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2018届二轮复习 定语从句考点探索及典题演练
考点探索
一. 定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二. 引导定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三. 定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四. 关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,whom,that,
which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f. 主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which,例如:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a. 先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b. 关系代词前有介词时,which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c. 引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指事物时,用which, 而不用that,例如:Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五. 关系副词的用法
1. when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
2. where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
3. why 指原因,其先行词是原因,why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
典题演练
1.(2016·四川) The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
1.what → that/which或去掉what 句意:我做的菜是妈妈最喜欢的。先行词dishes在定语从句中作宾语,故应用that,which或省略关系代词。
2.(2014·广西) And it is wise to have as many good friends that we can.
2.that →as句意:尽可能多交朋友是很明智的。本句是as...as...引导的定语从句,先行词是good friends,因为前面有as many修饰,所以关系代词使用as,指代先行词,并在句中作省略的have的宾语。
1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ,65) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s,________ I was the first Western TV reporter...
1.when句意:……但是我是第一个被允许拍摄一个特殊的关于照料……的单元的西方电视台记者。先行词the mid1980s在定语从句中作时间状语,故应用when引导定语从句。
2.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,67) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopsticks.
2.who句意:一些人认为生活在大约公元前551年到479年之间的中国的伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展进程。所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语,指人,所以填who。
3.(2016·浙江,7) The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by ________ we see the world around us.
3.which句意:研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。这是一个定语从句,先行词为指物的the basic
processes,所以介词by后面用which。
4.(2016·浙江,11) Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of ________ has been proved.
4.which句意:关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪,科学家已经提出了很多理论,没有一个是被证明的。这是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是theories,指物,定语从句用“代词+介词+关系代词which”引导。
5.(2016·浙江,14) When the time came to make the final decision for a course,I decided to apply for the one ________ reflected my interest.
5.that句意:当到了最后决定课程的时候,我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。先行词为the one,所以引导词要用that。
6.(2016·北京,22) I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.
6.whose句意:我住在一对夫妻的隔壁,他们家的孩子们总是很喧闹。此处用引导词whose在定语从句中作定语修饰children。
7.(2016·天津,9) We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,________ the weather may be better.
7.when句意:我们将把在公园里进行野餐推迟到下周,那时天气可能更好。空后是非限制性定语从句,从句中缺少状语,
先行词是表示时间的名词next week,故用when引导。
8.(2015·新课标Ⅰ,64) I'd skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
8.that/which句意:我没有参观附近的桂林——游客们寻找石灰岩山顶和漓江黑水的理想的地点,它们被画家画到很多中国画中。因为先行词指物,且在定语从句中作主语,所以用that或which引导。
9.(2015·北京,24) Opposite is St. Paul's Church,________ you can hear some lovely music.
9.where句意:对面是圣·保罗大教堂,在那里,你可以听到美妙的音乐。因为先行词St. Paul's Church在非限制性定语从句中充当地点状语,所以这里使用where引导定语从句。
10.(2015·福建,34) China Today attracts a worldwide readership,________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
10.which句意:《今日中国》获得全世界读者的关注,表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。which引导非限制性定语从句代替前面整句话。
11.(2015·湖南,29) It is a truly delightful place,________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and
pretty cottages.
11.which句意:这真是一个令人高兴的地方,这个地方看起来和一百年前一样,有蜿蜒的街道和美丽的小屋。先行词a truly delightful place是物,且在非限制性定语从句中作主语,所以用which引导。
12.(2015·天津,15) The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
12.where句意:这家公司的老板正试图创造一个员工都喜欢工作的轻松环境。先行词为抽象地点名词,定语从句中缺少状语,故用where引导。
13.(2015·江苏,21) The number of smokers,________is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
13.as句意:据报道,仅一年的时间,吸烟人的数量就下降了百分之十七。此处由as引导非限制性定语从句,表示“正如……”。
14.(2015·四川,3) The books on the desk,________ covers are shiny,are prizes for us.
14.whose句意:桌子上封面发光的那些书是给我们的奖品。引导词在定语从句中作定语修饰covers,故关系词用whose。
15.(2015·陕西,15) As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be
independent.
15.when句意:作为家里最小的孩子,艾历克斯一直期盼他能够独立。先行词为时间名词the time,定语从句中缺少状语,所以填关系副词when。
16.(2014·新课标Ⅰ,67) Maybe you have a habit ________ is driving your family crazy.
16.that/which句意:可能你有一个令你的家人发疯的习惯。habit后是一个定语从句,所填词引导该从句,且作主语,故用that或which。
17.(2014·山东,10) A company ________ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
17.whose句意:国内市场利润下降的公司可以从国外市场上寻找机会。所填词引导定语从句,并在从句中作定语,故用whose。
18.(2014·江苏,22) The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work ________ a good impression is a must.
18.where句意:这本书在日常交流方面对我帮助很大,尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作中。work在此为表示地点的名词,其后是一个定语从句;要填的词引导从句并在从句中作状语,故用关系副词where。
19.(2014·湖南,31) I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
19.when句意:我一直都在期待我的女儿能够读懂这本书并了解我对她的感情的那一天。要填的词引导一个定语从句,先行词是表示时间的the day;从句缺少状语,故填when。
20.(2014·北京,26) I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,________ my classmates recommended to me.
20.which句意:上星期我从图书馆借阅了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》一书,它是我同学推荐给我的。逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,要填的词引导从句并在从句中作宾语,指事物,故填which。
21.(2014·重庆,9) We'll reach the sales targets in a month ________ we set at the beginning of the year.
21.that/which句意:一个月内我们将要实现年初我们设定的销售目标。此处用that或which代替the sales targets 在定语从句中作set的宾语。
22.(2014·陕西,13) Please send us all the information ______ you have about the candidate for the position.
22.that句意:请你把你手头的有关这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。分析句子结构可知,空格处为定语从句引导词,定语从句先行词为all the information,故填that。注:which引导的定语从句不修饰用all修饰的先行词。
23.(2014·四川,4) Until now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for
the poor children,________ is quite unexpected.
23.which句意:直到现在,我们已经为贫困的孩子筹集到了五万英镑,这真的出乎意料。分析句子结构可知,空格处为非限制性定语从句引导词,指代上文提到的整件事情,故填which。
24.(2014·福建,31) Students should involve themselves in community activities________ they can gain experience for growth.
24.where句意:应该让学生参与社团活动,在活动中他们能够获得成长所需要的经验。分析句子结构可知,从空格处一直到句尾为定语从句,修饰先行词activities,并且先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,故填关系副词where。
25.(2014·安徽,22) The exact year ________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
25.that/which句意:安吉拉和她家人一起在中国度过的确切年份是2008年。分析句子结构可知,空格处为定语从句的引导词,先行词为the exact year,在从句中作spent的宾语,指物,故填that或which。