2021高考英语一轮复习第二部分语法必备专题一动词课件外研版 86页

专题一　动词 一、动词的时态和语态 考向分析 动词的时态、语态是高考的重点考点,有的试题单独考查的是某种时态的用法,如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时等,而有的试题会把时态和语 态、时态和主谓一致融合起来进行考查,也有的试题综合性很强,会把时态、 语态和主谓一致三个考点融合在一个小题中进行考查。 考点清单 考点一　动词时态的一般体 单句填空 1.(2019 课标全国卷 Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene 　 declared     (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old busi- ness. 语境运用 答案 　declared　考查动词的时态。陈述过去发生的事情需用一般过去时, 故填declared。 2.(2018课标全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it 　is     (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cy- cling or swimming. 答案　 is　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应 保持一致,故用一般现在时;宾语从句中的主语为it,故用is。 3.(2018课标全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2 005—when the government 　started     (start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 答案　 started　句意:中国农业部发现在2005年和2011年之间,化肥的使用减 少了770万吨。2005年政府启动了土壤检测项目,它向农民推荐特定的化 肥。本题考查时态。关系副词when=in 2005,由此可知此处使用一般过去 时。 4.(2018课标全国卷Ⅲ)True to gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal     meant     (mean) me no real harm. He was just saying:“I'm king of this forest, and here is your reminder!” 答案　 meant　句意:大猩猩确实有不好斗的本性,那只巨大的动物并不是真 的要伤害我。本题考查时态。根据下文可知,本空用一般过去时,故填 meant。 单句改错 5.(2019课标全国卷Ⅱ)And the other is that I wanted to help people in need. 　is→was     答案 　is→was　考查动词的时态。根据语境,时态应为一般过去时,故将is改 为was。 6.(2018课标全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. 　find→found     答案 　find→found　根据第一句中的时间状语During my last winter holiday 可知,此处叙述的是去年寒假时的事情,故第二句中的谓语动词应用一般过去 时。 7.(2018课标全国卷Ⅱ)I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. 　are→were     答案　 are→were　根据主句的谓语动词didn't realize和until引导的时间状语 从句的谓语动词entered可知,此处叙述的是过去的事情,应用一般过去时。 时态 用法 例句 一般 现在 时 表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。 On Monday mornings, it usually takes me an hour to drive to work though the actual distance is only 20 miles.周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时,尽管实际距离只有20英里。 如果主句用一般将来时,那么在时间、条件或让步状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。 The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.这位总统希望人们在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。 表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,与现在没有关系,常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。 (2019江苏卷) A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.史密斯先生到中国几个月后,就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。 语法精讲 一般 将来 时 有些句子,虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语,但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态,也要用一般过去时。常见的有:know, think, expect, want等。 Edward, you play so well. But I didn‘t know you played the piano.爱德华,你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。 “shall/will+动词原形”表示从现在看以后将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in+一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称,will可用于各种人称。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。 The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.学生们一直在刻苦学习功课, 他们的努力(将来)最终会获得成功。 “be going to+动词原形”表示按计划打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.史密斯博士将在今年夏天和他的妻女一起游览北京。 “be to+动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作;也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。 You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.10点前你必须得上交试卷。 The meeting is to be held at 3:00 o'clock this afternoon.会议将于今天下午3点举行。 一般 将来 时 “be about to+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事,该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。 The train is about to start.火车就要开了。 按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come等动词。 The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.这家商店每天晚上11点关门。 表示位置转移的动词,如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out 等,可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的 事。 Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there's none left.洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前马上行动。 考点二　动词时态的进行体 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2018北京卷)Susan had quit her well-paid job and 　was working     (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 答案 　was working　句意:我去年看望苏珊的时候,她已经辞去了那份高薪 的工作,正在社区当志愿者。根据句意可知,此处强调过去的时间点正在进行 的动作,因此用过去进行时。 2.