专题06阅读理解Ⅳ-词义猜测题（讲）-2017年高考英语二轮复习讲练测 21页

www.ks5u.com ‎2017届高三二轮复习英语精品资料【讲案】‎ 专题6 阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题 ‎【构建知识体系】‎ 词义猜测题 考点1 猜测词义题 考点2猜测短语题 考点3 猜测指代题 考点4 猜测句意题 ‎2014-2016年全国高考Ⅰ卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2014‎ 第一节 剑桥科技节的活动通知 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎6‎ ‎6‎ ‎2‎ 旅鸽在美国逐渐减少直至灭绝的过程 记叙文 向驯兽师学习如何集中注意应对选择障碍 议论文 学者对濒危语种进行记录拯救 记叙文 第二节 如何帮助孩子为未来职业做准备 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2015‎ 第一节 关于伦敦运河博物馆每月专题讲座安排的海报 应用文 ‎0‎ ‎9‎ ‎5‎ ‎1‎ 作者离开寒冷的纽约去美国南部度假的感受 记叙文 介绍了在巴黎皮蓬杜艺术中心举办西班牙著名艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利艺术展的情况 记叙文 法国咖啡馆在现代社会中彰显心理沟通的社会功能，产生了积极的意义。‎ 议论文 第二节 重建人际关系中的信任的意义与措施 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2016‎ 第一节 主要介绍了四位著名的女性的基本情况。‎ 说明文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎4‎ ‎1‎ 主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。‎ 说明文 文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。‎ 记叙文 主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。‎ 说明文 第二节 主要介绍了密码的设置方法和破解方法。‎ 说明文 信息匹配 ‎2014-2016年全国高考Ⅱ卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2014‎ A 以一个妻子的口吻讲述了发生在自己丈夫身上的故事。在丈夫丢失了自己所有东西后，陌生人无私的帮助使他们重拾了对他人的信任。‎ 记叙文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎3‎ ‎2‎ B 以1970年地球日为突破口，讲述了人类对于地球环境的认识—由无知到保护。借专家之口讲述了美国40年来对环境保护做出的突出贡献。‎ 科普说明文 C 美国普遍存在的一种社会现象—对于“aupair（住家保姆） from China”。透过现象揭示了本质—“Learing Chinese is becoming in Amercia”，暗示中国雄狮已经苏醒。‎ 社会文化类 D 地铁提示信息，包括时间、价格、失物招领等，同时也提到了老年人和残疾人需要注意的问题 广告应用类 ‎2015‎ A 我的彩电给我带来的头疼事：花的钱比广告上的多，而且机子是过时的，质量也有问题，最后只能花钱修。‎ 记叙文 ‎1‎ ‎5‎ ‎8‎ ‎1‎ B 减肥除了少吃之外，还和房间有关系：房子要明亮；勇冷色系会减少食欲；放一些舒缓的音乐就餐；用校的碗碟 科普说明文 C 越来越多即将上大学的学生选择“间隔年”。有人认为是好事，因为经过一年的锻炼，学生将会变得更加成熟、更有责任感。但也有人指出这种做法存在弊端，有些学生会因为负担不起大学学费而被迫利用这一年去打工。‎ 社会现象议论类 D 从价格到参观的内容介绍了四个英国的旅游胜地。‎ 广告应用类比 ‎2016‎ A 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎9‎ ‎3‎ ‎2‎ 主要介绍了几个广告的具体内容，涉及音乐、喜剧表演和歌曲等活动的具体安排，如时间、地点等。‎ B 主要讲述了作者在上课的时候通过让学生们拼装玩具，从而发现并鼓励学生们的创造性思维的故事。‎ 记叙文 C 主要介绍了网站BookCrossing.com建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。‎ 说明文 D 主要介绍了Frank用图片使一次失败的南极航海活动重新进入人们的视野，让人们能够了解这次航海的许多信息。‎ 记叙文 ‎2016年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计 年份 章节 素材话题 体裁 考点分布 主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测 ‎2016‎ A 本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。‎ 应用文 ‎1‎ ‎10‎ ‎2‎ ‎2‎ B 文章通过作家Welty一次与朋友在外面吃饭的经历，讲述了小说中的人物大多都是来自现实生活。‎ 记叙文 C 介绍了苹果节的一些情况。‎ 说明文 D 讨论了新闻传播的规则，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。‎ 议论文 ‎【考纲解读】‎ 考试大纲 要求 考纲解读 要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。‎ 考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。‎ 主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。‎ ‎【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向 ‎ ‎ C I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. ‎ I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the checkin desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I'm really sorry, I've got some bad news for you—there are no fights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said：“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient—please, please, you've got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, rerouted(改道) me through ‎ Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. ‎ For this courier job, you're consciously aware that in that box you've got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life.‎ ‎29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?‎ A．Provider. B．Delivery man. ‎ C．Collector. D．Medical doctor.‎ ‎ ‎ B Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”‎ A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations. ‎ Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. ‎ Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I'm just not creative.”‎ ‎“Do you dream at night when you're asleep？”‎ ‎“Oh, sure.”‎ ‎“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “That's pretty creative. Who does that for you？”‎ ‎“Nobody. I do it.”‎ ‎“Really—at night, when you're asleep？”‎ ‎“Sure.”‎ ‎“Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay？”‎ ‎7. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A. Mistake. B. Drawback. ‎ C. Difficulty. D. Burden. ‎ ‎ ‎ B On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table. ‎ ‎“Hey, aren't you from Mississippi？” the elegant, whitehaired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I'm from Mississippi too.”‎ Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair. ‎ ‎“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said. “I didn't know what my New York friends were thinking.”‎ Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group ‎ got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her bigcity friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚). ‎ ‎“My friend said: ‘Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them．’”‎ Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation. ‎ ‎“I don't make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don't have to.”‎ Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss, from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片断) of a particularly interesting story.‎ ‎6. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's ________. ‎ A. readers B. parties ‎ C. friends D. stories ‎【高考预测】‎ 纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2017年全国高考试题还会 ‎①Ⅰ卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.7。