高中英语：Unit1《Festivals around the world》学案（2）（新人教版必修3） 26页

英语：Unit1《Festivals around the world》学案（2）（新人教版必修3）‎ Period 1 Reading ‎ 一、背景阅读：‎ International Women's Day (IWD) occurs on 8 March annually and is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. The first IWD was held on 19 March ‎1911 in Germany, Austria, Denmark and other European countries. German women chose this day because on this date in 1848 the Prussian king, faced with an armed uprising, had promised many reforms, including an unfulfilled one of votes for women.‎ In 1975, during International Women's Year, the United Nations began celebrating 8 March as International Women's Day. Two years later, in December 1977, the General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming a United Nations Day for Women's Rights and International Peace to be observed on any day of the year by Member States, in accordance with their historical and national traditions. For the United Nations, International Women's Day has been observed on 8 March since 1975. The Day is traditionally marked with a message from the Secretary-General. ‎ IWD today is an opportunity for women to come together and look back on a rich history of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development and to support this work in the present and future.‎ Questions Tell “T ”or “ F”‎ ‎1. The first IWD was held on 8 March ‎1911 in Germany, Austria, Denmark and other European countries.‎ ‎2. For the United Nations, International Women's Day has been observed on 8 March since 1975.‎ ‎3. The Day is traditionally marked with a message from the Secretary-General.‎ Keys:1. F The first IWD was held on 19 March ‎1911 in Germany, Austria, Denmark and other European countries. 2. T 3. T 二、课文理解：(P1)‎ Answer the following questions:‎ ‎1. What would most ancient festivals celebrate?‎ Which festival is now a children’s festival , and what do the children usually do on that day?‎ How many festivals are mentioned in the text to honour the famous people,what are they?‎ Why are people grateful during Thanksgiving festival?‎ ‎5. How do Chinese celebrate the Spring Festival?‎ Keys:1. Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn.‎ ‎2. Halloween is now a children’s festival.They dress up and go to their neighters’ homes to ask for sweets.‎ ‎3. Three festivals are mentioned to honour famous people. They are the dragon Boat Festival in China, Columbus Day in the USA, the National Festival in India.‎ ‎4. People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over.‎ ‎5. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumpings, fish and meat and may give children lucky money in red paper.There are dragon dances and carnivals, and families celebrate the Lunar New Year together.‎ 三、课文理解：(P7)‎ Put the statements on the passage A Sad Love Story in correct order.‎ Li Fang met Hu Jin at the tea shop on the corner on his way home.‎ Hu Jin told Li Fang she would meet him at the coffee shop after work.‎ Li Fang felt much regretted having misunderstood Hu Jin and missed the date with her.‎ The manager of the coffee shop turned on the TV on which was a sad Chinese love story being told.‎ Li Fang threw away flowers and chocolates bought for Hu Jin.‎ Li Fang thought the love story between him and Hu Jin were like that between Niulang and Zhinu.‎ Hu Jin didn’t turn up and Li Fang felt much disappointed and depressed.‎ ‎8. The manager of the TV programme expressed her hope that everyone could meet the one he or she loved that day.‎ The correct order: _______________________________________‎ Key: ‎2. 7. 4‎. 6. 8. 5. 1. 3.‎ ‎ Period 2‎ Language points(1) ‎ ‎1. [原文再现]Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather, planting in spring and harvest autumn. (P1) 最古老的节日总是庆祝严寒的结束，春季的种植和秋天的收割。‎ ‎[点拨] celebrate vt. celebration n 庆祝 congratulate vt congratulation n. 祝贺(常用复数)‎ ‎[辨析] celebrate与congratulate都与喜事沾边，但是后面所接宾语不一样，celebrate后面接sth (eg. Christmas / a New Year /one’s birthday / marriage /a wedding / a victory)，而congratulate后面只能接sb。如果表达"因为某事而祝贺某人"时我们通常用"congratulate sb on / upon sth"或“offer one’s congratulations on / upon sth”。另外还有一个区别是：celebrate译成"庆祝"，仪式较隆重，而congratulate译成"祝贺",一般只是口头表达一下而已。‎ We celebrated the New Year with a dance party.‎ 我们举行跳舞晚会庆祝新年。‎ I congratulated my friend on her birthday.‎ 我向女友祝贺生日。‎ Let me congratulate you on the birth of your daughter.‎ 我祝贺你喜获千金。‎ You really should congratulate yourself on your appearance.‎ 你真该为自己的外表而庆幸。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 ‎1）我们祝贺他通过了考核。‎ ‎______________________________________________________________‎ ‎2）他举行宴会庆祝自己的生日。