专题41+阅读理解主旨大意题-高考全攻略之备战2018年高考英语考点一遍过 28页

考点41 阅读理解主旨大意题 高考频度：★★★★★‎ 高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确 获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。‎ 在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：‎ ‎(1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?‎ ‎(2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.‎ ‎(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is…‎ ‎(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.‎ ‎(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?‎ ‎(6) What is the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎(7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?‎ ‎(8) The purpose of this passage is.‎ ‎(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?‎ ‎(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?‎ ‎(11) The passage mainly focuses on.‎ 从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。‎ 怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意 ‎——主题句定位法 文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。‎ 但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。‎ 文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：‎ ‎1. 中心主题句出现在文首 开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。‎ 新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。‎ ‎（2016·新课标卷III）Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎ ＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂‎ ‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for ‎ six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.‎ ‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂‎ ‎25. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ ‎ A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide．‎ B .Online News Attracts More People．‎ C. Reading Habits Change with the Times．‎ D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks．‎ ‎【文章大意】人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂，类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体。在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。‎ ‎【答案】D ‎2. 主题句出现在文尾 在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。‎ The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.‎ Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.‎ Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.‎ Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.”‎ ‎56.The text mainly talks about _____.‎ A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist ‎【答案】C ‎3. 首尾呼应的写作方法 为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。‎ Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. ‎ People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse ‎ is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse. ‎ There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. ‎ At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.‎ ‎1.The passage is mainly about ___________.‎ A. How to Play Lacrosse ‎ B. Lacrosse in Canada ‎ C. The History of Lacrosse ‎ D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。‎ ‎4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句 阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。‎ Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.‎ Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There ‎ is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.‎ ‎65. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. ‎ A. where handshaking was first practised B. how handshaking came about C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。‎ ‎67. The main purpose of the text is ______.‎ A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad ‎【答案】B ‎4. 主题句出现在文章的中间 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。‎ The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.‎ During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful ‎ clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.‎ ‎…‎ ‎67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.‎ A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。答案选A。‎ 怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题 ‎——高度概括法 对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。‎ 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？‎ 首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体 现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。‎ 其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，‎ 仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。‎ 再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。‎ 最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.‎ 话题：Stamps 控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names 标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names ‎(中原名校豫南九校2016—2017学年高三第三次联考) August 8, was Earth Overshoot Day. Calculated annually by the environmental advocacy(支持，拥护) group, Global Footprint Network (GFN), it is the day when human has consumed all the natural resources — produce, meat, fish, water, and wood — that our planet can regenerate(再生) in a single year. This means that for the rest of 2016, we will be using natural resources that are impossible to replace.