2021版高考英语一轮复习Unit3Scienceandnature课后达标检测牛津译林版必修5 14页

Unit 3 Science and nature 课时练1　2篇阅读＋1篇完形 阅读理解 A ‎(2020·宣城诊断)‎ ‎ In the story of The Crow and the Pitcher from Aesop’s Fables, a thirsty crow(乌鸦) drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.‎ Now scientists have evidence to back up that story. Crows actually do understand how to make water displacement(排水量) work to their advantage, experiments show. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.‎ Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, presented six crows with tubes containing water. Inside the tubes, a worm or a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crows. In front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.‎ However, the_birds_handled_awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. Dropping objects into a narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. The crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.‎ Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks.‎ 14‎ ‎ In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了科学家通过实验对乌鸦智商进行的研究。‎ ‎1．How did the crows get the snack in Sarah’s experiment?‎ A．By breaking the tube.‎ B．By dropping in erasers.‎ C．By standing on the wood.‎ D．By removing the wood.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.”可知，乌鸦能够把橡皮擦扔到管里，使水位升高，然后吃到零食。所以选B项。‎ ‎2．What does the author mean by “the birds handled awkwardly” in Paragraph 4?‎ A．They were unable to tell different shapes.‎ B．They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.‎ C．They were not aware of the snack at first sight.‎ D．They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.‎ D　解析：推理判断题。从第四段可知，实验中的乌鸦在面对粗细不同的管子时，虽然只需往细管里投两次物体就可以够到零食，而需往粗管里投大约七次物体才能够到零食，但是乌鸦往往先去粗管那边，而没有选择更容易获得零食的细管。由此可推知，画线部分是说它们通常没有选择更容易的方式得到零食。‎ ‎3．What does the text mainly focus on?‎ A．Stories of Aesop’s Fables.‎ B．The development of crows.‎ C．Crows’ intelligence.‎ D．Humananimal communication.‎ C　解析：主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.”以及下文中的实验可知，整篇文章都是围绕乌鸦的智商问题来展开的。‎ ‎4．What do we know about crows in the passage?‎ 14‎ A．Crows are almost as clever as firstgraders in some respects.‎ B．Crows understand water displacement completely.‎ C．Chimps and children are much smarter than crows.‎ D．The story of The Crow and the Pitcher lacks evidence.‎ A　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.”可知，乌鸦在一些方面几乎跟一年级学生一样聪明。‎ B ‎(2020·潍坊统一考试)‎ Plants cannot run or hide, so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten. Some curl up their leaves, others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling on them, chewing them up or laying eggs on them—all signals of an attack. New research now shows that some flora can feel a planteating animal well before it launches an attack, letting a plant prepare a preemptive(先发制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.‎ When ecologist John Orrock of the University of WisconsinMadison sprayed snail slime—a liquid the animals release as they slide along—onto soil, nearby tomato plants appeared to notice. They increased their levels of an enzyme(酶), which is known to prevent planteating animals. “None of the plants were ever actually attacked，” Orrock says. “We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”‎ Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails; in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat. The investigators found that hungry caterpillars(毛虫), which usually eat tomato leaves greedily, had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance. This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival, ‎ 14‎ says Orrock, who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia.‎ The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious, a plant communications expert, who was not involved in the study. “It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such farranging effects，” Karban says. “The research was comprehensive，” he adds, “but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”‎ ‎“That’s the milliondollar question，” Orrock says. He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了一项新的科学研究。研究表明植物会对外在威胁相当警觉，会自动作出反应进行自我保护。‎ ‎5．John Orrock sprayed a liquid onto soil near tomato plants to ________．‎ A．make them grow better B．give them a warning C．keep planteating animals away D．