—Hi, let's go skating. —Sorry, I'm busy right now. I 　am filling     (fill) in an application form for a new job. 答案 　am filling　句意:——嗨,我们去滑冰吧。——抱歉,我现在正忙着 呢。我正在填一份新工作的申请表。此句表示说话时正在发生的动作,故用 现在进行时。 时态 用法 例句 现在 进行 时 表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。 We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界,并且我们都在想我们要做什么。 表示位置转移的动词,如:go, get, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等,可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。 I am meeting Peter at the airport this afternoon. 今天下午我去飞机场接彼得。 过去 进行 时 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o'clock yesterday等连用。 He was writing a book last year, but I don't know if he has finished it. 他去年在写一本书,但我不知道他是否已经完成。 表示一个过去的动作正在进行时,另一个过去的动作发生了,常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。 Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.杰克正在实验室里工作,这时突然断电了。 语法精讲 将来 进行 时 表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用,如:at this time tomorrow,by then, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow等。 Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会,因为她那个时间段有课。 考点三　动词时态的完成体 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2019课标全国卷Ⅱ)I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 　have made     (make) over the years. 答案　 have made　考查动词的时态。根据定语从句中的时间状语over the years可知从句时态应为现在完成时,故填have made。 2.(2018课标全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country 　has grown     (grow) more corn than rice. 答案　 has grown　由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的 某个时间开始,一直持续到现在,故用现在完成时。且主语the country 是第三 人称单数名词,故填has grown。 单句改错 3.(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years. 　had→have     答案　 had→have　根据时间状语“in the past few years”可知,本句应该使 用现在完成时。 时态 用法 例句 现在 完成 时 表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束,而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语: already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far 等。 (2019江苏卷)The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.在过去的三个月里,这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。 表示从过去某时开始一直延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常与since+时间点,for+时间段等表示一段时间的状语连用。 His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。 在条件和时间状语从句中,用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。 I'll give my opinion when I have read the book through. 我读完了这本书就会告诉你我的意见。 语法精讲 过去 完成 时 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。 When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn't seen for years.当沿着街道散步的时候,我遇见了多年未见的戴 维。 表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态,常用的时间状语:before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time+从句等。 It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我做的一切。 过去 完成 时 表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。 (2019天津卷)I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.我本希望送给彼得一个礼物祝贺他结婚了,但我没能做到。 常使用完 成时的句 型 (1)This/It/That is the first/... time+that sb. has/have done This/It/That was the first/... time+that sb. had done 这是某人第几次做某事 (2)It(This)is/was the+最高级+名词+(that)定语从句,从句中的谓语用完成时 (3)It is/has been+一段时间+since sb. did sth. It was/had been+一段时间+since sb. had done sth.自从 …… 以来多久了 (4)hardly(scarcely)... when.../no sooner... than...一 …… 就 …… ,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时 考点四　语态 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2019课标全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our week-long stay, we 　were invited     (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore un- der the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals. 答案 　were invited　考查时态和语态。此处应为发生在过去的事情,用一般 过去时。we和invite之间是被动关系,应用被动语态。 2.(2017课标全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines 　were used     (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. 答案　 were used　由语境和must have been可知此处讲的是过去的事情,主语 Steam engines和use之间是被动关系,所以用一般过去时的被动语态。 3.(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah 　has been told/was told     (tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. 答案 　has been told/was told    考查时态和语态。句意:Sarah被告知她可以成 为英国的一名超模新星,第二年就可以有一百万美元的收入。根据语境可知 Sarah与tell之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。此处既可以用一般过去时态表 示过去发生的动作,也可以用现在完成时态,表示过去发生的动作对现在的影 响。 单句改错 4.(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club. 　took→taken     答案　 took→taken　考查动词的语态。