‎ ‎______________________________________________________________ ‎ ‎2. [原文再现]At that time people would starve if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. (P1) 在那个时代，如果食物难以找到，特别是在寒冷的冬月，人们就会挨饿。‎ ‎[点拨]starve vi. ‎ ‎1). 饿死 The explorers starved to death in the desert. ‎ 探险者们在沙漠中饿死了。 ‎ ‎2) 挨饿 Let's get something to eat; I'm starving. ‎ 我们吃点东西吧;我饿坏了。 ‎ ‎4) 渴望;极需要[(+for)][+to-v]‎ The plants are starving for water. ‎ 这些植物极需要水。 ‎ vt. 1) 使饿死,使挨饿 She's starving herself trying to lose weight. ‎ 她正在节食，试图减轻体重。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 ‎1）他宁愿饿死也不愿偷窃。‎ ‎__________________________________________________‎ ‎2）我们急需的是原料.‎ ‎______________________________________________________‎ ‎3）But for his pension, he would starve.‎ ‎______________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现]If the neighbors don’t give any sweets, the children might play a trick on them. (P2)如果邻居什么糖也不给，那么孩子们就可以捉弄他们了。‎ ‎[点拨]trick诡计; 骗局; 谋略; 花招；恶作剧 play a trick/tricks on sb捉弄某人，开某人的玩笑 make fun of 嘲弄某人，取笑某人 play a joke on 开某人的玩笑 ‎[运用]‎ ‎1). The kids are always ______________________________ their teachers . (开老师的玩笑)‎ ‎2). Some of the tricks people _______ on each other on April 1st should be forbidden.‎ ‎ A. made B.acted C.taken D.played ‎[原文再现]India has a national festival on October2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain. (P2) 印度在‎10月2日有个全国性节日，纪念莫汉达斯.甘地，他是帮助印度脱离英国而独立的领袖。‎ ‎[点拨]gain n/v 获得，增加，（钟表）走得快 He has gained rich experience these years ‎ 这几年来，他获得了丰富的经验 ‎[运用]理解并翻译下列句子 No pains ,no gains.‎ ‎_________________________________________‎ The clock gains two minutes every hour. ‎ ‎______________________________________________‎ ‎3）I have gained weight and looked much better recently.‎ ‎___________________________________________________‎ ‎4）他从读书中得到许多好处。‎ ‎______________________________________________________‎ ‎5. [原文再现]some people might win awards for their farm produce, like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster.（P2)‎ ‎ 有些人还可能因为他们的农产品(参加各种评选)而获奖，比如最大的西瓜或最帅的公鸡。‎ ‎[点拨]award vt颁发，授予，奖赏 n奖，奖品，奖金，助学金 win /receive /get an award for sth 因……而得奖 She has been awarded a scholarship to study at Oxford. 她获得了去牛津大学念书的奖学金 He won the first award. 他获得了一等奖。‎ ‎[运用]‎ ‎1) The gold medal _________________（颁发给）Mr Brown.‎ ‎2) The well-known University has been _______ 81,600,000 yuan to develop good practice in teaching and learning.‎ A .promoted B. included C.secured D. awarded ‎ ‎6. [原文再现]China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and in China, enjoy mooncakes. (P2) 中国和日本都有中秋节，这时，人们会赏月。在中国，人们还品尝月饼。‎ ‎[点拨]admire vt 倾佩，赞赏，羡慕；夸奖；喜欢 admiration n倾佩，赞赏，羡慕 admire sb for / (doing) sth 因某事而倾佩、羡慕某人 express admiration for sb对某人表示倾佩 I admire her for the way she solves the problem.我倾佩她解决问题的方式。‎ I admire her for her beauty.我羡慕她的美丽。‎ ‎[运用]翻译下列句子 ‎1) 我们佩服居里夫人的发现。‎ ‎__________________________________________________________‎ ‎2) The school is widely admired for its excellent teaching.‎ ‎___________________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现]In the USA, Columbus Day is in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World. (P2) 美国的哥伦布日是纪念克里斯托弗 哥伦布发现“新大陆”的日子 ‎[拓展] in memory of 为了纪念 in need of 需要 in praise of为了表扬 in honour of为了纪念 in the face of 面对，纵然，即使 in hope of 希望 in charge of 负责，管理 in the charge of 由……管理 in search of 寻找 in place of 代替 A monument has been built in memory of the People’s heroes.‎ The factory is in / under the charge of the manager.‎ The manager is in charge of the factory.‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 They are in search of the source of the problem.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现]These carnival might include parades, dancing in the streets day and night, loud music and colorful clothing of all kinds. (P2) 狂欢节期间，人们身着各种艳丽的节日盛装，伴随着鼓噪的音乐，在街头游行，昼夜跳舞。‎ ‎[辨析] clothing 是最常用词，统指身上的各种服装，包括上衣，裤子，内衣等；是复数名词，不能直接与数词连用, clothes 是“衣服”，指具体的衣服，不能用作单数，也不能和数词连用。不能说a clothes,five clothes, 也不说The clothes is …,而应说The clothes are…。例如：  ‎ She is dressed in her everyday clothes.她穿着日常穿的衣服。  ‎ He wears fine clothes.他穿着讲究。  ‎ Where did you get your clothes made?你的衣服在哪做的？  ‎ clothing 是衣服、服装的总称，是集体名词，没有复数形式。可以说an article of clothing, a piece of clothing一件衣服。例如：  ‎ The orphans are well provided with food and clothing.孤儿的衣食供应很充足。  ‎ This shop sells men’s clothing.这家商店卖男装。‎ 若不考虑其细微区别，两者常可换用(注：一个是复数，一个不可数)。如： ‎ He spent a lot of money on clothes / clothing. 他花了许多钱买衣服。  ‎ cloth 的意思是“布料”、“毛料”、“丝绸”（特别指布料和毛料）。cloth在一般情况下是物质名词，不可数，没有复数，不能与不定冠词连用。例如：  ‎ a piece of cloth (不能说a cloth)一块布料  ‎ This piece of cloth is long enough for you to make a shirt.这块布够你做一件衬衣。  ‎ cloth用作桌布，台布，揩布时是可数名词。