inform planteating animals of danger B　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”可推知，John Orrock在西红柿植株附近的泥土上喷洒液体的目的是给予植物一种警告，让它们能够产生自我保护性反应，且其与第三段第一句中的“his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat”呼应，故选B。‎ ‎6．Why is the example of caterpillars mentioned in Paragraph 3?‎ A．To introduce another animal.‎ B．To confirm the result of the study.‎ C．To appeal to people to protect animals.‎ D．To analyze different resistance chemicals.‎ B　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails；in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat.”可推知，文章中 14‎ 提到毛虫的例子是为了验证研究的结果，故选B。‎ ‎7．What does Richard Karban really want to know?‎ A．How tomato plants become aware of danger.‎ B．What the chemicals in the snail slime are.‎ C．Whether the research is of practical value.‎ D．What the finding of the research is.‎ A　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“‘The research was comprehensive，’he adds，‘but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.’”，并结合对最后一段的整体理解可推知，Richard Karban实际上想了解的是西红柿植株是如何意识到危险的，故选A。‎ ‎8．What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A．Watchful Plants B．Greedy Animals C．A Snail’s Approach D．A Defense Attack A　解析：标题归纳题。根据文章中的关键词plant，并结合对全文的整体理解可推知，本文主要讲述的是有关植物的科学研究，研究发现植物有对外在威胁或攻击的自我保护性反应，故选A。‎ 完形填空 ‎(2020·昆明教学质量检测)My least favorite part was participating in sport meets, for I loved running by myself. When faced with running against fellow athletes, I was __1__. I had butterflies in my stomach and the sudden urge to go to the nearest __2__. This year, __3__， I was encouraged to join in a running competition by my coach.‎ The 800－meter event was approaching, meaning that I would __4__ soon. I breathed deeply and tried to __5__ my worries. I walked over to some of the __6__ who would run with me and started to __7__ with them. We were all loosening up and getting ready to run as __8__ as possible.‎ I stepped up to the line for the event. The starter raised his starting gun and __9__. About twentyfive runners __10__. With these runners around me, I __11__ my coach’s words, “You may be small, but you have __12__ power.” So, I kept up with athletes twice my __13__. I picked up the runner in seventh place and based my steps ‎ 14‎ on him, making it a little bit faster. One by one, I __14__ to make it to the top four, bursting around the lap.‎ It was the last lap before the final straightaway. I __15__ I had the possibility to win. So I widened my steps, speeding up my __16__. I caught up with the runner in first place and we ran side by side down the last 100 meters—I __17__ him by a hair at the finishing line.‎ My coach gave me a __18__ hug as I headed back to see him. He was __19__ because I had shortened my original __20__ by twelve seconds at least.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。“我”以前喜欢一个人跑步，最不爱参加运动会，但是今年“我”努力尝试，参加了跑步比赛。‎ ‎1．A.shocked B．nervous C．comfortable D．brave B　解析：根据上文中的“for I loved running by myself”以及空后的“I had butterflies in my stomach”可知，当“我”与运动员同伴赛跑时，“我”很紧张。‎ ‎2．A.stadium B．hospital C．bathroom D．station C　解析：根据该句中的“I had butterflies in my stomach”并结合选项和常识可推知，“我”和其他人一起跑步很紧张，会突然急切地想去最近的洗手间。‎ ‎3．A.however B．instead C．otherwise D．moreover A　解析：空处所在句表示今年教练鼓励“我”去参加跑步比赛，与上文内容形成转折，所以用however“然而”。‎ ‎4．A.delay B．fail C．escape D．compete D　解析：根据空前的“The 800meter event was approaching”可知，“我”很快将参加800米比赛。‎ ‎5．A.ignore B．increase C．form D．imagine A　解析：根据语境可知，“我”深呼吸并试图忽略自己的担忧。‎ ‎6．A.reporters B．judges 14‎ C．runners D．coaches C　解析：根据语境和空后的“who would run with me”可知，“我”走向一些将和“我”一起跑步的跑步者，开始和他们一起热身(warm up)。‎ ‎7．A.watch out B．turn back C．get away D．warm up D　解析：参见上题解析。‎ ‎8．A.smoothly B．rapidly C．calmly D．patiently B　解析：根据空前的“We were all...to run”并结合常识可知，“我们”都准备好尽可能快地奔跑。‎ ‎9．A.returned B．withdrew C．screamed D．fired D　解析：根据语境可知，发令员举起发令枪并开枪(示意起跑)。‎ ‎10．A.took off B．set down C．looked on D．went about A　解析：根据上文可知，发令员开枪示意起跑，大约25名赛跑者出发。‎ ‎11．A.challenged B．recalled C．forgot D．adapted B　解析：根据语境可知，被这些赛跑者包围，“我”想起了教练的话。‎ ‎12．A.exact B．great C．practical D．suitable B　解析：根据空前的“You may be small” “but”并结合语境可知，此处表示你或许弱小，但你拥有巨大的力量。‎ ‎13．A.pressure B．salary C．size D．age C　解析：根据语境并结合选项可知，“我”与两倍于自己体格的运动员齐头并进。‎ ‎14．A.offered B．pretended C．regretted D．managed D　解析：根据空后的“make it to the top four”可知，“我”设法跑进了前四。‎ ‎15．A.claimed B．heard 14‎ C．supposed D．remembered C　解析：根据上文中的“the last lap”可知，“我”认为自己有获胜的可能。‎ ‎16．A.speech B．mind C．fight D．pace D　解析：根据空前的“So I widened my steps”可知，“我”跨大步子，加快了速度。