2021年高考英语语法核心考点复习：强调句和倒装句知识点 16页

‎2021年高考英语语法核心考点复习：强调句和倒装句知识点 ‎   强调句型的基本句式为： It is /was + 被强调部分 + that 或 who（只能指人） + 句子的其余部分。被强调部分指人时，引导词用 who 或 that，被强调部分为疑问代词 who 时，为了避免重复，只能用 that，其余情况一律用 that。如：‎ It is I who was present at the meeting last Friday.‎ 上周星期五是我出席这个会议的。‎ It was because he worked hard that he succeeded.‎ 他是因为努力工作才取得成功的。‎ It was with great pleasure that we learned of your son’s success.‎ 我们非常高兴地了解到你儿子所取得的成功。‎ It was in the laboratory which Mr. Smith is in charge of that they did the experiment.‎ 他们是在史密斯先生负责的那个实验室里做这个实验的。‎ It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.‎ 直到她把墨镜取下来，我才意识到她是个著名的电影明星。‎ It was only when I read his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty.‎ 只是当我最近读到他的诗时，我才开始欣赏这些诗的美。‎ ‎ ‎ 注： a. 有时某些状语从句，主语从句，定语从句因结构相似，容易与强调句型混淆，可用如下方法判断是否为强调句型：将 It is … who / that 去掉，如果句子成立 (有时要调整语序 )，则属于强调句型，否则就不是。如果是时间 it，则引导词需选用引导时间状语从句的从属连词 when, since, before 等，如为形式主语 it，则引导词需选用引导主语从句的与句型相适应的连词，辨别是何 it，应注意时态和引导词的关系。‎ ‎  当被强调部分是句子的时间状语时应特别注意区别：It+ be + 时间 + when /before 从句。这种句型中，时间常为某一点，而且由于充当表语，一般不用介词。而强调句中，被强调的时间前常用介词。如：‎ It was long before they met again.                      ‎ 过了很久他们也才见面。( 时间 it )‎ It was at seven o’clock that we arrived at the airport.       ‎ 我们是在七点钟到达飞机场的。( 强调句 )‎ It was seven o’clock when we set off for the station.        ‎ 现在七点钟了，是我们动身去车站的时间了。( 时间 it )‎ It was three years ago that it happened.                   ‎ 这事就发生在三年前。( 强调句 )‎ It is / has been three years since he left his hometown.      ‎ 他离开家乡有三年了。( 时间 it )‎ Was it you that I saw last night at the concert?      ‎ 昨天晚上我在晚会上见到的是你吗? ( 强调句 )‎ ‎ ‎ b. 强调句式的疑问形式要特别注意强调句式的特殊疑问句，尤其是对疑问副词的强调，即：疑问副词 + 强调句的一般疑问句。如：‎ When did you come back?‎ 你什么时候回来？‎ When was it that you come back?‎ 你到底什么时候回来？（强调句）‎ What do you want me to do?‎ 你想要我做什么？‎ What is it that you want me to do?‎ 你到底想要我做什么？（强调句）‎ 倒装 概述：英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。如：‎ The boy rushed out.‎ 那个男孩冲了出来。  ‎ 然而,在实际运用中，有时需将本来在句子后边的部分提到句子的前边。在多数情况下是把谓语的一部分或全部放在主语之前，这种现象称为倒装。英语中的倒装句常分为两种：全部倒装和部分倒装。在全部倒装的句子中，整个谓语动词都置于主语之前，通常适合于 谓语是简单谓语 (常为一般现在时或一般过去时)，且主语不是代词的情况。如：‎ Out rushed the boy.‎ 那个男孩冲了出来。‎ 在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分（即作用词，如：助动词、情态动词或系动词be ）置于主语之前，其余部分仍在主语后面。如：‎ Here comes the bus.‎ 公共汽车来了。‎ ‎" What the child said is true," said the father.‎ ‎“那个孩子说的是真的。”父亲说。‎ Never shall I forget it.‎ 我决不会忘记它。‎ Only in this way can you learn from your mistakes.‎ 只有这样我们才能在错误中学习。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎  英语句子之所以使用倒装，其目的有二：一是语法要求，如大多数疑问句、there be句型（即：存在句）、祝愿句等。二是修辞要求，即为了强调某一成分，为了描写生动，为了衔接上文，或为了平衡句子等。