‎ ‎②Ⅱ卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题1题左右。‎ ‎【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点　‎ 考点一 猜测词义题 ‎【例1】Passenger pigeons（旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks（群）so large that they darkened the sky for hours.‎ It was calculated that when its population reach its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.‎ Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.‎ By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’ need for wood, which scattered（驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.‎ In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden in September 1, 1914. (2014·全国卷Ⅰ，B)‎ The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons’ _______.‎ ‎ A. escape B. ruin C. liberation D. evolution ‎【答案】‎ B ‎【解析】‎ 规律方法1： 如何解决猜测词义题？‎ 此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转 化法和合成法，高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题主要集中表现为派生和合成两种形式。有的题需要利用上下文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测词义。‎ ‎【变式精练】 ‎ ‎【湖南省娄底市双峰一中，涟源一中等五校2017届高三10月联考】‎ Our room was on the second floor but you could still hear the roar of the ocean and see the stars at night. I used to take long walks along the water. The food in town was wonderful and the people were very friendly. The area was very quiet and peaceful, and fairly deserted.‎ ‎ The last evening of our vacation, however, we all heard strange footsteps following closely behind us as we were walking up to our room in the holiday centre. We turned around and noticed a fairly young man moving very rapidly across the beach and getting closer to us. He was tall and wore a baseball cap. We couldn’t see his face and he was approaching us very rapidly. The man’s actions made my dad very nervous. Dad warned us that we’d better try to make it to our hotel room as quickly ‎ as possible. I didn’t like my dad’s voice; I could hear fear in it. It was late and we were all alone. We didn’t have any cell phones on us. I never saw Dad as worried as he was then and I knew that something was terribly wrong. The sense of fear started to overwhelm Mom and me. We had had such a good time in town. Now, the night was rapidly turning into a dangerous situation.‎ ‎ We could hear the man’s footsteps getting closer. Dad’s face was almost pale. The so-called intruder (侵入者) had moved nearer and nearer when all of a sudden, the nearby vending(自动贩卖) machine started going crazy and spitting out cans of soda! The noise actually scared the intruder and he ran out of sight. My parents were shaking, but we all turned around to see who had put money into the vending machine downstairs, and actually saved us, but no one was around at all. Not a soul.‎ ‎ It’s one vacation I will never forget.‎ ‎30.The underlined word “overwhelm” in Paragraph 2 means _________. ‎ ‎ A. control B. move C. excite D. impress ‎ 考点二 猜测短语题 ‎【例2】A ‎ Doctor are known to be terrible pilots. They don't listen because they already know it all. I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didn't realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather. I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理), or CRM, a new idea to make flying safer. It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result, regardless of positions.‎ ‎ I first read about CRM in 1980. Not long after that, an attending doctor and I ‎ were flying in bad weather. The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready. The attending doctor was flying; I was safety pilot He was so busy because of the bad turn, he had forgotten to put the landing gear (起落架) down. He was a better pilot - and my boss - so it felt unusual to speak up. But I had to: Our lives were in danger. I put aside my uneasiness and said, "We need to put the landing gear down now!" That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM, and I've used it in the operating room ever since.‎ CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn't overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again. So when I'm in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others. Sometimes they're not willing to speak up. But I hope that if I continue to encourage them , someday someone will keep me from “landing gear up”. (2013·全国卷Ⅱ，A)‎ ‎38.In the last paragraph”landing gear up” probably means ______.‎ A.following flying requirements.‎ B.overreacting to different opinions.‎ C.listening to what fellow doctors say D.making a mistake that may cost lives ‎【答案】‎ D 规律方法2：如何解决猜测短语题?‎ 猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它 的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。‎ ‎【变式精练】‎ ‎【河南省南阳市第一中学2017届高三上学期第一次月考】‎ ‎ There are many people who could be Olympic Champions. I’d estimate (估计) five million people could have beaten me in the pole-vault(撑杆跳高) on the years when I won it, at least five million. Men were stronger, bigger, and faster than I could have done it, but they never picked up a pole, never made the efforts to vault their legs off the ground to try to get over the bar.‎ Greatness is all around us. It’s easy to be great because great people will help you. What was fantastic about all the conventions(大会) I went to was that the greatest in the business would come and share their ideas, their methods and their techniques with everyone else. I have seen the greatest salesmen showing young salesmen exactly how they did it. They didn’t hold back. I have also found it true in the world of sports.