例如：  ‎ a table cloth一块桌布  ‎ a dish cloth一块擦碗布  ‎ The waiter dried the glass with a dirty cloth.那个服务员用一块脏布擦干了玻璃。 ‎ She bought some cloth to make herself a dress. 她买了些布要给自己做一件连衣裙。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 Clean the windows with a soft cloth. ‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现]The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. (P2) 最富生气而又最重要的节日，就是告别冬天，迎来春天的日子。‎ ‎[点拨] look forward to 期待，期盼，盼望，to 为介词，‎ I’m looking forward to your arrival.‎ The students are looking forward to the winter holiday.‎ 含介词to的短语有：‎ pay attention to注意 be/become/get used to习惯于 stick to坚持 get down to 开始、着手 lead to 导致 devote…to 致力于 prefer …to 比起…更喜欢 be sentenced to 宣判 add up to 总计 ‎ ‎[运用]翻译下列句子 ‎1). 我们已经习惯了这里的生活。‎ ‎____________________________________________‎ ‎2). 他把毕生都献给了科学。‎ ‎_____________________________________________‎ ‎10. [原文再现]The country , covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow.(P2)‎ 整个国度到处是盛开的樱花，看上去就像覆盖了一层粉红色的雪。‎ ‎[点拨]as though 好像，似乎，仿佛相当于as if，在句中可引导方式状语从句或表语从句,当用在look,seem.smell,taste,sound等系动词之后，引导表语从句，当用在行为动词之后，引导方式状语从句，无论是何种从句，当其所表示的情况是事实或具有很大的可能性时通常用陈述语气，当其所表示的情况不是事实，而是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻时，通常用虚拟语气。其动词时态的判断标准如下：‎ 判断条件 从句的谓语时态 as though/as if从句谓语与主句谓语同时进行 一般过去时；系动词一般用were as though/as if从句谓语在主句谓语之前发生 过去完成时，如果从句有过去时间，要用一般过去时 as though/as if从句谓语在主句谓语之后发生 过去将来时would +do It seems as if the boy has lost his way.‎ 那个男孩好像迷路了 He looked as though he knew it.‎ 他看起来像是知道这件事似的。‎ The yong man with long hair looks as if he were a girl.‎ 那个长头发的男青年看上去好像是个女的 He looks as if he had known something about it.‎ 她好像已经知道一些情况。‎ She talks and talks as if she would never stop.‎ 她说了又说好像永远停不下来。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 ‎1). The man looked at them all as though he were memorizing them.‎ ‎__________________________________________________‎ ‎2) . Sing as though no one can hear you.‎ ‎__________________________________________________‎ ‎3). 昨日似乎从来不曾有过。‎ ‎__________________________________________________‎ ‎11. [原文再现] However big the fool, there is always a bigger fool to admire him. (P4) 无论他有多蠢，他总有更蠢的崇拜者。‎ ‎[点拨]fool n 愚人，白痴，傻瓜 vt 愚弄 欺骗 foolish adj愚蠢的 make a fool of sb 愚弄某人 ‎ fool sb into doing 欺骗某人做某事 You can’t fool me with that old excuse.‎ ‎[运用]翻译下列句子 ‎1) 难道你没有意识到他们在捉弄你吗？‎ ‎________________________________________________‎ ‎2) 猴子骗老虎跳进河里。‎ ‎__________________________________________________‎ 答案:‎ ‎1.1) We congratulated him on having passed the examination. ‎ ‎2). He celebrated his birthday with a banquet.‎ ‎2. 1) He would starve before stealing. 2) We starve for raw material. ‎ ‎3) 要不是有养老金,他都要饿死了.‎ ‎3. 1) making fun of / playing jokes on / playing tricks on 2) D ‎ ‎4. 1) 不劳无获 2) 钟表每小时快两分钟 3) 我最近体重增加，脸色好看多了 4) He gained much profit from reading. ‎ ‎5. 1) was awarded to 2) D ‎ ‎6. 1）We admire Madame Curie for her discovery. 2）这所学校因为教学优秀而受到广泛的赞誉。‎ ‎7. 他们在寻找问题的根源。‎ ‎8. 用块软布擦窗子。 ‎ ‎9. 1) We are used to the life here. 2) He devoted himself to science.‎ ‎10. 1) 那人把他们盯着看，好象在使劲记住他们。 2) 尽情歌唱吧，就像没有人聆听一样。3) Yesterday seems as though it never existed.‎ ‎11. 1) Don’t you realize they were making a fool of you.‎ ‎ 2) The monkey fooled the tiger into the river .‎ ‎ Period 3‎ Language points(2)‎ ‎[原文再现] But she didn’t turn up. (P7) 可现在她却不见人影。‎ ‎[点拨]turn up ‎ 出现，露面，到达 He’s still hoping good luck will turn up.‎ Please be patient, he will turn up soon.‎ 调大，调高 Please turn up the radio.‎ Please turn up the tap.‎ ‎[拓展]turn down 拧小，拒绝 turn off 关掉 turn on 打开 turn out 结果是 ‎ turn to sb for help 向某人求助 turn in 上交 ‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 ‎1) 我做不出这道数学题，也不知道向谁求教。‎ ‎_____________________________________________‎ ‎2) He promosed to come yesterday,but he didn’t _____ yet.‎ A. turn in B. turn up C. turn on D. turn out ‎ ‎[原文再现]She said she would be there at seven o’clock, and he thought she would keep her word. (P7) 他认为她会守信用的。‎ ‎[点拨]Keep one’s word遵守诺言 break one’s word食言 You must keep your promise if you promised to take the children to the cinema.‎ have a word to say 有句话要说。‎ have a word with 和…说一句话。‎ have words with 和…争论。‎ in a few words ＝ in a /one word 一言以蔽之，要之，总而言之。‎ in other words 换言之，换句话说。‎ word for word 逐字地；一字不变地 ...‎ The best way to keep one's word is not to give it.‎ 信守诺言的最好方法是不许诺言！‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 Once you give someone a promise, you should make it no matter what will happen.This is what is called keep one's word.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现]Well, he was not going to hold his breath for her to apologize. (P7) 他不想屏息等她来道歉。‎ ‎[点拨] hold one's breath (由于激动等原因)屏息 lose one's breath 喘不过气来，呼吸困难 take a deep breath 深吸一口气 hold one's breath 屏息；憋住气 out of breath 上气不接下气 ... ‎ It's possible to hold one's breath for three minutes, with practice.