take的过去式和过去分词分别为took 和taken,此处为被动语态,应用过去分词taken。 　　被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成,be动词有人称、 数和时态的变化。“get+过去分词”也可以表示被动语态,此结构比较口语 化。 语法精讲 基本 用法 被动语态的使用场合:(1)不知道或没有必要指 出动作的执行者;(2)需要突出或强调动作的承 受者。 (2019江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.他们正在努力确保到2022年时为北京冬奥会安装5G信号终端。 主动 形式 表示 被动 意义 “系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等+形容词/名词”构成系表结构,常用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软,卖得很好。 主动形式 表示被动 意义 当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后有状语(well/easily等)修饰,用来表示主语的属性、特征或功能时,用主动形式表示被动含 义。 Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.你买了最近销售得很好的那本书了吗?我认为它非常适合我们青少年。 特别提醒 有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态:have有;cost花费;lack缺少;own拥有;belong to属于;date from/back to追溯到; take part in参加等。 不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态:happen/take place/occur发生;remain剩下;last持续;break out爆发;come out出版; come up被提出;lose heart失去信心;run out用完等。 技巧点拨 谓语动词三步解题法   二、非谓语动词 考向分析 非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词,是重要的语法项目 之一,也是每年高考的必考点。在语法填空题中,针对非谓语动词的考查主要 集中在非谓语动词作主语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等,而短文改错针对非 谓语动词的考查主要以非谓语动词作宾语、定语、状语等为重点。 考点清单 　　非谓语动词的基本结构与句法功能 非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义 不定式 一般式 to do to be done 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生 进行式 to be doing 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前 现在分词 /动名词 一般式 doing being done 其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生 现在分词 /动名词 完成式 having done having been done 其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生 过去分词 一般式 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成 考点一　非谓语动词作状语 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2018课标全国卷Ⅰ)You don't have to run fast or for long 　to see     (see) the benefit. 答案　 to see　句意:你不必为了弄清跑步带来的好处而跑得很快、很久。本 题考查非谓语动词。由句意可知,此处在句中作目的状语,主语You与see为主 动关系,故填不定式的主动形式to see。 单句改错 2.(2019课标全国卷Ⅰ)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football. 　say→saying     答案　 say改为saying　考查非谓语动词。句中的say与其逻辑主语是逻辑上 的主动关系,且其表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生,应用现在分词作状语,表 示伴随。 3.(2018课标全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called up- on to read his or her paragraph aloud. 　wait→waiting     答案　 wait→waiting　分析句子结构可知,was为谓语动词,主语Everyone与 wait之间为逻辑上的主动关系,故应用现在分词作状语,表示伴随。 类别 用法 例句 动词不 定式 作目的状语,可用so as to/in order to替换,但 so as to一般不可置于句首,意为“为了;想要”。 (2019江苏卷)To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones. 为了享受数字支付的便利,很多老年人开始使用智能手机。 作结果状语,常用于下列结构中:only to do(表示意想不到的结果);enough to do(足够做 …… );too...to do...(太 …… 而不能 …… );so/such...as to...(如此 …… 以至于 …… )等。 Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场,结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。 作原因状语,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed等。 This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.这台机器很容易操作。只需几分钟,任何人都能学会使用它。 语法精讲 分 词 分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调,还可与while, when, once, if, unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。 (2019江苏卷)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man's intelligence and creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物,这反映出了人类的智慧与创造性。 (2018北京卷)Ordinary soap, used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.如果正确使用的话,普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。 独 立 主 格 名词/代词+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(主动表被动) Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。 with/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语(现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语) With so much work to do, I cannot spare a minute. 有这么多工作要做,我一分钟也挤不出来。 I couldn't do my homework with all that noise going on.由于噪音不断,我没法做作业。 独 立 成 分 有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常考的有:generally speaking(to be general)一般来说;honestly/roughly/strictly speaking老实说/大体说/严格说;frankly speaking/to be frank坦白说;judging from/by根据 …… 来判断;taking...into consideration/account考虑到 …… ;considering/seeing/given...考虑到 …… ;to tell the truth/to be honest说实话;compared with/by与 …… 相比;to make things worse更糟糕的是。 考点二　非谓语动词作定语 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2019课标全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call 　saying     (say)she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. 