‎ I’ll never forget the time I was trying to break Dutch Warmer Dam’s record. I was about a foot below his record, so I called him on the phone. I said, “Dutch, can you help me? I seem to have leveled off. I can’t get any higher.”‎ He said, “Sure, Bob, come on up to visit me and I’ll give you all I got.” I spent three days with the master, the greatest pole-vaulter in the world. For three days, Dutch gave me everything he’d seen. There were things that I was doing wrong and he corrected them. To make a long story short, I went up eight inches. That great guy gave me the best that he had.‎ Great people will share. Great people will tell you their secrets. Look for them, call them on the phone or buy their books. Go where they are, get around them and talk to them. It is easy to be great when you get around great people.‎ ‎31．The underlined phrase “leveled off” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______________.‎ A．go down in level B．stayed in a certain level C．gone up in level D．progressed on ‎【名师点睛】‎ 关于词义猜测题 做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。‎ ‎　下面结合文本及近几年高考试题，对词义猜测的技巧加以解读。‎ ‎　1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is, it will break easily.从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。‎ ‎2.根据同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。因此，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。‎ ‎3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。‎ ‎4.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.从前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。‎ 考点三 猜测指代题 ‎【例3】As more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact, half of the 6,000-7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). ‎ ‎ In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations- UNESCO and National Geographic among them –have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.‎ ‎ Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Center, Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.‎ ‎ Documenting the Tangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayans reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China. But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.‎ ‎ At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials- including photographs, films, tap recordings, and field notes- which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.‎ ‎ Now, through the two organizations that he has founded-the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project- Turin has started a campaign to make such documents, found in libraries and stores around the world, available not just to scholars but to the youngers.‎ ‎ Generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet. Turin notes,the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities. (2014·全国卷Ⅰ，D)‎ What does “that tradition” in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Having first records of the languages B. Writing books on language searching ‎ C. Telling stories about language users D. Linking with the native speakers ‎【答案】‎ A 规律方法3：如何解决猜测指代题？‎ 此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则——代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代 要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思，问题才能迎刃而解。‎ ‎【变式精练】 ‎ B【甘肃省兰州第一中学2017届高三9月月考】‎ The Process of Ageing ‎ At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the possibility of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable (易受伤的); later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour and resistance which, though vague at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ‎ ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us.‎ ‎ This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually “die of old age”, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer — on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and physically strong we are.‎ ‎ Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things “wear out”.‎ ‎ Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound (上发条的) watch, or the sun, do in fact ran out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (热力学). But these are not similar or equivalent to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself — it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction (摩擦). We could, at one time, repair ourselves — well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power, an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.‎ ‎6. What does “ageing” mean according to the passage?‎ ‎ A. It is a fact that people cannot live any longer.‎ ‎ B. It refers to a gradual loss of vigor and resistance.‎ ‎ C. It is usually a phenomenon of dying at an old age.‎ ‎ D. It is a period when people are easily attacked by illness.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文围绕“衰老”这一话题展开叙述。首段指出人体生命力变化的抛物线趋势，12岁最为旺盛；第2-3段讲到了人类衰老的不可抗拒性；最后一段以例证说明人类和手表等机械装置的“衰老”过程有较大的区别。 ‎ ‎【学法指导】‎ 做指代题的时候要注意，首先要把代词所在的句子拿出来做长难句分析，理清句子结构，其次要联系上下文，读懂相关句子的含义，掌握相关信息，可以将选项代入原文，多少会排除一两个；最后就是要本着所见即所得的原理，不做过度的推理。5小题C代词指代题。根据第二段中Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer — on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, “有些人逝去得早些，而少数人可以活到90多岁至100岁”，it所在句出现的But以及下文“我们所能期望的寿命实际上是有限度的”提示，it应该指代前面出现的“长寿”。 