‎ 经过练习，屏住呼吸三分钟是可能的。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 ‎1）她深吸了一口气，使自己平定下来。‎ ‎____________________________________________________‎ 这位老年人因为爬楼梯而上气不接下气。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎[点拨] apologize vi 道歉；谢罪 apologize to sb for (doing) sth 因为某事向某人道歉 apology n 歉意；道歉 make / offer / give an apology to sb for (doing) sth.因为某事向某人道歉 She apologized to me for making me angry.‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 你必须为你的过失向他道歉。‎ ‎__________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现]It was obvious that the manager of the coffee shop was waiting for Li Fang to leave. (P7) 很明显，咖啡馆里的经理在等李方离开。‎ ‎[点拨]It is obvious that 很显然，显而易见的是 It is obvious to shorten the distance between people and make our life more advantage.‎ 显然，它缩短了人们之间的距离并且使我们的生活更加便利。‎ It is obvious that he was fooled from beginning.‎ 很显然他一开始就被愚弄了。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 ‎1) 很明显，他一点儿也不知道怎样修理小汽车.‎ ‎______________________________________________‎ ‎2) However it is obvious that the elephant is not a column.‎ ‎_______________________________________________‎ ‎3) 很明显这种解答不能使每一个人满意。‎ ‎___________________________________________________‎ It is obvious that even if we can save much energy, we can only dalay the energy crisis.‎ ‎______________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现]As Li Fang set off for home, he thought…(P7) 李方动身往家走，心里想：‎ ‎[点拨] set off 出发，启程；引起，激起 动词十介词/副词 ...‎ set forth 阐明，陈述 set out 陈述，阐明；动身，起程；开始；摆放 ...‎ The children set off for school.‎ 孩子们上学去了。‎ If it should rain tomorrow, we would not set off.‎ 万一明天下雨的话，我们就不出发了。‎ They can eat candy and cake and set off firecrackers.‎ 他们能吃到各式各样的糖果饼干，还可以玩鞭炮。‎ We must get the right kind of frame to set off the picture.‎ 我们得找个合适的镜框把这幅画衬得更加好看。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 ‎1）他们第二天一清早就出发了。‎ ‎________________________________________‎ ‎2）问题是我们什么时候出发。‎ ‎____________________________________________‎ ‎3) The miners' action might set off sympathy strikes by transport workers.‎ ‎______________________________________________________________‎ Tom and his father set off for America yesterday, and arrived there this morning.‎ ‎______________________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现]I don’t want them to remind me of her. (P7) 我不想让它们想起她来 ‎[点拨]remind sb of sb/sth使某人想起 remind sb to do 提醒某人去做 remind sb that- clause The pictures reminded me of my school days. 这张照片使我想起了学生时代。‎ Remind me to write to Mother. 提醒我给妈妈写信。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 我提醒他必须在天黑前回家。‎ ‎________________________________________________‎ ‎[原文再现] She would never forgive me . (P7) 她恐怕永远也不会原谅他了 ‎[点拨]forgive sb/sth原谅某人/某事 forgive sb sth原谅某人某事 forgive sb for (doing) sth原谅某人做某事 What if I forgive the past?‎ 如果我原谅过去又会如何？‎ Forgive me for sending you a sample.‎ 请原谅我冒昧地寄样品给您.‎ I will not forgive me if I do not try.‎ 但如果我没有尝试，我是不会原谅自己的。‎ ‎[运用] 翻译下列句子 ‎1）你能原谅我让我再次尝试吗？‎ ‎___________________________________________________‎ ‎2) We can forgive, but never forget.‎ ‎______________________________________________________‎ ‎3) Love is slow to anger, quick to forgive.‎ ‎________________________________________________________‎ ‎4) 我永远也不会原谅你昨天对我所做的。‎ ‎_____________________________________________________________‎ People need to learn to forgive and be thankful.‎ ‎__________________________________________________________‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. 1) I can’t work out the maths problem, and I don’t know who to turn to for help. 2) B ‎2. 一旦你给了别人承诺，无论发生什么事，你都得实现它，这个就叫‘守诺言’。”‎ ‎3. 1) She took a deep breath and calmed herself down.‎ ‎ 2) The old man was out of breath from climing the stairs ‎3) You must apologize to him for your fault.‎ ‎4. 1) It is obvious that he doesn't know how to repair cars. 2) 但明眼人都知道，大象根本就不是一根柱子。3) It is obvious that this solution won't satisfy everyone. 4) 很明显,即使我们能节约很多能量,我们也只能推迟能源危机的到来。‎ ‎5. 1) They set off early the next morning. 2) The problem is when we will set off.‎ ‎ 3) 矿工的行动可能引起运输工人的同情性罢工。‎ ‎ 4) 汤姆和他的爸爸昨天动身去美国，并于今天上午到达那里。‎ ‎6. I reminded him that he must go home before dark. /. I reminded him to go home before dark..‎ ‎7. 1) Can you forgive me for trying again? 2) 我们可以原谅，但决不能遗忘。‎ ‎ 3) 爱是不轻易发怒，却能很快的宽恕。 4) I will never forgive what you did on me yesterday. 5) 人需要学会宽容和感激。‎ Period 4‎ Grammar Modal Verbs 一、情态助动词的词法和句法特征：‎ ‎1. 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：‎ We used to grow beautiful roses.‎ I asked if he would come and repair my television set.‎ ‎2. 