2019届高考英语考前培训：写作素能培养第12讲明确评分原则及几种常犯错误 32页

写作素能培养 第三部分 第十二讲　明确评分原则及几种常犯错误 Ⅰ . 评分细则 近几年高考英语书面表达的评分标准有了很大变化，由原来只要求考生把要点写全 ( 内容全面 ) 、写对 ( 错误较少 ) ，提高到要求考生写好 ( 使用一些高级词汇和复杂句型 ) 的高度 —— 鼓励考生尝试使用一些高级词汇和复杂句型，对由此所出现的尝试性错误采取了较为宽容的态度 ( 不扣或少扣分 ) 。目前全国高考英语全国卷书面表达大部分采用 25 分制，评分标准如下： 一、评分原则 1 ．按 5 个档次给分。 2 ．先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属的档次，然后以该档次的要求衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。 3 ．词数不符合要求的，从总分中减去 2 分。 4 ．评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的丰富性和准确性及上下文的连贯性。 5 ．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。 6 ．如书写较差以至于影响交际，将其分数降低一个档次。 二、档次分配、表达要求和给分范围 档次 分配 表达要求 给分范围 第五档 ( 很好 ) 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 · 覆盖所有内容要点。 · 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。 · 语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。 · 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。 完全达到了预期的写作目的。 21 ～ 25 分 档次分配 表达要求 给分范围 第四档 ( 好 ) 完成了试题规定的任务。 · 虽漏掉一、两个次要点，但覆盖所有主要内容。 · 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 · 语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致。 · 应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。 达到了预期的写作目的。 16 ～ 20 分 第三档 ( 适当 ) 基本完成了试题规定的任务。 · 虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容。 · 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 · 有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。 · 应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文内容连贯。 整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。 11 ～ 15 分 档次分配 表达要求 给分范围 第二档 ( 较差 ) 未恰当地完成试题规定的任务。 · 漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写了一些无关内容。 · 语法结构单调，词汇项目有限。 · 有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。 · 较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。 信息未能清楚地传达给读者。 6 ～ 10 分 档次分配 表达要求 给分 范围 第一档 ( 差 ) 未完成试题规定的任务。 · 明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未理解试题要求。 · 语法结构单调，词汇项目有限。 · 较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。 · 缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。 信息未能传达给读者。 1 ～ 5 分 不得分 未能传达给读者任何信息： 内容太少，无法评判；写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。 0 分 Ⅱ . 考场作文常见的 3 类错误 考场作文常见的错误主要分为三类：词汇类错误、语法类错误和汉语式英语。 ( 一 ) 词汇类错误 考试时，我们很容易出现单词拼写错误和词形变化错误；而词性不清和词汇用法方面的错误主要还是受汉语的影响。其应对措施是在备考时要多注意容易拼错或容易出现词形变化的单词，真正用心去体会英语词汇的词性和运用，对一些固定习语更不能想当然地改动。 1 ．单词拼写错误 误： Our English teacher is friendly but very strick with us students. 正： Our English teacher is friendly but very strict with us students. 2 ．词形变化错误 误： People throwed cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water. 正： People threw cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water. 3 ．词性不清错误 误： Doing a part time job always effects study. 正： Doing a part time job always affects study. 4 ．词汇用法错误 误： He opened the light after he entered the room. 正： He turned on the light after he entered the room. 5 ．擅自改动习语 误： We lost the game, but we didn't lose our heart. 正： We lost the game, but we didn't lose heart. 改正下列句子中的错误 1 ． We must try our best to prevent the enviroment from being polluted. __________________________ 2 ． There is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with writen English. __________________ 3 ． During my summer vacation, I spent half a month in the country and played very happy. _________________ enviroment→environment 　 writen→written 　 happy→happily 　 4 ． We must notice our pronunciation when we speak English. ___________________________ 5 ． Just in the front of our house stands a tall tree with a history of 1,000 years. _______________________________ notice→pay attention to 　 in the front of→in front of 　 ( 二 ) 语法类错误 一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该准确无误。如果语法不正确，再好的构思也难以正确地表达，语法错误的多少会直接影响作文的档次。英语写作中语法类错误主要表现在：时态、语态错误、非谓语动词使用错误、主谓一致错误、比较级使用错误、多余的词以及平行错误等。 1 ．时态、语态错误 误： Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years. 正： Children who are raised in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years. 2 ．非谓语动词使用错误 误： Comparing with other countries, the country pays little attention to the pollution. 正： Compared with other countries, the country pays little attention to the pollution. 3 ．主谓一致错误 误： My hobby is widespread, which include drawing, collecting stamps and so on. 正： My hobby is widespread, which includes drawing, collecting stamps and so on. 4 ．比较级使用错误 误： With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting more and more smaller. 正： With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller. 5 ．多余的词 误： On one day, he went to the cinema. 正： One day, he went to the cinema. 6 ．平行错误 误： Then I put my book under my desk, opening it and started looking for the answer. 正： Then I put my book under my desk, opened it and started looking for the answer. 