故选C。‎ 考点四 猜测句意题 ‎【例4】When international aid is given，steps must be taken to ensure(确保)that the aid reaches the people for whom it is intended.The way to achieve this may not be simple.It is very difficult for a nation to give help directly to people in another nation.The United Nations Organization(UNO) could undertake to direct the distribution of aid.Here however rises the problem of costs.Also tied with this is time.Perhaps the UNO could set up a body of devoted men and women in every country who can speedily distribute aid to victims of floods and earthquakes.‎ More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster，it would ‎ be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times.A common proverb says，“Give me a fish and I eat for a day，teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying，it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves.For example，a country could share its technology with another.This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites. Even a small country is ‎ able to help less developed nations.Sometime what is taken for granted，like the setting up of a water purification plant or the administration of a school，could be useful for countries which are looking about to solve common problems.It does not cost much to share such simple things.Exchange students could be attached for a number of months or years and learn the required craft while on the site.They can then take their knowledge back to their homelands and if necessary come back from time to time to clear doubts or to update themselves.Such aid will be truly helpful and there is no chance of it being temporary or of it falling into the wrong hands.‎ Many countries run extensive courses in all sorts of skills.It will not cost much to include deserving foreigners in these courses.Besides giving effective help to the countries concerned，there is also the buildup of friendships to consider.Giving direct help by giving materials may be effective in the short run and must continue to be given in the event of emergencies.However，in the long run what is really effective would be the sharing of knowledge. (2013·江西，B)‎ ‎62．What does the author try to express in the underlined sentence? ‎ A．Providing food is vital.‎ B．Learning to fish is helpful.‎ C．Teaching skills is essential.‎ D．Looking after others is important.‎ ‎【答案】C 规律方法4：如何解决猜测句意题？‎ 此类题目通常需要猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子，或是格言、谚语等，做题 时只要通过阅读文章，对原句进行语法和词义上的准确分析，并和答案选项做一番比较，不难找出正确选项。一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用了其他的英语词汇表述而已。‎ ‎【变式精练】 ‎ ‎【黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学2017届高三9月月考】‎ ‎ When going through major life changes, like changing careers, I would change the people with whom I spent the most time. We’ve all gone through periods when the people in our lives have changed--- graduation, moving to a new city, getting a new job, joining a new club, etc. I don’t think I need to convince you just how much influence other people can have over your identity. If you’ve ever experienced a major switch in your people environment, then you know that you change as well.‎ ‎ Most people don’t make these choices consciously, though. You might consciously decide to spend more time with a certain friend, or you may ask someone out on a date to begin a new relationship. But few people choose their existing friendships deliberately.‎ ‎ There’s no “getting rid of people”. People are always dropping into and out of each other’s lives. Associations grow into friendships, and friendships fade into associations. You don’t get rid of anyone. The truth is that in order to make room for new people and new experiences, you may need to loosen up some of your existing connections.‎ ‎ What about loyalty? Shouldn’t you always be loyal to your friends? Once you have a close friend, even if his influence on you is slightly harmful, shouldn’t you stick by him?‎ ‎ Loyalty to a friend sometimes means having to let go. It means being loyal to his highest and best self as well. If someone is destroying his health by smoking, for example, you aren’t showing loyalty by smoking right along with him. True loyalty sometimes requires that you break damaging connections, get yourself back on solid ground, and then decide what you can really do to help your friend.‎ ‎ It can take a lot of courage to tell someone, “I’m sorry, but I can’t have you ‎ in my life anymore.” But even though this might seem like a selfish act at times, it’s often the best thing for the other person, too. If a relationship is holding you back in some way, understand that it’s also hurting the other person. For example, if you work for a violent boss, your acceptance of that situation is considered to be silent approval, encouraging your boss to continue to behave violently.‎ ‎13. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ ‎ A. Everyone has at least one friend.‎ ‎ B. It is unnecessary to make new friends.‎ ‎ C. Friendships still exist though there are fewer connections.‎ ‎ D. You ought to treat your old and new friends equally.‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 词义猜测题。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，最常见的就是利用上下文语境、常识和语法关系推断词义。‎ ‎①抓住所需推断词汇前后的“mean”或系动词或破折号等直接定义该词的部分。‎ ‎②抓住文章主旨与该段所表达的中心。特别对于议论文要牢记论点与论据的相互支撑关系。‎ ‎③通过例证、比喻、对照、插入语等语法结构推断词义。‎