情态助动词在限定动词词组总总是位居第一：‎ They need not have been punished so severely.‎ ‎3. 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：‎ She dare not say what she thinks.‎ ‎4. 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式：‎ Still, she needn’t have run away.‎ ‎5. 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：‎ Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?‎ She told him he ought not to have done it.‎ ‎6. 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：‎ You should have washed the wound.‎ Well, you shouldn’t be reading a novel.‎ 二.、 情态助动词的意义和用法 ‎1. can和could的用法 ‎1). 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：‎ Can you finish this work tonight?‎ Man cannot live without air.‎ ‎— Can I go now?   — Yes, you can.‎ ‎①could也可表示请求，预期委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：‎ ‎   Could I come to see you tomorrow?‎ ‎   Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, I’m afraid not.）‎ ‎      ②can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如：‎ ‎   I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.‎ ‎2)．表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或感叹句中）‎ Can this be true?‎ How can you be so careless!‎ This cannot be done by him.‎ ‎3)． “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如：‎ He cannot have been to that town.‎ Can he have got the book?‎ ‎2. may和might的用法 ‎1)． 表示许可。‎ 表示请求、允许时，might比many的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn’t表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如：‎ You may drive the car.‎ ‎— Might I use your pen?   — No, you mustn’t.‎ 用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。‎ ‎2)． 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：‎ May you succeed!‎ ‎3)． 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。‎ He may be very busy now.‎ ‎4)． “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：‎ He may not have finished the work.‎ ‎3. must和have to的用法 ‎1)． 表示必须、必要。如：‎ You must come in time.‎ 回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn’t，而要用needn’t或don’t have to。‎ ‎— Must we hand in our exercise books today?‎ ‎— Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)‎ ‎2)． “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。‎ ‎   This must be your pen.‎ ‎3)． “must + have +‎ ‎ 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。‎ He must have been to Shanghai.‎ ‎4)． have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同：‎ ‎① must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如：‎ The play is not interesting. I really must go now.‎ I had to work when I was your age.‎ ‎② must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。‎ ‎③ 二者的否定意义不大相同。如：‎ You mustn’t go. 你可不要去。‎ You don’t have to go. 你不必去。‎ ‎④ 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如：‎ Must I clean all the room?‎ ‎4. dare和need的用法 ‎1)． need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：‎ You needn’t come so early.‎ ‎— Need I finish the work today?‎ ‎— Yes, you must.‎ needn’t + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如：‎ You needn’t have waited for me.‎ ‎2)． Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：‎ How dare you say I’m unfair.‎ He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?‎ ‎3)． Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如：‎ I dare to swim across this river.‎ He does not dare (to) answer.‎ Don’t you dare (to) touch it!‎ I wondered he dare (to) say that.‎ He needs to finish it this evening.‎ ‎5. shall和should的用法 ‎1)． Shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如：‎ What shall we do this evening?‎ ‎2)． Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如：‎ Shall we begin our lesson?‎ When shall he be able to leave the hospital?‎ ‎3)． Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如：‎ You shall fail if you don’t work harder. （警告）‎ He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）‎ He shall be punished. （威胁）‎ ‎4)． Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：‎ You should go to class right away.‎ Should I open the window?‎ Should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子：‎ ‎① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。‎ ‎② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。‎ ‎③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。‎ ‎④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。‎ 从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。‎ Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成，主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如：‎ ‎⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。‎ ‎⑥ If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。‎ ‎⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。