‎ For those that are a little confused, it is similar to spending your entire year’s allowance by August and then borrowing money from friends, knowing fully well that you cannot repay the loan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case of the Earth.‎ ‎ The date of Earth Overshoot Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable world, we should only spend what we have. This means that Earth Overshoot Day would fall on December 31, or perhaps even spill into the following year, indicating that we are saving some resources for a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we only consumed three-quarters of what the planet produced. ‎ Unfortunately, the day has been going up rapidly since 2014 when it fell on August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest so far — August 8! The only way to sustain this demand would be to have 1.6 earths, which as we all know, is not possible.‎ Fortunately, experts say that the situation is not as grim as it sounds. Many countries are already taking steps to reduce carbon emissions, which accounts for 60% of our ecological footprint, by switching to solar or wind-generated power.‎ Individuals can also help by eating less meat, walking, biking, or taking public transportation, as well as adopting the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. If we all work together, we can help push back Earth Overshoot Day to December 31, or even beyond!‎ ‎27. What is the best title for the passage?‎ A. A Warning: Earth Overshoot Day ‎ B. A Celebration: Earth Overshoot Day ‎ C. A Reminder: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle D. An Advertisement: Global Footprint Network ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇环保类说明文。文章介绍了Earth Overshoot Day。今年在八月八号我们就已经消耗掉今年全年的可再生资源，接着又介绍了Earth Overshoot Day的计算方法。通过介绍Earth Overshoot Day，作者呼吁人们减少资源浪费。‎ ‎【答案】 A 题组一（2017年高考真题）‎ Passage1(2017·新课标卷I，B)‎ Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.‎ Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.‎ It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.‎ ‎“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”‎ Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.‎ Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”‎ ‎28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?‎ A. To remember the birth of jazz.‎ B. To protect cultural diversity.‎ C. To encourage people to study music.‎ D. To recognize the value of jazz.‎ ‎29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Jazz becoming more accessible.‎ B. The production of jazz growing faster.‎ C. Jazz being less popular with the young.‎ D. The jazz audience becoming larger. ‎ ‎30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?‎ A. It will disappear gradually.‎ B. It remains black and white.‎ C. It should keep up with the times.‎ D. It changes every 50 years.‎ ‎31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Exploring the Future of Jazz B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz C. The Story of a Jazz Musician D. Celebrating the Jazz Day Passage2(2017·新课标II卷，C)‎ ‎ Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.‎ Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.‎ ‎ Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.‎ Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia ‎ says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.‎ ‎28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?‎ A. The basic data of the Transition. ‎ B. The advantages of flying cars.‎ C. The potential market for flying cars. ‎ C. The designers of the Transition.‎ ‎29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?‎ A. It causers traffic jams. ‎ B. It is difficult to operate.‎ C. It is very expensive. ‎ D. It burns too much fuel.‎ ‎30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?‎ A. Cautious B. Favorable.‎ C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.‎ ‎31. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s First Flight C.Pilots’ Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality Passage3(2017·天津卷)‎ This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. ‎ The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.‎ Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.‎ ‎“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.‎ Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.‎ An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.‎ But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “You know — no driver.”‎ Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation.‎ Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.‎ That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.‎ ‎46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. A place where cars often break down.‎ B. A case where passing a law is impossible.‎ C. An area where no driving is permitted. ‎ D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.‎ ‎47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.‎ A. stop people from breaking traffic rules B. help promote fully automatic driving C. protect drivers of all ages and races D. prevent serious property damage ‎48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?