答案 　saying　考查非谓语动词。此处用现在分词作后置定语,故填saying。 2.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid -1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter 　permitted     (permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 答案　 permitted　考查非谓语动词。此处应用过去分词作后置定语。 3.The airport 　to be completed     (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 答案 　to be completed    空格处在句中作名词airport的后置定语,且二者是逻 辑上的被动关系,动作是将来的,故应用不定式的被动形式。 类别 用法 例句 不 定 式 不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后,表示将来的动作。 I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch.我在会议期间一直看表,因为我要赶火车。 序数词、形容词最高级、the last、the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后,常用不定式作定语。注意:该名词或代词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者。 He was the first guest to arrive.他是第一个到的客人。 被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见名词:ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。 And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。 特别 提醒 不定式作定语,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式。 I have a letter to post, so I can't go swimming with you.我有一封信(需要我)要寄出,因此我不能和你一起去游泳了。 I have a letter to be posted. Can you help me?我有一封信想让别人替我寄出去,你能帮我吗? 语法精讲 分词 及物动词的分词形式作定语的形式:现在分词、“being+过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时,用现在分词;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时,用“being+过去分词”;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。 (2019天津卷)Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially designed to help them succeed academically and personally. 大多数大学现在为大一的学生提供一门专门为他们设计的课程,以帮助 他们在学术和个人方面取得成功。 Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上,有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。 不及物动词的分词形式作定语的形式:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词只表示动作已完成,不表被 动。 falling leaves正在落下的叶子(表正在进行) fallen leaves落叶(表完成) 考点三　非谓语动词作宾语 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2019课标全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by 　noting     (note) that hun- gry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements. 答案 　noting　考查非谓语动词。介词by后应用动名词作宾语,故本空填not- ing。 2.(2019课标全国卷Ⅱ)A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for 　being     (be)Britain's oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week. 答案　 being　考查非谓语动词。介词for后应该用 v .-ing形式作宾语,故填be- ing。 3.(2017课标全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, 　laying     (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top. 答案　 laying　本题考查动名词作宾语。由上文中的included digging 和下文 的and then building可知,此处为并列的动名词作included的宾语。 4.(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 　resting     (rest). 答案　 resting　spend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配。 5.(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants 　to prove     (prove)that she has brains as well as beauty. 答案 　to prove　考查非谓语动词作宾语。want to do sth.想要做某事。 单句改错 6.(2019课标全国卷Ⅲ)If I succeed in manage one, I will open more. 　manage→managing     答案　 manage→managing　考查非谓语。介词in后接动词的-ing形式作宾 语。 7.(2018课标全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. 　sell→selling     答案 　sell→selling　介词by后接动词的-ing形式作宾语。 只接不定式作宾语的动词 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help I have decided to study engineering.我决定学工程学。 特别 提醒 allow, permit, forbid, advise后需加动名词作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补。即allow/permit /forbid/advise doing/sb. to do sth.。 接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词 (1)try to do尽力做 …… ;try doing 试着去做 …… ; (2)mean to do打算做 …… ;mean doing 意味着 …… ; (3)regret to do遗憾要去做 …… ;regret doing后悔做过 …… ; (4)remember to do 记得去做 …… ;remember doing记得做过 …… ; (5)forget to do忘记去做 …… ;forget doing 忘记做了 …… 。 I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺,并记得在那里我所看到的一切。 I remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.我离开办公室之前记得关门了,但却忘记关灯了。 特别提醒 动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时,其后要用 v .-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。 The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned. (clean与the window之间存在被动关系) 语法精讲 作介词的宾语时,要用动名词形式,不能用动词不定式 be/get used to, feel like, insist on, get down to, devote...to..., object to, stick to, give up, have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.;have fun (in) doing sth. I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working with students. 