‎ 此外，Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如：‎ ‎⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚？‎ ‎⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 贝蒂住在哪里？‎ ‎— How should I know? — 我怎么会知道呢？‎ ‎⑩ I don’t know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。‎ ‎5)． “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如：‎ She should have finished it.‎ I should have helped her, but I never could.‎ You should have started earlier.‎ ‎6. will和would的用法 ‎1)． 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：‎ Would you pass me the book?‎ ‎2)． 表示意志、愿望和决心。如：‎ I will never do that again.‎ They asked if we would do that again.‎ ‎3)． 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：‎ This will be the book you want.‎ He will have arrived by now.‎ The guests would have arrived by that time.‎ I thought you would have finished this by now.‎ ‎4)． Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某中倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：‎ The wound would not heal.‎ During the vacation he would visit me every week.‎ ‎5)． 表料想或猜想。如：‎ It would be about ten when he left home.‎ What would she be doing there?‎ I thought he would have told you all about it.‎ ‎7. ought to的用法 ‎1)． Ought to表示应该。如：‎ You ought to take care of him.‎ ‎2)． 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别：‎ He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）‎ He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）‎ This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）‎ This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）‎ ‎3)． “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如：‎ You ought to have asked him (but you didn’t).‎ 这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。‎ 在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如：‎ Ought you smoke so much?‎ You oughtn’t smoke so much.‎ ‎8. used to，had better，would rather的用法 ‎1)． Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：‎ He told us he used to play football when he was young.‎ 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式：‎ 疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?‎ ‎ Used you to go to the same school as your brother?‎ 否定句 I usedn’t to go there.‎ ‎ I didn’t use to go there.‎ Usedn’t 亦可拼作usen’t，但发音皆为[ju:znt]。‎ 否定疑问句 Usen’t you to be interested in the theatre?‎ ‎ Didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre?‎ 强调句 I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.‎ ‎ I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.‎ 其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：‎ She used to be very fat, didn’t she? （正式）/ use(d)n’t she? （口语）‎ Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.‎ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)‎ ‎2)． Had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。如：‎ ‎— We had better go now.‎ ‎— Yes, we had (we’d better / we had better).‎ Hadn’t we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)‎ I think I’d better be going. （用于进行时态，表“最好立即”）‎ You had better have done that. （用于完成时态，表未完成动作）‎ ‎①had best与had better同意，但较少用。②You had better … 用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。‎ ‎3)． Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。如：‎ I’d rather not say anything.‎ Would you rather work on a farm?‎ ‎— Wouldn’t you rather stay here?‎ ‎— No, I would not. I’d rather go there.‎ 由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。如：‎ I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.‎ I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.‎ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.‎ I’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. （句中的’d rather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词）‎ 三、强化练习 ‎ 选择填空 ‎1. You _____ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.‎ ‎  A. can’t          B. mustn’t          C. needn’t         D. may not ‎2. Where is my pen? I _____ it.‎ ‎  A. might lose  B. would have lost  C. should have lost  D. must have lost ‎3. I wish I _____ you yesterday.‎ ‎  A. seen          B. did see         C. had seen      D. were to see ‎4. I didn’t hear the phone. I _____ asleep.‎ ‎  A. must be    B. must have been     C. should be    D. should have been ‎5. If my lawyer _____ here last Saturday, he _____ me from going.‎ ‎  A. had been; would have prevented          B. had been; would prevent ‎  C. were; would prevent                   D. were; would have prevented ‎6. He _____ you more help, even though he was very busy.‎ ‎  A. might have given  B. might have  C. may have given  D. may give ‎7. If it _____ for the snow, we _____ the mountain yesterday.