experiencing attacks by seagulls as he delivered mail on his round there over the past few weeks?adding that the postman got people’s mail through whenever it was safe.‎ ‎“We know that these kinds of attacks do happen at this time of year across the country as they are nesting，’’she said. Royal Mail apologized to the customers affected and promised to continue to monitor the situation every day，but in the meantime some are having to travel to neighbouring Rhyl to collect mail from the delivery office there. But he recommends preventing gulls nesting on roofs in advance by putting up nets, and if all else fails, walking with an umbrella up during worst-affected areas.‎ What’s the main idea of the passage?‎ A. Seagulls like to steal residents’ post.‎ B. Postmen’s safety is threatened by seagulls.‎ C. Residents of Abergele are afraid of seagulls.‎ D. Daily post is delayed because of seagulls’ attack.‎ ‎ ‎ 考点三 总结段落大意 ‎【例3】D【山东省淄博实验中学、淄博五中2019届高三上学期第一次教学诊断】‎ Air travel can be annoying. But research now suggests global warming could make it much ‎ worse. To get off the ground in really hot weather, planes may be forced to carry fewer passengers. That might mean a little more space, which would be good. However, it also would make the passengers pay more.‎ Average air temperatures around the world are rising because people are polluting the air with an increasing number of greenhouse gases, which, such as carbon dioxide, are a byproduct (副产品) of burning fuels. Those warmer temperatures can influence an airplane’s ability to fly because air molecules (分子) spread out more as the air warms. This produces less lift under a plane’s wings, so a plane must be lighter to take off in hot weather than on cooler days.‎ It can even prove too dangerous for some planes to attempt a take-off. A record of June heat wave in the American Southwest, for instance, caused flight cancellations in Phoenix, Ariz. One airline’s planes were cleared to operate only up to 47.8 degree Celsius. On June 20, Phoenix reached ‎48.3°C!‎ Radley Horton is a climate scientist at Columbia University. Two years ago, he and his graduate student Ethan David Coffel studied the impact of warming at four U.S. airports and found that warming of track could triple (使成三倍) the number of days when planes face weight restrictions. Later, they explored the impact of rising temperatures on live types of commercial planes flying out of 19 of the world’s busiest airports. In the coming decades, as many as one to three out of every 10 flights that take off during the hottest time of day could face weight. That would be equal to taking a dozen people off the plane, the researchers calculated.‎ ‎1. What is the last paragraph mainly about?‎ A. Reasons for flight cancellation.‎ B. The findings of a weight-related research.‎ C. The tendency of temperature change.‎ D. Effects of hot air on financial growth.‎ ‎2. What should be the best title for the text?‎ A. Air Travel Isn’t Recommended during Hot Weather B. Rising Temperatures May Reduce the Number of Flights C. Weight Restrictions Are More Common in More Airports D. Hotter Air May Lead to Planes Carrying Fewer Passengers ‎ ‎ 规律方法3：如何总结段落大意？‎ 段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。‎ ‎【变式精练】C【2019届四川省华蓥市第一中学高三入学调研】‎ Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.‎ One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials will help strengthen the related knowledge and skills.‎ In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.‎ The multiplication tables (乘法口诀表) are also an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.‎ The law of overlearning explains why cramming for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one’s future development.‎ What’s the main idea of Paragraph 1?‎ A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.‎ B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.‎ C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.‎ D. Stories for children are easy to remember.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