我过去航海和现在与学生们打交道一样开心。 考点四　非谓语动词作宾补 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2018课标全国卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me 　to stay     (stay) and watch. 答案 　to stay　句意:一旦它的信息传递了,它就允许我待在那里观察(它 们)。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。allow后需加不定式作宾补;又因为宾语 me与stay为逻辑上的主动关系,故填to stay。 2.As I squeezed back into my car, I saw the same lady 　looking     (look) in at me. 答案　 looking 　空格处作宾补 , 且表主动进行 , 由此结合“ see sb./sth. doing” 可知 , 现在分词符合题意。故空格处填 looking 。 单句改错 3.(2017课标全国卷Ⅱ)When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables! 　pick前加to     答案     pick前加to　invite sb. to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事”,是固定结 构,其中不定式作宾补。 类别 用法 例句 不 定 式 不定式作宾补时,宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主动关系。常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语):advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。 If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯,我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。 Parents want their children to develop fully.父母想让孩子全面发展。 分词 现在分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在主动关系,且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词 (have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。 Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help? 听!你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗? 分词 过去分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在被动关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。 I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken.我需要一个新护照,因此我得拍张照片。 语法 精讲 考点五　非谓语动词作主语和表语 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2019课标全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take 　to retire     (get)there. 答案 　to get　考查动词不定式。此处考查 “it takes (sb.)some time to do sth.”这一句型结构,表示“花某人多长时间做某事”。其中it为形式主语,真 正的主语为动词不定式。 2.As time is pressing, I think 　taking/to take     (take) a taxi is the best way to get from here to the conference centre. 答案 　taking/to take　此处为动名词或不定式在从句中作主语。 不 定 式 不定式作主语时,一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长,常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。 It's our duty to take good care of the old.照顾好老人是我们的责任。 ①不定式作表语时,表示预定要发生的动作;②当主语是 aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时,常用不定式作表语;③主语为what引导的名词性从句时,表语多用不定式。 His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。 What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(不定式作表语时,如果前面有实义动词do的形式,作表语的不定式常省略to。) 语法精讲 动 名 词 动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语,动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。 (2018北京卷)Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. 沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有 益的经历。 常用动名词作主语的句型:It's a waste of time doing...; It's no use/good doing...;It is useless doing...。 It's no use complaining without taking action. 不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。 技巧点拨 　　1.对于语篇型填空中非谓语动词的解答,我们首先要通过句子的结构分 析确定设空处是不是非谓语动词,然后根据非谓语动词的用法确定用具体的 某种形式。 ①如果作主语或表语,就用动名词或不定式形式。如果设空处前有“for+名 词或代词”,设空处用不定式。 ②如果作定语,要判断该非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的逻辑关系,再根据不定 式、分词作定语的用法确定设空处所需形式。 ③如果作宾语,要注意设空处前的词,如果是介词(注意有时可能省略介词),设 空处一定是动名词;如果是及物动词,要根据非谓语动词作宾语的用法判断其 形式。 ④如果作目的状语或表示意外结果的结果状语或在形容词后作状语,用动词 不定式。如果作伴随、时间、条件、非意外的结果等状语,要根据与逻辑主 语的关系,确定用现在分词或过去分词。 ⑤如果作宾补,首先需弄清设空处与宾语的逻辑关系,如果是主动关系,答案 可能是to do,doing或不带to的不定式;如果是被动关系,答案可能是being done, to be done或done。 2.对于短文改错试题,考生需在掌握非谓语动词用法的同时,熟记一些固定搭 配,如:have difficulty (in) doing sth.;be busy doing sth.;let sb. do sth.等。 三、情态动词和虚拟语气 考向分析 针对情态动词,高考主要考查的是can, should, must, may, could等常用情 态动词的用法,其中情态动词表推测的用法是考查的重点。而针对虚拟语气 的考查,主要涉及虚拟语气在条件状语从句、名词性从句中的用法,其中虚拟 语气在条件状语从句中的应用是考查的重点。 考点清单 考点一　情态动词 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2018北京卷)In today's information age, the loss of data 　can     cause serious problems for a company. 答案 　can　句意:在如今的信息化时代,丢失数据可能会给一个公司造成严 重的问题。can在此处表示客观可能性,意为“可能会,有时候会”。 2.(2018天津卷)I can't find my purse. I could 　have left     (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure. 答案　 have left　句意:我找不到我的钱包了。我昨天可能把它落在超市里 了,但我不确定。根据句中的时间状语yesterday可知空格处是对过去发生的 事情的推测,需用“情态动词+have done”。 