‎ ‎  A. were not; could have climbed        B. were not; could climb ‎  C. had not been; could have climbed     D. had not been; could climb ‎8. Without electricity human life _____ quite difficult today.‎ ‎  A. is     B. will be      C. would have been       D. would be ‎9. A computer _____ think for itself, it must be told what to do.‎ ‎  A. can’t         B. couldn’t         C. may not       D. might not ‎10. Jenny _____ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.‎ ‎  A. must         B. should          C. need          D. would ‎11. We _____ last night, but we went to the concert instead.‎ ‎  A. must have studied   B. might study  C. should have studied  D. would study ‎12. — Could I borrow your dictionary?‎ ‎   — Yes, of course you _____.‎ ‎  A. might        B. will         C. can          D. should ‎13. Tom ought not to _____ me your secret, but he meant no harm.‎ ‎  A. have told      B. tell         C. be telling     D. having told ‎14. — If he _____, he _____ that food.‎ ‎   — Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.‎ ‎  A. was warned; would not take      B. had been warned; would not have taken ‎  C. would be warned; had not taken   D. would have been warned; had not taken ‎15. Peter _____ come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.‎ ‎  A. must         B. may          C. can          D. will ‎16. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her.‎ ‎  A. had to write it out                     B. must have written it out ‎  C. should have written it out              D. ought to write it out ‎17. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she _____, she would have met my brother.‎ ‎  A. has come     B. did come      C. came       D. had come ‎18. — Shall I tell John about it?‎ ‎   — No, you _____. I’ve told him already.‎ ‎  A. needn’t       B. wouldn’t       C. mustn’t       D. shouldn’t ‎19. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _____.‎ ‎  A. breaks     B. has broken     C. were broken     D. had been broken ‎20. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack _____ be here at any moment.‎ ‎  A. must       B. need       C. should       D. can ‎21.— There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.‎ ‎   — It _____ a comfortable journey.‎ ‎  A. can’t be    B. shouldn’t be    C. mustn’t have been   D. couldn’t have been ‎22. Johnny, you _____ play with the knife, you _____ hurt yourself.‎ ‎  A. won’t; can’t   B. mustn’t; may   C. shouldn’t; must   D. can’t; shouldn’t ‎23. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _____ get out.‎ ‎  A. had to        B. would         C. could          D. was able to ‎24. — When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.‎ ‎   — They _____ be ready by 12:00.‎ ‎  A. can           B. should          C. might         D. need ‎25. — I stayed at a hotel while in New York.‎ ‎   — Oh, did you? You _____ with Barbara.‎ ‎  A. could have stayed   B. could stay   C. would stay   D. must have stayed ‎26. — Will you stay for lunch?‎ ‎  — Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me.‎ ‎  A. I mustn’t      B. I can’t       C. I needn’t      D. I won’t ‎27. — Are you coming to Jeff’s party?‎ ‎   — I’m not sure. I _____ go to the concert instead.‎ ‎  A. must          B. would          C. should         D. might ‎28. — Write to me when you get home.‎ ‎   — _____.‎ ‎  A. I must         B. I should         C. I will        D. I can ‎29. I was really anxious about you, you _____ home without a word.‎ ‎ A. mustn’t leave  B. shouldn’t have left    C. couldn’t have left  D. needn’t leave ‎30. — Is John coming by train?‎ ‎   — He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.‎ ‎  A. must          B. can           C. need           D. may 答案与解析：‎ ‎1．C  从原题中You can keep it till next week if you like这一信息句可知，“你不必现在还”。‎ ‎2．D  从原题中Where is my pen?这一信息句可告诉考生，“笔丢了”，丢的动作是过去发生的。因此用must + have done表示对过去事实的肯定猜测。‎ ‎3．C  原题中的yesterday这一信息词告诉考生，在wish后的宾语从句中，用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。‎ ‎4．B  从原题中的I didn’t hear the phone.这一信息可以判断出，用must have ‎ done表示过去事实的准确的肯定猜测。‎ ‎5．A  从原题中last Saturday这一信息词可知，条件句中用表示与过去 事实相反的过去完成时，主句用would + have done。‎ ‎6．A  might have + 过去分词，在次是虚拟语气，表示“本来可以给你更多的帮助”，而事实则是帮助较少。‎ ‎7．C  从原题中的yesterday这一信息词暗示考生，该句应选用与过去事实相反的过去完成时，If it had not been for … “要不是因为……”。‎ ‎8．D  原题中的Without electricity相当于一个条件句：If there were no electricity,故主句用human life would be quite difficult today.‎ ‎9．A  can可以表示一种客观上的能力，本句can’t，表示“不能，不会”。‎ ‎10．B  从原题总的“I wonder why she changed her mind”“我不知道为何他改变了主意了。”这句话告诉考生Janny没有守诺言。因此，用should + have done，表示“过去本应该做某事，而实际上没有做”。‎ ‎11．C  可参看10题。意思是：“昨晚本应该学习，但是却去听音乐会了。”‎ ‎12．C  原题中的could不是过去时，而表示一种委婉、客气的礼貌用语。因此用could提问时，用can回答。