如：‎ ‎—Do you know he quarrelled with his elder brother ?‎ ‎—I don' t know,nor do I care. ‎ ‎--你知道他跟他的哥哥吵架了吗？‎ ‎--我不知道，我也不关系此事。‎ Not until all the fish died in the river, did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.  ‎ 直到河中的鱼都死了，村民们才意识到污染的严重性。‎ ‎—David has made great progress recently.‎ ‎—So he has, and so have you.  ‎ ‎--大卫最近取得了很大进步。‎ ‎--他确实取得了很大的进步，你也取得了进步。‎ ‎—It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.‎ ‎—My God ! So I did.   ‎ ‎--你真粗心，整个晚上把你的衣服放在外面。‎ ‎--的确如此。‎ I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life had I felt so happy.     ‎ 我终于得到了这个工作，我一生从来没有如此高兴过。‎ Not a single song did she sing at yesterday' s party.‎ 她在昨天的晚会上不止唱了一首歌。‎ Only with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise. ‎ 只有努力工作你才有希望获得高收入。‎ ‎ ‎ 全部倒装 即主谓直接倒装，无论谓语动词是哪种，都需要提到主语之前。‎ 在以 there, here 或 up, down, out, in, away 等表示方位的副词或 then, now 等表示时间的副词置于句首时，以及介词短语用作地点状语置于句首时，常用全部倒装，以示强调。这时谓语动词通常是 come, go,run, fly, rush 等表示位置转移的动词和 be动词。如：‎ There stands an old pine tree at the entrance to the valley.‎ 在峡谷在人口处有一棵大树。‎ Over rolled the goat, dead.‎ 那只山羊打了一个滚，死了。‎ Up jumped the cat and caught the mouse.‎ 那只猫跳了起来，抓住了老鼠。‎ Nearby are houses built by the villagers themselves.‎ 附近的房子都是村民自己建的。‎ Seeing the gardener coming, away ran the naughty children.‎ 看见园丁来了，这些淘气的孩子们就跑了。‎ Now comes Wang' s turn to keep guard.‎ 现在该你去站岗了。‎ ‎—Can you tell me where my uncle is ?‎ ‎—Yes, of course,  here comes your uncle !‎ ‎--你可以告诉我我的舅舅在那儿吗？‎ ‎--当然可以，那不就是你舅舅吗！‎ Under a big tree sat a fat man, half asleep.‎ 大树下坐着一个胖子，快要睡着了。‎ On the roof hang six lights.‎ 天花板上挂着六只灯。‎ ‎ ‎ 注：但主语是人称代词时，主语和渭语的语序不变。‎ Out they rushed in a great hurry.‎ 他们急匆匆地跑了出来。‎ In he came, stick in hand.‎ ‎ 他进来了，手里拿着拐杖。‎ He was phoned for and away he went.‎ 有人打电话找他，他就出去了。‎ ‎—Why hasn' t Xiao Li come yet ?‎ ‎—Look, there he comes.‎ ‎--小李怎么还没有来？‎ ‎--看，他不是来了吗。‎ ‎ ‎ 部分倒装 即谓语中的一部分（即作用词，如：助动词,情态动词或系动词 be ）置于主语之前，其余部分仍在主语后面。‎ ‎1. 为了强调only 及其所修饰的状语（通常是副词、介词短语或从句），则将它们移到句首，句中的主谓语用部分倒装。如：‎ Only then did I realize what“ revolution”meant.‎ 到那时我才意识到“革命”一词是什么意思。‎ Only in that way can we learn English well.‎ 只有这样我们才能学好英语。‎ Only when the rain stopped did the match start again.‎ 雨停了比赛才又开始了。‎ Only until his father was out of prison could Charles go to school.‎ 直到他父亲出狱了他才上学。‎ Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.‎ 他告诉了我这个消息我才知道所发生的事。‎ Only once did his father discuss his future with him.‎ 他的父亲只跟他讨论过一次他的未来。‎ Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.‎ 只有能力我们才能成功地干事情。‎ Only when I worked as an interpreter did I realize how important it is to grasp English.