‎ ‎17．A.beat B．pushed C．dragged D．followed A　解析：根据语境可知，“我”追上了第一名，并和他肩并肩跑完了最后的100米，在终点线以微弱的优势赢了他。‎ ‎18．A.soft B．cautious C．firm D．slight C　解析：根据上文内容可知，“我”在赛跑中取得了第一名，当“我”回去看教练时，教练给了“我”一个坚实的拥抱。‎ ‎19．A.excited B．disappointed C．relaxed D．depressed A　解析：根据语境可知，教练很兴奋，因为“我”比自己原先的(跑步)时间(time)至少缩短了12秒。‎ ‎20．A.distance B．time C．lap D．step B　解析：参见上题解析。‎ 课时练2　1篇阅读＋1篇七选五 ‎＋1篇改错＋1篇书面表达 阅读理解 ‎(2020· 铜陵调研) Superstorm Sandy slammed into the eastern United States a few years ago. The winddriven water caused a lot of flooding, especially in the region’s subway system. Now two teens have invented a device that could help prevent future subway floods.‎ In New York City alone, Superstorm Sandy caused an estimated $19 billion in damage. Much of the floodwaters entered the subway system through its ventilation grates (通风栅). Those metal grills usually lie at ground level. When the system ‎ 14‎ is shut down ahead of a flood, engineers try to cover those grates with plywood (胶合板) and sandbags. But the flooding often washes away those measures, which allows water to flow into the tunnels. Raising those grates even a tiny bit above ground level would cost a lot of money. Other ideas have included building tall chimneys around the holes. That would raise the grates and cost a lot of money, too.‎ Kyle and Raymond came up with a different, less expensive idea. They designed a metal grate with a builtin, adjustable cover. When trains are running, one part of the grate slides open to bring in fresh air. But when the system is shut down, that part can be slid shut to completely block the grate.‎ Their grate is the same size as the grates used now. So, it would be simple, they say, to lift out the old grate and drop in a replacement. Their design includes tamperproof features, which can prevent operation mistakes. They make sure that people don’t intentionally shut off airflow during normal conditions. For people with the proper key, it would only take a minute or two to close the grate ahead of a flood.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文主要讲述了几年前超级风暴Sandy猛烈袭击美国东部，造成了洪水灾害，当地的地铁被洪水淹没。为防止地铁再次被洪水淹没，两位少年发明了一种装置。‎ ‎1．What’s the second paragraph mainly about?‎ A．The steps to operate grates.‎ B．The measures to prevent flood.‎ C．The function of plywood and sandbags.‎ D．The disadvantage of present subway system.‎ D　解析：段落大意题。根据第二段第一句可知，据估计超级风暴Sandy仅在纽约市就造成了价值190亿美元的损失。文章接下来分析了超级风暴造成的洪水淹没地铁的原因：目前的地铁系统存在很大的弊端。故选D。‎ ‎2．Which of the following words best describes the two teens’ new invention?‎ A．Costly.　 B．Timesaving.‎ C．Practical. D．Conventional.‎ C　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第一、二句“Their grate is the same size as the grates used now. So, it would be simple, they say, to lift out the old grate 14‎ ‎ and drop in a replacement.”可知，他们使用的栅栏和现在使用的栅栏大小一样，所以，他们说这会很容易就可以把旧的栅栏取出来，并放入一个替换栅栏；再结合最后一段最后一句可推知，新的栅栏操作起来也很方便。故选C。‎ ‎3．What’s the purpose of designing the tamperproof feature?‎ A．To replace the old grate correctly.‎ B．To close the grate ahead of a flood.‎ C．To ensure airflow in normal conditions.‎ D．To stop the train speeding up unexpectedly.‎ C　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第三、四句可知，设计干预防护的特点可以阻止操作失误，有了干预防护，他们确保人们不会有意地在正常情况下关掉空气流通的功能，故选C。‎ ‎4．Where does the text most probably come from?‎ A．A news report.‎ B．An adventurous story.‎ C．An introduction to new equipment.‎ D．A guidebook to making grates.‎ A　解析：文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了两位少年发明了一种成本较低、实用的地铁防洪装置以及该装置的特点和优势，应该属于新闻报道类文章，故选A。‎ 七选五 ‎(2020·广东七校联考)We all have to make decisions all the time, and we have an abundance of choices, ranging from tiny issues to vital ones. Unfortunately, people often find it hard to make decisions. 1.________If you would like to improve your skill of decision making, here are four suggestions for you.‎ Don’t expect to have it all.‎ ‎2．________ You can’t order every delicious dish on the menu. And there will be paths not taken, careers not chosen, to name but a few. You can imagine some “what if” situations if you must, but do not let them take up too much space in your brain.‎ ‎3．________‎ It’s often good to think through your decisions. But don’t overdo it. Research ‎ 14‎ can reach a point where returns begin to reduce, which makes it confusing more than clarifying. Many good decisions can be made based as much on intuition(直觉) as on careful assessment of endless data.