改正下列句子中的错误 1 ． In the morning, we had bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees. _________ 2 ． Not only Tom but also I are tired of one examination after another. __________ 3 ． They think students should have their own time to study and it is more quieter at home. ____________________ 4 ． There have been more and more road accidents happened in recent years. ______________________ 5 ． More and more people entered into the hall, so it became crowded. __________ 去掉 had 　 are→am 　 more→much 或去掉 more 　 happened→happening 　 去掉 into 　 ( 三 ) 汉语式英语 一般来说，英汉两种语言既有许多相似之处，又有许多不同之处。在写作时如果想当然地去写，会出现许多汉语式英语，其中主要包括：纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序、句子成分残缺、句子粘连以及搭配不当等。 1 ．纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序 误： At this school studying, I really very happy. 正： Studying at this school, I am really very happy. 2 ．句子成分残缺 误： There are many students don't support the project. 正： There are many students who don't support the project. 3 ．句子粘连 误： On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, bring us a lot of fun. 正： On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, which/and bring us a lot of fun. 4 ．搭配不当 误： We walked a far way before planting trees. 正： We walked a long way before planting trees. 误： Under the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English. 正： With the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English. 改正下列句子中的错误 1 ． We are impossible to finish the work in such a short time. _____________________________________________ 2 ． It's known that the cost in big cities is very expensive. __________________ 3 ． He has greatly improved his spoken English by this way. ___________________ 4 ． I haven't heard from your letter for a long time and I miss you very much. ___________________ 5 ． He has three sons, all of them work in Beijing. _______________________ We are impossible→It is impossible for us 　　 expensive→high 　 by→in 或 way→means 　 your letter→you 　 逗号后加 and 或 them→whom 　 Ⅲ ． 防范出现错误的 2 个措施 写对句子是作文得高分的关键和保证，考场上要避免上述低级错误，可采取以下两个措施。 ( 一 ) 确定主语 英语句子无论多长都有自己的主语 ( 祈使句省略了主语 you) 。动手写句子首先要确定主语，其次要特别注意汉语与英语的区别。例如： ① 北京八月多雨。 误： Beijing rains much in August. 正： It rains much in Beijing in August. ② 写得很匆忙，我们发现书中满是错误。 误： Written in a hurry, we found the book full of mistakes. 正： Written in a hurry, the book was found full of mistakes (by us) ． ( 二 ) 确定谓语动词 英语中没有动词就构不成句子，但动词千变万化，稍不注意就会写错句子。在写句子时应特别注意以下几个方面： 1 ．注意及物与不及物动词的正确运用。 误： The living standard of the people has raised in the past twenty years. 正： The living standard of the people has risen/has been raised in the past twenty years. 2 ．注意延续性与非延续性动词的正确运用。 误： He has left his hometown for twenty years. 正： He has been away from his hometown for twenty years. 3 ．注意一些不可用于被动语态的动词。 误： Many stars are appeared in the sky at night. 正： Many stars appear in the sky at night. 以下句子含有考生常犯的错误，请改正 1 ． Dr. Smith, together with his wife, are to arrive on the evening flight. __________ 2 ． The car hitted the old man and drived away. ___________________________ 3 ． It is high time we do something to reduce traffic accidents. _________________________ 4 ． There are many students are planting trees on the hill. __________________________________ are→is 　 hitted→hit ； drived→drove 　 do→did 或 do 前加 should 　 去掉第二个 are 或 students 后加 who 　 5 ． Eat at school is very convenient for students. ________________________________________________________ 6 ． It was Sunday, they all went for a picnic in the woods. __________________________ 7 ． Would you please meet my uncle at the airport because this is his first time visit to the US ？ __________ It is very convenient for students to eat at school. 　 逗号后加 so 或 was→being 　 去掉 time 　 8 ． While having our dinner, the doorbell rang. ___________________________________________________________ 9 ． Recently our village has taken place great changes. ___________________________________________________________ 10 ． Fishing is his favorite hobby, and he also likes collecting coins. ___________________________________________________________ 　 having 前加 we are 或 the doorbell rang→we heard the doorbell ringing Recently great changes have taken place in our village. 　 he also likes collecting coins→collecting coins also gives him pleasure 附　录： 1 ．阅卷老师公认的高分作文主要有以下特点： (1) 书写工整，卷面清晰。 工整漂亮的书写会使老师对你的试卷一见钟情，不忍扣分。 (2) 紧扣主题，重点突出。 既然是写英语文章，就要符合英语文化思维，英语文章的特点是喜欢开门见山，不喜欢乱兜圈子。因此，要力求表述的每一项内容都切中要点。 (3) 层次分明，过渡自然。 文章段落层次分明 ( 三段左右为宜 ) ，内容的表达符合交际需要，句子和段落之间过渡自然。 (4) 表达准确，用词地道。 用词贴切而无生搬硬套之感，句式灵活多变，富有活力和韵律，这是使文章脱颖而出的法宝。 (5) 逻辑严谨，发挥适度。 无论文章的文体和内容是什么，在紧扣主题的情况下，有逻辑地组织材料，并适度地进行细节描写和情感抒发，会使文章更加鲜活化。 2 ． 阅卷老师不会给高分的作文主要有以下特点： (1) 卷面凌乱，字迹潦草，书写过小、过密，字母连写严重，标点不清。 阅卷老师首先会觉得该考生不认真。在高强度的阅卷过程中，没有谁会逐字辨认书写得乱七八糟的内容，况且，评分原则中规定 “ 如书写较差以至于影响交际，将其分数降低一个档次 ” 。 (2) 有些试卷乍一看，洋洋洒洒，清楚工整，讨人喜欢。但细读起来，则会被搞得满头雾水。这类试卷的突出问题是：审题不清、层次混乱、句子残缺、拼写和语法错误目不暇接。这种前后印象反差的冲击，很难使阅卷老师笔下留情。 3 ． 部分阅卷老师的片语： (1) 要想达到及格线 (15 或 18 分 ) 以上，起码要有几个高级词汇、句式和复合句； (2) 不仅要点全，而且也会 “ 说话 ” ； (3) 书写很重要，书写潦草难辨，内容再好，也很难得四档分以上。