‎ 我当了翻译才意识到掌握英语的重要性。‎ ‎ ‎ 注：但如果置于句首的由 only 引导的词组不是状语一般不用倒装。如：‎ Only the doctor can save his life.‎ 只有医生才能救他了。‎ Only some of the children seemed to have escaped from the big fire.‎ 好象只有几个孩子从大火中逃生。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2. 否定或半否定意义的副词或连词置于句首，需用部分倒装。常见的否定副词或连词有：  never, seldom, little,nowhere, rarely , not （+ 副词或短语）, not until（+ 短语或句子）（注：含有否定意义的连词 not until 后接从句，为了强调而置于句首时，只是主句中的主谓语作部分倒装，从句不用倒装）, hardly (scarcely).…when…（一……就……）, no sooner …than…（一……就……）, not only……but also…（不仅……而且……） (注: hardly … when… , no sooner… than… , 以及 not only …but also…引导两个分句时,将前一个分句中的主谓作部分倒装，而后一个分句中的主谓语序不变。) 如：‎ Never have I seen such a wonderful place as Hangzhou.‎ 我从来没有见过象杭州这么好的地方。‎ Seldom do they watch TV during the day.‎ 他们白天很少看电视。‎ Little did he care about his own health though he was very ill.‎ 即使生病了他也不关心自己的健康。‎ Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of your story.‎ 他一直对故事的真实性表示怀疑。‎ Not until he got off the bus did he find that he had got his wallet stolen.‎ 他下车了才发现他的钱包被偷。‎ Not only did he make a promise, but also he kept it.‎ 他不仅仅许下诺言，而且还遵守诺言。‎ Hardly had I reached the railway station when the train started.‎ 我一到火车站，火车就开走了。‎ Scarcely had it stopped raining when the PLA fighters were on their way again.‎ 雨一停这些解放军战士就又上路了。‎ No sooner had they started off than it began to snow.‎ 他们一动身就开始下雪了。‎ Not until his classmates criticized him did he begin to admit his mistake.‎ 直到同学们都批评他了他才开始承认错误。‎ Not only can the computer memorize the data fed into it, but it can also analyze them.‎ 计算机不仅可以存储输入的数据，而且还可以分析这些数据。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3. 把副词 so 放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或物））。其句型是：  so + 作用词（be, have, 助动词或情态动词等） + 主语。把 neither, nor 置于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人（或物）。其句型是： neither (nor ) +作用词（be, have, 助动词或情态动词等） + 主语。（注： neither, nor本身表示否定，所以其后的作用词须用肯定形式）。这两种结构的句子都是省略句，谓语动词的时态应根据前一句谓语动词而定，单复数形式根据后句的主语而定。                                                                   ‎ He is a doctor and so are his parents.‎ 他是医生，他的父母也是医生。‎ I like sports and so does my brother.‎ 我喜欢体育运动，我弟弟也喜欢。‎ All the men must go there, so must you.‎ 所有的人都必须去那儿，我也一样。‎ Society has changed and so have the people in it.‎ 社会变了，社会中的人也就变了。‎ She can hardly drive a car, and nor can I.‎ 她几乎不会开车，我也不会。‎ Peter seldom come late to school, and nor does he.‎ 彼特很少上学迟到，他也是。‎ I don' t think Jack will come today,  nor will Mary.‎ 我认为杰克今天不会来，玛丽也不会来。‎ ‎ ‎ 注：  a.  so + 主语 +作用词（be, have, 助动词或情态动词等），其意思为 indeed, certainly （的确如此，当然是这样），且句中的主语与前句的主语是同一人或物，带有感情色彩，用于对上下文所说的事的进一步肯定或确认。         ‎ You say he works hard, so he does, and so do you.‎ ‎ 你说他工作很努力,他的确如此，你也一样。‎ If you don' t want to go there, neither shall I.‎ 如果你不想去那儿，我也不去。‎ ‎—It is very cold today.‎ ‎— So it is.‎ ‎－今天很冷！‎ ‎－的确如此。‎ ‎—It was very hot yesterday.‎ ‎—So it was, and so is it today.‎ ‎--昨天很热。‎ ‎--的确如此，而且今天也很热。‎ ‎—Did John help you ?‎ ‎— So he did. But I' m sorry his help was of little use.‎ ‎--约翰帮了你吗？‎ ‎--他的确帮了，但很遗憾他的帮助几乎是没有用的。‎ ‎ ‎ b. 主语 + do + so 意思是照前面所说过的事那样做。这种结构中的 do 是代动词，替代句中的动词和宾语部分，使句子简洁、明快。‎ My mother asked me to clean my bedroom. I did so.‎ 妈妈要我打扫卧室，我照她说的去做了。‎ The teacher asked me to finish all the exercises,and I did so.‎ 老师叫我把所有这些练习做完，我真地做完了。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4. 在 so (such)… that…句型中，如果把 so 或 such 部分置于句首时需要用部分倒装。如：‎ So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.‎ 这项工作是如此的容易，以致他们几天就把它干完了。‎ So well did she do her homework that the teacher praised her.‎ 她的作业做得如此之好，以致老师都表扬了她。‎ So absorbed was she in the work that she often forgot to take her meals.‎ 她是如此全神贯注于她的工作之中，以致她常常忘记吃饭。‎ In such a hurry did he leave that he forgot to lock the door.‎ 他如此匆忙地离开了，以致他忘记了锁门。‎ Such a noise was there that I couldn' t work in the room.‎ 噪音如此之大，以致我都无法在房间里工作。‎ Such an inspiring and wise leader was Lincoln tha tall the American people loved him dearly.‎ 林肯是一个如此令人鼓舞和英明的领袖，以致美国人民深深地爱戴着他。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎5. 频度副词 often, always, many a time 等放于句首时句子常用部分倒装。‎ Often does he hear the girl sing in her room.‎ 他经常听到这个女孩在她房间唱歌。‎ Often did she give us good advice.‎ 她经常给我们提出一些好的建议。‎ Many a time has he been to the USA.‎ 他去过美国很多次。‎ Many a time has he given us good advice.‎ 他给我们提过很多次好的建议。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6. 在 as、（时也可用 though ）引导的让步状语从句中，强调某一部分可采用部分倒装。其从句结构常为：名词（无冠词） / ‎ 形容词 / 副词 / 分词 + as /though +主语 + 动词。这时动词不需倒装。‎ Child as he is, he can answer the difficult question.‎ 尽管他还是个孩子，但他确实能够回答这个困难的问题。‎ Late though it was, the workers went on working in the construction site.‎ 尽管很完了，工人们还在建筑工地继续工作。‎ Hard as he worked, yet he didn' t get good results in the final examination.‎ 尽管他学习很努力，但他还是没有在期末考试中取得好成绩。‎ Try as he might, Mike couldn' t get rid of the trouble.‎ 尽管迈克尽力了，但他还是没有摆脱麻烦。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎7. 当 if 引导的虚拟条件从句中含有 had, were, 或 should 等时，如将 if 省略，则要将 had, were, 或 should 等移到主语之前，构成倒装结构。如：‎ Had I not got my leg hurt, I would have taken part in the sports meet.‎ 要不是我的腿受伤的话，我会参加了这次运动会。‎ Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.‎ 如果他今天就走，他星期五之前就可到达那儿。‎ Should he come, tell him to ring me up.‎ 要是他来了，就叫他给我打电话。‎