‎ A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.‎ B. It should be the main concern of law makers.‎ C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.‎ D. It should involve no human responsibility.‎ ‎49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _________.‎ A. Singapore B. the UK ‎ C. the US D. Germany ‎50. What could be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?‎ B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!‎ D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 题组二（2016年高考真题）‎ Passage1(2016·新课标全国卷I)‎ The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.‎ Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and ‎ suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.‎ Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic udner discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.‎ Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.‎ 32. What does the author say about silence in conversations?‎ A. It implies anger.‎ A. It promotes friendship.‎ B. It is culture-specific.‎ C. It is content-based.‎ 33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?‎ A. The Chinese.‎ B. The French.‎ C. The Mexicans.‎ D. The Russians.‎ 34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?‎ A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.‎ B. Break it while treating patients.‎ C. Evaluate its harm to patients.‎ D. Make use of its healing effects.‎ 35. What may be the best title for the text?‎ A. Sound and Silence B. What It Means to Be Silent C. Silence to Native Americans D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold Passage2(2016·新课标全国卷II)‎ Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.‎ Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.‎ ‎ Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.”‎ ‎ Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.‎ ‎ People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. ‎ ‎ BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.‎ ‎9. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?‎ ‎ A. To explain what they are. ‎ B. To introduce BookCrossing.‎ C. To stress the importance of reading. ‎ D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.‎ ‎10. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ ‎ A. The book. B. An adventure. ‎ C. A public place. D. The identification number.‎ ‎11. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?‎ A. Meet other readers to discuss it. ‎ B. Keep it safe in his bookcase. ‎ C. Pass it on to another reader. ‎ D. Mail it back to its owner.‎ ‎12. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books: A new Trend ‎ C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D. A Website Links People through Books Passage3(2016·四川卷)‎ A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.‎ ‎ Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has ‎ been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.‎ ‎ The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.‎ ‎ Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.‎ ‎ Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.‎ ‎ While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.‎ ‎ Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.‎ ‎ Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.‎ ‎22. According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.‎ ‎ A. started sleep more easily B. were more anxious ‎ C. were less active D. woke up later ‎23. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?‎ ‎ A. It’s been tested on mice for ten years ‎ ‎ B. It can make people more energetic ‎ C. It exists in milk in great amount ‎ D. It’s used in sleeping drugs ‎24. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat Sugar and Health C. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health ‎25.How does the author support the theme of the text?‎ ‎ A. By giving examples. B. By stating arguments.‎ ‎ C. By explaining statistical data. D. By providing research results.‎ 题组三（2017年名校模拟题）‎ Passage 1(2017届吉林市第一中学高三模考)‎ You get on an almost-empty bus, but the next passenger decides to ignore all the empty seats to sit right next to you. While you are waiting in line at the supermarket, the next customer stands just behind you shouting into his phone.‎ ‎ These are attacks of the personal space invaders(侵略者). Though preferences for personal space differ from culture to culture, we Britons do love our independence and personal space.‎ ‎ As the British customs website Debrett has said, as a British person, somebody standing too close may make you ＂focus less on what somebody is saying than on how close they are to you＂. Simple acts like putting an arm around someone you don’t know that well may seem friendly in China, but they can make us very uncomfortable. The ediplomat.com website explains: ＂The British are not back slappers (拍打者) or touchers and generally do not show affection (喜欢) in public.＂‎ ‎ Being a British person around people from other countries can therefore be full of problems. People from many European countries such as France and Spain kiss each other on the cheek when they meet, yet to us this seems too friendly and ＂touchy-feely＂.