‎ Don’t delay making decisions.‎ Yes, there is a time to put off making a decision. Perhaps you need more information. 4.________ Or it’s likely that you wait for a less stressful time. Just don’t wait so long that the decision is made by your own indecisiveness.‎ Don’t be hard on yourself.‎ You decide to go on a voyage. You choose an expensive liner. Everything should work out just right. Only you didn’t expect a bug that ran around on the ship, making you and your family sick for five days. 5.________ But please remember it is unavoidable sometimes.‎ A．Don’t spend too much time thinking.‎ B．It is an important source of information.‎ C．You may regret making such a stupid decision.‎ D．Don’t count on emotion to make decisions.‎ E．Maybe you wish to consult with your adviser.‎ F．Decisions force us to close the door on other possibilities.‎ G．That means the skill of good decision making counts a lot.‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了提高决策技能的四条建议，包括不要求全责备，不要费时思虑太多，不要延误做决定和不要苛求自己。‎ ‎1．G　解析：根据空处所在位置可知，该句承上启下；根据空前一句“Unfortunately, people often find it hard to make decisions.”可知，不幸的是，人们经常发现很难做决定。据此可以推断，做好决定的技能很重要，故G项正确。空处下文中的“your skill of decision making”也是提示。‎ ‎2．F　解析：根据该段小标题Don’t expect to have it all.可知，该段主要论述“不要求全责备”；结合空后的“You can’t order every delicious dish on the menu. And there will be paths not taken, careers not chosen, to name but a few.”可知，做决定迫使我们关上了其他可能性的大门，故F项正确。‎ ‎3．A　解析：根据空处所在的位置可知，‎ 14‎ 空处为该段的小标题；结合本段第一、二句“It’s often good to think through your decisions. But don’t overdo it.”可知，该段主要论述“不要费时思虑太多”这一观点，故A项正确。‎ ‎4．E　解析：根据空前的“there is a time to put off making a decision”可知，空处与空前一句和空后一句都为延迟做决定的可能原因，故E项“你可能希望咨询你的顾问”符合语境。‎ ‎5．C　解析：根据该段小标题Don’t be hard on yourself.可知，该段主要论述“不要苛求自己”；结合空后一句“But please remember it is unavoidable sometimes.”可知，请你要记住这有时是不可避免的事情。据此可以推断，空处表示“你可能会后悔做这个愚蠢的决定”，故C项正确。‎ 短文改错 ‎(2020·合肥第一次质检)Last month our class organized a hike along the Chaobai River, which run through Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. Much to my disappoint, I found the river was serious polluted. At that moment, I was determined to do what I could protect it. First, under my teacher’s help, I used the equipments from the school lab to test the quality of the river water. But then, I used the data I had collected it to analyze the pollution of the river. Finally, I write a report on the pollution of the river to the local government. I also gave a presentation in class where I suggested that we must make changes to protect our water resources.‎ 答案：‎ Last month our class organized a hike along the Chaobai River, which through Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. Much to my ， I found the river was polluted. At that moment, I was determined to do what I could protect it. First, my teacher’s help, I used the from the school lab to test the quality of the river water. then, I used the data I had collected to analyze the pollution of the river. Finally, I a report on the pollution of the river to the local government. I also gave a presentation in class where I suggested that we / make changes to protect our water resources.‎ 14‎ 书面表达 ‎(2020·安徽省示范高中模拟)假设你是李华，你的英国好友Peter打算来中国旅游，他想先学习一些中文，却不知道如何入门。你决定帮助他，写一封邮件告诉他你的想法。要点如下：‎ ‎1．你给他的学习建议；‎ ‎2．介绍你的帮助计划；‎ ‎3．对结果的展望。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；‎ ‎3．开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。‎ Dear Peter，‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ Looking forward to your early reply.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua One possible version：‎ Dear_Peter，‎ Glad to hear that you are going to take a trip to China this August. As I know, you are always interested in Chinese culture and want to learn some Chinese. Therefore, I suggest that you choose Chinese daily dialogue as a start, like greeting people, asking for directions and bargaining for souvenirs, which can help you a lot during your trip.‎ Learning a foreign language needs great efforts. Apparently, I’d like to be your teacher and send you an ebook with my teaching schedule later. Besides let’s have an online class over the Internet every weekend, through which I will 14‎ ‎ try my best to make your learning easier and surely you can speak some fluent Chinese before your arrival.‎ Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.‎ Yours，‎ Li_Hua 14‎