同样用would，might提问，用will和may回答。[注意]①— Would you rather do such a thing?  — Yes, I would.‎ ‎②— Would you like some tea?  — Yes, I would.‎ 这两个对话中的would rather，would like是惯用法，故不能用will来回答。因为在这两个句型中，will不能去替换would。‎ ‎13．A  可参看10、15题。该句意思是：“汤姆本来不该告诉我你的秘密，但他没有伤害你的意思。”ought not to have done = shouldn’t have done ‎14．B  从答语中的Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately这一信息句可提示考生，条件句应填表示与过去事实相反的时态。‎ ‎15．B  从原题中的but he isn’t very sure yet这一信息句可暗示考生，Peter当晚来的可能性不大。A是“准来，肯定来”，D是“将要来”。‎ ‎16．C  可参看10、11、13题。“本应该”而事实上没有……‎ ‎17．D  从原题中I didn’t see your sister at the meeting和后文she would have met my brother这两个信息句可知，if条件句中应填与过去事实相反的过去完成时。可参看6、7、14题。‎ ‎18．A  你不必告诉他。因为I’ve told him already这一信息句已暗示考生了。‎ ‎19．C  当as if引导虚拟语气的句子是，如果主句与从句中的谓语词所表达的动作同时发生时，as if后接一般过去时。例如：He walked as if he were lame.如果从句中的谓语动作发生个在主句谓语动作之前，则用过去完成时。例如：He talked as if he had known the secret.不论主句中的谓语是现在时还是过去时。‎ ‎20．C  只要考生抓住nearly一词和后文at any moment（随时的意思）这两个信息词语，就能很快选出C项，表示逻辑推测，意思是“快七点钟了，杰克一会儿就该到了。”‎ ‎21．D  根据句意，是对过去情况的推测。“当时决不可能是一次舒服的乘车。”must表示对过去的推测只能用于肯定句。‎ ‎22．B  mustn’t表示“禁止”；may表示“有可能”。句子的意思是：“你不可以玩刀，可能会伤你自己。”‎ ‎23．D  该题在考考生could与was able to之间的区别。Was able to表示在困难的情况下，经过一番周折而“能……”，并且成功地做了。‎ ‎24．B  该题考查情态动词should表推测的用法。Can和might都可以表示可能性，用might则语气更加不肯定。Need表示“需要”、“必需”。Should可以表示推测，结合实际，合乎逻辑，意为“应当”、“该”。根据第一个说话者说的I need them tomorrow afternoon的语境，可以确定正确答案为B。‎ ‎25．A  该题在考查“情态动词+不定式的完成式”的用法，从会话的语境看，空白处应填“could + have +过去分词”表示过去本来能做到的事而事实上没有做到。‎ ‎26．B  该题考查表示请求的英语口语，用will来向第二人称提问的疑问结构，是表达一种意愿和请求，是以疑问的形式来表达较为婉转的祈使语气，意思是“请你……，好吗？”，对于这种问句的肯定答语可用Sure! Certainly! Yes, of course. I’d be glad to等；否定回答通常是I’m sorry, I can’t. No, I’m afraid I can’t. I’m sorry, but … I ‘d like to, but …等。‎ ‎27．D  might表示“可能性”。‎ ‎28．C  意思是“我会的”。对祈使句的肯定回答。‎ ‎29．B  shouldn’t have done为本来不该做某事，而事实上做了。‎ ‎30．D  用may not可表示“可能不”。而can not则表示断然的否定推测“不可能”。A，C意思不符。‎ ‎ Period 5‎ Speaking and writing 一、Speaking Making phone calls Invitations Thanks May I speak to……?‎ Can I ring / call back later?‎ Hold? Hang on ,please.‎ I’ll ring him / her up again.‎ Just a moment,please.‎ Sorry, he / she isn’t here right I wonder if you are interected in….‎ I’d like to invite you to…‎ Would you like…?‎ Could / would you please…?‎ I’m looking forward to …‎ Thank you so much.‎ Thanks a lot.‎ That’s very kind of you.‎ You’re most welcome.‎ Don’t mention it.‎ It’s a pleasure.‎ ‎ now.‎ I’d love to, but…‎ 二、Writing ‎1. 说明文写作指导 说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表，文体有报道、投稿、书信等。写作步骤如下：‎ 第一步：审题，确定主题句、主体时态(一般以现在时态为主)和中心人称；‎ 第二步：在主题句后按提示顺序将各要点以完整的句子表达出来；‎ 第三步：用过渡词将上下文的逻辑关系体现出来。‎ ‎2. 精选范文 某国际性英语刊物有一个介绍各国风俗习惯的专栏，请为该专栏写一篇短文，简单介绍中国的农历新年(春节)。请包括以下要点：‎ ‎1). 春节是中国人的重要节日；‎ ‎2). 春节在哪一天(农历：the lunar calendar)；‎ ‎3). 除夕一家人吃团圆饭(have a…meal)；‎ ‎4). 守岁爆竹迎新年(爆竹 firecracker)；‎ ‎5). 大年初一亲朋好友拜年(exchange…greetings)；‎ ‎6). 孩子们的压岁钱(lucky money)；‎ ‎ The Spring Festival ‎ The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China .It is on the first day of lunar year, people celebrate to each other . In the evening before the Spring Festival , families get together and have a big meal , dumplings are the most traditional food. Then they stay up late or all night on New Year's Eve. In many places people like to set off firecrackers . Children like the festival very much , because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes .They can also get some lucky money from their parents and relatives. This money is given to children for good luck .‎ The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long . People visit relatives and friends and exchange their best greetings. People enjoy the Spring Festival , during this time they can have a good rest .‎ ‎3. 练习，写一篇短文，简单介绍一下圣诞节。‎ 要求：120词左右 参考范文：‎ ‎ Christmas Is Coming ‎ I like Christmas, it is just like our Spring Festival. ‎ Maybe the Spring Festival is much more important and interesting than Christmas, but I like Christmas Day better. ‎ Because we can spend time with our friends and classmates during Christmas. When it is snowy, Christmas becomes much more lovely, just like in fairytales. I can imagine I am in a fairytale, the girl who sold the matches is my friend, the ugly duck becoming more and more beautiful and so on. What a beautiful place! So we can also call Christmas “Snowy Lovely Day.” ‎ On Christmas Day, shops are red and green. There are so many Christmas cards, Christmas hats, Christmas dolls and many colourful things. So shops look very beautiful. We can give a card or a doll to our friends and say “Merry Christmas.” By the way, I think studying can also become much more interesting. ‎ Christmas is coming, it also means a new year will come. Let’s study harder to welcome the new year! ‎