‎ ‎ Simple matters like how close others stand can be problems to Britons who want to keep their own personal space. Giving advice on how to behave around a British person, Debrett’s says that ＂if you can feel the warmth of their worried breath upon your face, then you’re standing too close＂.‎ ‎ So, are British people unfriendly? No. The ediplomat.com website explains that we are not as ＂indifferent＂ as we may seem, but ＂very friendly and helpful to foreigners＂. However, we do have different ideas about our own space to many people from other countries. Just let us know if you’re going to come any closer than arm’s length, and you’ll be fine!‎ ‎1. What is the article mainly about?‎ A.How to make friends with British people. ‎ B.Some tips on British table manners.‎ C.Ways in which British people show affection. ‎ D.British people’s preference for personal space.‎ ‎2. If you were meeting a British person for the first time, it would be polite of you to ______, ‎ according to the article.‎ A.kiss him/her on the cheek ‎ B.put an arm around him/her C.keep an arm’s length away from him/her ‎ D.slap his/her back or shake his/her hands ‎3.The underlined word ＂indifferent＂ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ＂_________＂.‎ A.cold B.modest ‎ C.gentlemanlike D.independent ‎4.What can we conclude from the article?‎ A.British people like to sit next to others on empty buses.‎ B.British people are helpful, although they may not appear to be.‎ C.British people do not like staying with other Europeans.‎ D.British people are happy to show affection in public.‎ Passage 2((2017届江西省九江第一中学高三模考)‎ Instagram is a fast, beautiful and fun way to share your life with friends and family. Take a picture or video, choose a filter（修图）to transform its look and feel, and then post to Instagram—it’s that easy. You can even share to Facebook, Twitter and more. It’s a new way to see the world. So many photos of food are contained on Instagram—now a pop-up diner in London is taking advantage of this new trend by letting people settle the bill for their meals simply by uploading photos of their dishes to social networks.‎ ‎ I always thought people’s taking pictures of their food was kind of silly, but at this new pop-up restaurant in the UK, I’d probably do it too. ＂The Picture House＂ is the world’s first pay-by-photo restaurant. You order, click a photo of the food, share on Instagram and eat for free!‎ ‎ The restaurant belongs to frozen food giant(巨人)Birds Eye, who came up with the idea to cash in on people’s addiction with photographing food and sharing the pictures online. They conducted a survey and found out that more than half of the British population regularly took pictures of their meals. So they realized it was a better way to advertise their new dining range.‎ ‎ The pop-up diner was open in Soho, London for three days in May, and is now moving to other major UK cities．They serve two-course meals that customers don’t have to pay for, if they photo and Instagram it.‎ ‎ The restaurant is a part of Birds Eye’s ＂Food for Life＂ campaign, a new marketing project that aims at changing the way people look at frozen food. ＂Taking photos of food enables people to show off and to share their mealtime moments—from the everyday to the special, ＂said marketing director Margaret Jobling．‎ ‎ The reaction to the Picture House has been great so far. And the pay-by-picture concept has proven to be an effective way. Alternative payment methods are actually gaining popularity among a lot of businesses. Last year in a cafe in Germany customers pay by how much time they spend there, not by what they eat．‎ ‎1. Instagram probably is________．‎ A. a program used to share photos ‎ B. a campaign of ＂Food for Life＂‎ C. a restaurant free of charge ‎ D. a new marketing project ‎2. What can we infer from the passage?‎ A. The Picture House was opened in Scotland B. Lots of British people like taking photos of their meals.‎ C. The Picture House is the world’s first pay-by-photo restaurant.‎ D. The British people’s response to the Picture House is quite cold.‎ ‎3. ＂The Picture House＂ encourages sharing photos of its food to_______．‎ A. raise the price of frozen food ‎ B. create a new social media trend C. attract more customers D. reward the regular customers ‎4．Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?‎ A. Food for Life B. The Pop-up Diner ‎ C. No Need to Pay D. Pay by Picture Passage 3(2017届西安市第一中学高三模考)‎ The Taj Mahal (泰姬陵)is considered to be one of the most beautiful buildings in the world and the finest example of the late style of Indian architecture (建筑).It is at Agra in northern India. It lies beside the River Jumna in the middle of gardens with quiet pools.‎ ‎ The Taj Mahal was built by the Mogul emperor (皇帝) Shah Jehan, who ruled India in the seventeenth century. It is in memory of his favorite wife, Arjumand Banu Bagam, known as Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1631. The building, which was completed between 1632 and 1638，was designed by a local Muslim architect(建筑师),Ustad Ahmad Lahori. The whole building, with gardens and gateway structures, was completed in 1643. The Taj Mahal stands at one end of the garden tomb with marble (大理石)path. The room is softly lighted by the light that passes through double screens of carved marble set high in the walls. The building now is kept in good condition.