专题37阅读理解之主旨要义-2017年高考英语二轮核心考点总动员 8页

专题 37 阅读理解之主旨要义 关键词：阅读理解,主旨要义,上下文推理,语境 难度系数：✱✱✱✱ 推荐指数：✱✱✱✱✱]‎ ‎【基础回顾】]‎ 考点归纳：‎ ‎ 理解主旨和要义]‎ ‎ 任何一篇文拿都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落， 甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么（即文章的主题），亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力， 它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。]‎ 基础必读：]‎ ‎ 每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。主旨要义型题范围一般包括：短文标题、主题大意或段落大意等。此题型要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章的开头或结尾，从而找出能概括文章的主题句。主题句的特点：（1）语言特点：归纳性、概括性、抽象性；（2）位置特点：主题句常出现在“总结性”语言的 “信号词”后，如：in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in brief等；主题句常出现在“转移话题式”语言的“信号词”后，如：but, however, nevertheless,Hence等。标题的语言特点：独特新颖 、概括性强、短小精炼。]‎ 主旨大意主要的设题方式有： （1）Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? （2）The best headline for this newspaper article is ____.‎ ‎（3）What is the topic of the text? （4）The text is mainly about ______. （5）What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph？ （6）What would be the best title for the text？‎ ‎【技能方法】‎ 主旨大意主要的解题策略有：‎ ‎（1）标题类。文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。‎ ‎（2）主旨类。概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。]‎ ‎【基础达标】]‎ Book: No Looking Back]‎ Author: Shivani Gupta Shivani had thrown a party one evening and awoke the next morning in hospital because of a car crash. It took Shivani years of pain, struggle and determination to regain control of her life and her body. Then tragedy struck again. As the newly-married Shivani drove to Manali with her family, a truck crashed into her car. Shivani refused to give in-she wouldn't let her injury keep her from achieving her ambitions.‎ Book: Courage Beyond Compare]‎ Author: Sanjay Sharma]]]‎ The 10 sportspersons in the book are champions in diverse fields like athletics, swimming, and badminton, who have brought glory to the country. They overcame their physical limitations to reach the top of their chosen fields.‎ Book：Face to Face]‎ Author: Ved Mehta]‎ Blind since the age of four, the author led a lonely childhood in India until he was accepted to the Arkansas School for the Blind, to which he flew alone at 15. America and the school changed his life, leading him to degrees at Oxford and Harvard and a fruitful writing career.]‎ Book: This Star Won’t Go Out Author: Lori and Wayne Earl ]‎ Diagnosed with cancer at 12, Esther Earl was a bright and talented, but very normal teenager.‎ ‎ She lived a hope-filled and generous life. A cheerful, positive and encouraging daughter, sister and friend, Esther died in 2010, shortly after turning 16, but not before inspiring thousands through her growing online presence.‎ ‎1. The book No Looking Back mainly talks about_________________.‎ ‎ A. an unlucky girl who experienced two car accidents]‎ ‎ B. 10 disabled athletes who are champions in sports field ‎ C. a successful author who was blind during his childhood]]‎ ‎ D. an inspiring teenager who died of cancer]‎ ‎2. When reading the book written by Sanjay Sharma, we will_______.‎ ‎ A. find the author is a sports lover]‎ ‎ B. get inspired by the sportspersons' spirits]‎ ‎ C. be proud to be a sportsperson]]‎ ‎ D. find sportspersons are full of power]‎ ‎3. In which book does the author tell of himself?‎ ‎ A. Face to Face. B. This Star Won’t Go Out.]‎ ‎ C. Courage Beyond Compare. D. No Looking Back.‎ ‎4. Which word can best describe the characters of all the four books?‎ ‎ A. Intelligent. B. Passionate. C. Inspiring D. Pessimistic ‎ ‎2.B细节理解题。根据Book: Courage Beyond Compare中The 10 sportspersons in the book are champions in diverse fields like athletics, swimming, and badminton, who have brought glory to the country. 书中的10名运动员是不同领域的世界冠军，他/她们给国家带来荣誉；They overcame their physical limitations to reach the top of their chosen fields. 他们克服了他们的身体上的限制，达到他们所选择领域的顶端。可知我们读后会受到这些运动员的极大鼓舞。故选B。‎ ‎3.A细节理解题。根据Book：Face to Face中Blind since the age of four, the author led a lonely childhood in India until he was accepted to the Arkansas School for the Blind,作者在印度过着寂寞的生活直到被盲人学校接受。故选A。]‎ ‎【能力提升】]‎ After studying the daily habits of 177 self-made millionaires over the course of five years, Thomas C. Corley found that they avoid one costly habit: procrastination (拖延症).‎ ‎“It prevents even the most talented individuals from realizing success in life,” he writes in his upcoming book, “Change Your Habits, Change Your Life.”]‎ This goes hand-in-hand with author Napoleon Hill’s claim that the wealthiest people are also the most decisive people.‎ Out of the 500 millionaires Hill studied in the early 20th century, “Every one of them had the habit of reaching decisions quickly,” Hill wrote in his 1937 classic, “Think and Grow Rich.”‎ One of the major causes of procrastination is lack of passion, Corley emphasizes: “We simply like to do the things we like to do and we put off the things we do not like to do.”‎ ‎“According to Gallup, only 13% of employees are ‘engaged’ in their jobs, or emotionally invested in their work,” Corley writes.