3.Truly elegant chopsticks might 　be made     (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. 答案　 be made　根据语境可知,筷子是被制造的。此处为含有情态动词的 被动语态might be done。 单句改错 4.(2018课标全国卷Ⅱ)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not to let me. 　去掉let前的to     答案 　去掉let前的to　情态动词would表示“意愿”时后面直接接动词原 形。 5.We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip. 　chose→choose     答案 　chose→choose　情态动词can后面接动词原形。chose是choose的过去 式形式。 1.情态动词的基本用法 语法精讲 情态动词 用法 例句 can/could 表示“能力”,意为“能,会”。 Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, can easily reach the books on the top shelf. Samuel是我们班最高的男孩,他能轻易地够着书架顶层的书。 表示推测,意为“可能”,用于否定句或疑问句中。can比could语气强。 That can't be Mary—she is in London now.那不可能是玛丽——她现在在伦敦。 表示理论上的可能性,意为“有时候可能会”,用于肯定句。 Credit cards provide us with lots of convenience, but they can lead to problems.信用卡给我们提供了许多方便,但也会带来一些问题。 表示礼貌地请求,意为“能,可以”。在疑问句中could可代替can, 语气更委婉。 Can you tell us your recipe for happiness and a long life?你能告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗? 用于固定句式中:cannot...too/enough“无论 …… 也不过分”;“越 …… 越好”。 I can't thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.我非常感谢你在我们不在家时帮助我的儿子。 may/might 表示许可和请求,在疑问句中might比may的语气更委婉。 Might/May I have a word with you? It won‘t take long.我可以和你说句话吗?不会耽误很长时间。 may/might 表示推测,意为“可能,或许”,通常用于肯定句和否定句中。 If you forgot to turn it off when you went away, you might burn down the house.当你离开时如果忘记关掉它,你可能把整个房子都烧毁了。 用于固定句式:may as well+动词原形“最好;倒不如 …… ”。 Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here.既然雨下得这么大,你倒不如待在这儿。 must 表示义务、必要性等,意为“必须”。其否定式mustn't 意为“禁止”。 —Can't you stay a little longer? 难道你不能再多待一会儿吗? —It's getting late. I really must go now. My daughter is home alone. 时间不早了。现在我确实得走了。我的女儿独自一人在家。 表示猜测、推测,意为“想必,一定”。常用于肯定句中。 You must be Carol. You haven't changed a bit af- ter all these years.你肯定是卡萝尔。这么多年你一点都没变。 表示偏执,固执,意为“非得,偏要”。 If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.如果你非要走,至少要等到暴风雨停了。 shall 用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?要我告诉 Brett明天放学后直接过来吗? 用于第二、第三人称陈述句中,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 One of our rules is that every student shall wear the school uniform while at school.我们有一条规定,那就是每名学生在校期间都必须穿校服。 should 表示劝告或建议,意为“应该”。 I don't think you should give up the opportunity to go to university which you have been dreaming about. 我认为你不应该放弃你一直以来梦想的上大学的机会。 should 表示推测、可能性、或预期,意为“应该;可能”。 He should be here on time—he started early enough.他应该按时到这里的——他很早就出发了。 用于表示感情或意志等的that从句中,意为“竟 然 …… ;居然 …… ”。 It's strange that he should have taken the books without the owner's permission. 简直是太奇怪了,他竟然未得到主人的允许就把这些书拿走了。 will/would 表示意志或意愿。will指现在,would指过去。 I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.我已再三告诉他戒烟,但是他就是不听。 表示习惯性动作,意为“总是”,will指现在, would指过去。 I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.我仍旧记得快乐的童年,那时我妈妈经常在周末带我去迪斯尼乐园。 表示征求意见或提出请求,多用于第二人称疑 问句中。would比will语气委婉。 Will/Would you please let me have a look at your new watch?请让我看看你的新手表好吗? need need表示必要性,常用于疑问句和否定句中,needn't表示“不必”。need 作实义动词时,可用于肯定 句、否定句和疑问句中,有人称、数和时态的变化;其后可接名词、代词、带to的不定式或动名词作宾语。 My room is in a mess, but I needn't clean it before I go out tonight. 我的房间里乱糟糟的,不过我今天晚上出门之前没必要打扫。 Since you know it already, we don't need to keep it a secret.既然你已经知道了,我们就没有必要保密了。 dare dare意为“敢,敢于”,没有人称、数和时态的变化,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中,后接动词原形。作实义动词时,在肯定句中通常接带to的不定式,在疑问句和否定句中,dare之后的不定式可省 略。 How dare you leave your home without your parents' permission? 在没有征得你父母同意的情况下你怎么敢离开家? Most people hate Harry but they don't dare to say so.大多数人对哈里敢怒不敢言。 2.情态动词+have done 对过去的 推测 must have done 一定做过某事 Paul did a great job in the speech contest.He must have practised many times last week. 保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上周一定练习了很多次。 George can't have gone too far. His coffee is still warm. 乔治不可能走得太远。他的咖啡还是热的呢。 You should have studied harder. 你本应该更努力学习 的。 can't/couldn't have done 过去不可能做过 …… can/could have done 过去可能做过 …… may/might have done 过去可能做过 …… may/might not have done 过去可能没有做过 …… 对过去情 况的后悔、 遗憾或责 备 could have done 本来能够做但却未做 should have done 本来应该做但是实际上未做 shouldn't have done 本来不应该做而实际上做了 needn't have done 没必要做却做了 考点二　虚拟语气 单句填空 语境运用 1.(2019江苏卷)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we 　would have had     (have) a good time together. 答案 　would/could have had　考查虚拟语气。句意:多么遗憾!你错过了这次 游览。否则我们就可以一起度过一段愉快的时光。