‎ ‎ It took 22 years to build the Taj Mahal. Shah Jehan planned a similar building, but in black instead of white, to lie on the other side of the river. But before it could be built. Shah Jehan was imprisoned (监禁)by his son and buried next to his wife in the Taj Mahal.‎ ‎1. The Taj Mahal was built for________.‎ A. Mumtaz B. Shah C. either Mumtaz or Shah D. both Mumtaz and Shah ‎2. Why do you think Shah Jehan was buried next to his wife?‎ A. His own tomb hadn’t been built.‎ B. He hoped to be buried there.‎ C. King and Queen should be buried together.‎ D. He liked Mumtaz all his life.‎ ‎3. The passage mainly tells us________.‎ A. why the Taj Mahal was built ‎ B. the love story between Shah and Mumtaz C. some information about the Taj Mahal ‎ D. the Taj Mahal―the pride of Indians ‎4. From the passage we can learn that________.‎ A. the Taj Mahal looks more beautiful than before B. the Taj Mahal doesn’t exist now C. the Taj Mahal has completely changed D. the Taj Mahal has become a place of interest Passage 4(2017届)‎ Nowadays, cosmetics(化妆品) are an important part of the life and culture of today.‎ Cosmetics can cover up the deficiencies of nature. Regular use of a body lotion will keep the skin soft and supple. Whatever product you use, start with a foundation, making sure the color blends with your skin. Some women also use a concealer or primer to hide spots and flaws or blemishes of the skin.‎ Not only as an act of courtesy(礼貌),but also to look good, women spend time and energy--polishing their appearances. At the very least, lipsticks and foundations can be found in any woman’s purse these days. It is not enough; women always want to be prettier, younger, and more attractive. That is why cosmetic products are so popular among female shoppers.‎ In recent years, a new trend has emerged. Companies began producing products such ascologne, shaving cream, and shower gel for our male counterparts. The demand increased as men paid more attention to their skins and images. Several manufacturers have devoted part of their product lines for the needs of this new group of customers.‎ Untouched markets are still enormous. With affordable price tags, skin care, makeup, and fragrance(香味) will continue to expand their user base to preteens and senior citizens in both genders.‎ ‎1.Why cosmetic products are so popular among female shoppers?‎ A. To in search of popularity and extravagance.‎ B. Cosmetics play a role in keeping the skin soft and supple.‎ C. meets the needs of the cosmetic market.‎ D. The need for social etiquette mainly for man.‎ ‎2.The predicate of the underline sentence is＂_________＂.‎ A. use B. regular use ‎ C. will keep D. keep ‎3.The main idea in the last second paragraphs is_______.‎ A. The love for beauty is common to all men.‎ B. With the development of society, men also pay attention to use cosmetics.‎ C. It is controversial for men to use cosmetics.‎ D.A gentleman makes money in right way.‎ ‎4.Which statement about the article is incorrect?‎ A. Untouched markets in women using cosmetics are still enormous.‎ B. Men also want to be prettier, younger, and more attractive.‎ C. citizens will shop skin care with affordable price.‎ D. Skin care regardless of men and women. ‎ 题组一 ‎ Passage1‎ ‎【文章大意】为提高人们对于爵士乐的重视程度，UNESCO把4月30日定为国际爵士日，然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jason Moran认为时代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人连接起来，爵士乐也应该不断进步。‎ ‎28.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.可知UNESCO把4月30日定为国际爵士日是为了让人们重视爵士乐，意识到它的重要性以及它作为连接各文化的纽带之声的潜在功能，也就是为了让人们意识到爵士乐的价值。故选D。‎ ‎30.C 细节理解题。根据第五段中的The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same可知Moran认为现在爵士乐不能以1908或1958年的方式来呈现，因为世界已经不同了，所以爵士乐必须不断进步，说明随着时代的发展，爵士乐也要跟上时代才不会被年轻一代所抛弃。故选C。‎ ‎31.A 标题选择题。通读全文可知本文主要讲UNESCO为提高人们对爵士乐的重视而 设立爵士日，但实际收效甚微。有人认为爵士乐应随着时代的进步而进步，否则它将失去对人们的吸引力，因此本文主要是探索爵士乐的未来，故选A。zx.xk Passage2‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Terrafugia公司研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。‎ ‎28.A 【解析】段落大意题。根据“The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可知选A。‎ ‎29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据“But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost ‎ ‎$279,000”可知，因为Transition 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。‎ ‎30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据“he government has already permitted the company to use special materials to ‎ make it easier for the vehicle to fly”以及“Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraf”可知，政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选B。‎ ‎31.D 【解析】标题归纳题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架以及多年以前人们对飞车的 设想至今成为现实展开说明。故选D。‎ Passage3‎ ‎【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出说明了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。‎ ‎48.D 【解析】根据第六、七、八段内容可知选D。