‎ ‎“Whether you realize it or not, procrastination is a big reason why you are struggling financially in life. It damages your credibility with employers and fellow colleagues at work. It also affects the quality of your work and this affects the business you or your employer receive from customers, clients, and business ]relationships.”‎ The good news is that anyone can overcome procrastination – and it’s simpler than you may think. He also notes that “the voice of procrastination screams just as loud and clear in the minds of those who excel in life as it does in the minds of those who do not.”‎ How do they silence it? They rely on “to-do” lists to get things done. They create firm deadlines, and they meet with “accountability partners” to ensure they’re sticking to their goals and deadlines, Corley says.]‎ Nearly everyone is susceptible to procrastination – but fighting against it can make all the difference.]‎ ‎1. According to the passage, millionaires______.‎ A. usually succeed through their own efforts ]‎ B. are only passionate about making money C. don’t hesitate when making decisions]]]‎ D. create both long-term and short-term goals]]‎ ‎2. What can people do to overcome procrastination?‎ A. Do whatever they like to do.]‎ B. Avoid things they are unwilling to do. ‎ C. Be fully prepared for emergencies.]‎ D. Accomplish things on schedule.‎ ‎3. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “excel”?‎ A. struggle B. stand out C. think D. work hard ‎4. What might be the best title for the passage?]‎ A. Fighting procrastination. B. How to become a millionaire.‎ C. Research on a bad habit D. The importance of making “to-do” lists.‎ ‎3.B词义猜测题.本句意为：生活中杰出的人能清醒地认识到拖延症故可知excel意为“杰出的”。故答案B正确。 4.A主旨大意题.几乎每个人都易受拖延症的影响，这个生活习惯让你没办法富起来。故本文主要是告诉我们要与拖延症作斗争。故答案A正确。‎ ‎【名师点拨】‎ 找主题句的四个小窍门：‎ ‎1.段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。]‎ ‎2.首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。]‎ ‎3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨;反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。]]‎ ‎4.表示总结或结论的话常有therefore，thus， in short，conclude， conclusion等。]‎ A主旨大意题.几乎每个人都易受拖延症的影响，这个生活习惯让你没办法富起来。故本文主要是告诉我们要与拖延症作斗争。故答案A正确。‎ 考点：考查日常生活类阅读 ]‎ ‎【终极闯关】‎ ‎【安徽省“皖南八校”2017届高三第二次联考（12月）】‎ ‎ Back in the 1860s, a British scientist named Henry Walter Bates noticed something interesting in the animal world: a kind of butterfly, Common Mormon, can change the pattern on its wings so that it looks like another butterfly species, the Common Rose, which is poisonous for birds to eat.‎ ‎ Bates argued that animals develop this ability to protect themselves from being eaten. This theory had been widely accepted by scientists. But one question remains: how do these animals manage to do that?]]‎ ‎ After more than 150 years, scientists are finally able to answer that question-it is all down to a gene (基因) called “doublesex", according to a study published on March 6 in the journal Nature.‎ ‎ In fact, scientists have long known that genes are responsible for this useful ability. But until the new study, scientists hadn't been able to find out which genes in particular were responsible.‎ ‎ Scientists at the University of Chicago compared the genetic structures of the Common Mormons that changed their wing patterns with those of ones that did not. And all the results ‎ pointed to a single gene, “doublesex”.‎ ‎ This was much to the scientists' surprise. They used to expect that something as complex as this would be controlled by many different genes. For example, one gene would control the color of the upper part of the wing, one would do so for the lower part.‎ ‎ However, the “doublesex” gene doesn't quite do everything by itself. Instead, it acts like a switch-it “tells” other genes to change the wing patterns. Isn't that clever?‎ ‎ Scientists believe that this special ability of the “doublesex” gene on Common Mormon was developed throughout the long history of evolution. “The harmless species gains an advantage by resembling something predators (捕食者) avoid,” Sean Carroll, a scientist told Nature. “it was obvious evidence for natural selection. ”]‎ ‎1.How do scientists find the truth of butterfly changing wing patterns?‎ ‎ A. By doing experiment on butterflies. B. By comparing genetic structures.‎ ‎ C. By observing the butterflies. D. By analyzing the result.‎ ‎2.Which of the following ideas is accepted by scientists?‎ ‎ A. The‘ doublesex’ gene does do everything by itself.‎ ‎ B. The ‘doublesex’ gene is poisonous.‎ ‎ C. The ‘doublesex’ gene ‘tells’ other genes to change the wing patterns.‎ ‎ D. The ‘doublesex’ gene could only control the color of the upper part of the wing.‎ ‎3.What is the best title of this passage?‎ ‎ A. How Common Mormons stay safe ‎ B. How butterflies changed wings' pattern]‎ ‎ C. What American scientists discovered]‎ D. What genetic structures of butterflies have ‎3.A标题判断题。本文主要是通过Common ‎ Mormons这种蝴蝶展开讨论，研究这种蝴蝶是如何来保护自己的。故选A。‎