根据关键词or可知,这里 表示与过去的事实相反,谓语动词应用would/could+have done。 2.(2018天津卷)If we 　had caught     (catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now. 答案　 had caught　句意:如果昨天我们赶上了那趟航班,我们现在就正在沙 滩上享受我们的假期了。If从句表示与过去事实相反的假设,其谓语动词需 用“had+过去分词”形式。 3.Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week?If you 　had told     (tell) me,I could have helped. 答案　 had told　根据句意和相关信息判断,条件从句表示与过去事实相反的 假设,此时从句用过去完成时,主句谓语用“情态动词+have done”形式。 单句改错 4.Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. 　can→should或去掉can     答案　 can→should或去掉can　suggest在此处表示“建议”,后面接宾语从 句时,从句中谓语用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。 1.条件句中的虚拟语气 语法精讲 if 条 件 句 虚拟语气 主句谓语动词 从句谓语动词 例句 虚拟现在 should/would/ could/might+do 过去式(be用were) If I were at school again,I would study harder. 如果我再次上学的话,我会更加努力地学习。 虚拟过去 should/would/ could/might+ have done had+过去分词 They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers.如果他们多开几公里的话,他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。 虚拟将来 should/would/ could/might+do 过去式/were to do/should+do Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often. 格雷斯不想搬到纽约,因为她认为如果住在那里,她就不能经常看到她的父母了。 含 蓄 条 件 句 有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来,而是隐含在某些词 或短语中,或隐含在上下文中,这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语有:without(要是)没有;but for要不是;otherwise/or否则等。 (2019天津卷)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would have accomplished the task in half the time. 工人们没有被更好地组织起来,否则他们用一半的时间就能完成这项任 务。 在在名词 在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后接宾语从句中,以及这些动词的名词后接同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。常见的此类动词:一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三要求(require, demand, request)、四建议(suggest, advise, propose, recommend)。 She suggested that Dale (should) join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.她建议戴尔参加辩论队,她认为演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。 My suggestion was that necessary measures (should)be taken to protect the children from dangerous situations.我的建议是采取必要措施来保护儿童远离危险的境遇。 2.虚拟语气在从句中的运用   在“It is/was+ adj ./done+that...”句型中,从句中的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。常见的形容词或过去分词有:important, necessary, strange, suggested, ordered, advised, requested, demanded 等。 It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。 It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one exercise every day.中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。 wish后的宾语从句中,从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟;从句谓语动词用would/could/ might+动词原形表示对将来的虚拟;从句谓语动词用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。 There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. 这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活,我希望自己还能有机会去更多地参与其中。 I wish I had told him the way to the supermarket. 我真希望我已经告诉了他到超市的路线。 would rather所接的宾语从句中,从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的虚拟;从句谓语动词用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。 I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.我宁愿他前天和我去的海边。 if only引导的条件从句及感叹句   从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟;从句谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形表示对将来的虚拟;从句谓语动词用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。 Look at the trouble we are in. If only we had taken our teacher's advice!看看我们所处的困境,要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好! as if/though 引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟;从句谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形表示对将来的虚拟;从句谓语动词用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。 Marry's description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I had been there. 玛丽对这次聚会的描述是如此生动,以至于我觉得我好像去过那里一样。 It is (high) time that... 从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形 It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem.确实到了我们采取措施解决这个问题的时候了。 技巧点拨 　　1.把握时间概念、重视语境信息。主要有三种方法,一是根据主句的已 知信息,判断从句的谓语形式;二是根据从句的已知信息,判断主句的谓语形 式;三是利用真实推出虚拟,或利用虚拟推出真实。 2.熟悉考点设置,查找句中表示虚拟语气的线索和信号。例如:如果试题 中出现if,应仔细研究句意,分析它引导的是真实条件从句,还是虚拟条件从句,若 为虚拟语气,则检查主、从句中的谓语动词是否采用了相应的形式;看到一个 句子时,一定要弄明白主句和从句两部分的时间所指,再看谓语动词形式是否 与所指时间一致。 3.观察题干中是否出现了表示建议、命令、要求等含义的词并判断其后所 接的从句中谓语是否用“(should+)动词原形”。 4. 如果题干中出现部分倒装结构或 without, but for 等时要判断是否考查虚拟 语气。考生判断考点为虚拟语气后 , 可以利用“倒推法或还原法”推出隐含 条件进行答题。 5.关注谓语形式、留意语态正误、注意一词多义,全面把握虚拟语气。