‎ ‎49. C 【解析】根据最后一段That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get ‎ absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可知选C。‎ ‎50. A 【解析】通读全文可以知道，本文主要讲述了谁来对无人驾驶的机动车辆负责。故选A。‎ 题组二 ‎ Passage1‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文， 主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。‎ ‎32.C 细节理解题。根据文章首段首句The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups 可知，作者认为沉默是有文化特性的。‎ ‎33.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中 what may be implied is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing可知中国人认为谈话时人们沉默是在思考。‎ ‎34.D 细节理解题。根据末段末句A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients 可知，作者建议护士要用沉默来治疗病人。故选D 。‎ ‎35.B 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义，由此判断B选项可以概括文章内容。故选B 。‎ Passage2‎ ‎【文章大意】本文属于说明文，介绍了BookCrossing.com所进行的分享图书活动的目的以及具体过程。‎ ‎30.A 代词指代题。根据本句“... hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”可知，那些留下书的人希望自己的书能够随着找到它的人走得更远。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物“the book”。故A正确。‎ ‎31.C 推理判断题。根据文章第五段最后一句“... the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home”可知，让书蒙上尘土是一种很自私的行为，网站BookCrossing.com的目的正是鼓励人们与别人分享图书，所以拿到书的人最可能继续把书传递下去。故C项正确。‎ ‎32.D 标题概括题。根据文章第三段可知BookCrossing.com把改变人生的两种事物：遇到的人和读过的书联系在一起。D项内容能够涵盖文章的中心思想。‎ Passage3‎ ‎【文章大意】本文介绍了晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。‎ ‎22. B 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime白天喝牛奶的老鼠会更焦虑一些。故选B。‎ ‎23. D 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night”可知D项符合题意。‎ ‎24. A 主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文讲的是晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。故A项符合题意。‎ ‎25.D推理判断题。根据前三段中的But now a study, Researchers have discovered that 和The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea可知作者是通过提供研究结果来支持文章主题的。故选D。‎ 题组三 Passage1‎ ‎【文章大意】英国人非常在乎私人空间，如果你站的离他们太近会让他们感觉不舒服，英国人不喜欢被拍打或者触摸。但是这仅是文化上的差异，并不代表英国人是不友好的，实际上他们对于外国人是很友好并热心的。‎ ‎1.D 【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第二段第二句＂Though preferences for personal space differ from culture to culture, we Britons do love our independence and personal space.＂可知，本文主要讲述英国人对于个人空间的偏爱，如果你站的离他们太近会让他们感觉不舒服，英国人不喜欢被拍打或者触摸，然而这仅是文化上的差异，实际上英国人对于外国人是友好和乐于助人的。故选D。‎ ‎2.C【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段最后一句＂Just let us know if you’re going to come any closer than arm’s length, and you’ll be fine!＂可知，如果你第一次见一个英国人，离他们一臂的距离远将会是礼貌的。‎ ‎4.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段第三句＂The ediplomat.com website explains that we are not as ＂indifferent＂ as we may seem, but’very friendly and helpful to foreigners’.＂可知，根据这篇文章，英 国人不像看上去那么冷漠，他们是很友好并乐于助人的。故选B。‎ Passage2‎ ‎【文章大意】文章主要介绍了许多餐厅正在利用Instagram这个软件来推广自己的食物，人们可以通过把照片传到网上来支付购买食物的费用。‎ ‎1.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中＂Instagram is a fast, beautiful and fun way to share your life with friends and family. Take a picture or video, choose a filter（修图）to transform its look and feel, and then post to Instagram—it’s that easy. You can even share to Facebook, ‎ Twitter and more. It’s a new way to see the world. So many photos of food are contained on Instagram…＂可知，它是一个可以快速分享照片的系统。故选A。‎ ‎2.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中＂So many photos of food are contained on Instagram—now a pop-up diner in London is taking advantage of this new trend by letting people settle the bill for their meals simply by uploading photos of their dishes to social networks.＂和第三段中＂They conducted a survey and found out that more than half of the British population regularly took pictures of their meals. So they realized it was a better way to advertise their new dining range.＂可知，很多英国人喜欢在吃饭的时候拍照。故选B。‎ ‎3.C【解析】推理判断题。根据＂So they realized it was a better way to advertise their new dining range.＂可知， 他们觉得这是一个很好宣传他们新的食物的方式，从而可以吸引更多的客人。故选C。‎ ‎4.D【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了许多餐厅正在利用Instagram这个软件来推广自己的食物，人们 可以通过把照片传到网上来支付购买食物的费用。故选D。‎ Passage3‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了泰姬陵的一些信息。‎ ‎3. C【解析】主旨大意题。本文主要讲述有关泰姬陵的一些信息，故答案为C。‎ ‎4. D【解析】推理判断题。其他三项的信息文中并没有提到或涉及，用排除法可选D。‎ Passage4‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文主要讲述化妆品市场，分析了女性人群喜欢购买化妆品的原因，进而讲述了化妆品公司开始开拓男性市场，并预测儿童和老年人将会成为更大的化妆品市场。‎ ‎1.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段前两句＂Cosmetics can cover up the deficiencies of nature. Regular use of a body lotion will keep the skin soft and supple.＂和第三段倒数第二句＂It is not enough; women always want to be prettier, younger, and more attractive.＂可知化妆品能够掩盖瑕疵，经常使用洗涤液可以使皮肤柔软光滑，女人们总是想更漂亮，更年轻和更有吸引力，因此推断化妆产品受女性顾客欢迎的原因是它对于保持皮肤柔软光滑起作用。故选B。‎ ‎2.C 【解析】考查推理判断。画线句句意是：经常使用身体洗涤剂会保持皮肤柔软。主语是Regular use，谓语动词是will keep。故选C。‎ ‎3.B 【解析】考查段落大意。倒数第二段主要讲述最近几年出现了新趋势，随着男人们更加注意他们的皮肤和形象，男性化妆品的需求增加，化妆品公司开始生产男性化妆品，因此推断，随着社会的发展男人也开始使用化妆品。故选B。 ‎ ‎4.A 【解析】考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段可知，男人也注意自己的形象，也想更漂亮、更年轻和更吸引人，故B项说法正确；根据最后一段第二句可知，市民会用可承受的价格购买化妆品，故C项说法正确；根据二、三两段可知，无论男人还是女人皮肤都需要护理，故D项说法正确。根据最后一段＂Untouched markets are still enormous. With affordable price tags, skin care, makeup, and fragrance(香味) will continue to expand their user base to preteens and senior citizens in both genders.＂可知，未开发的市场是巨大的，儿童和老年人将是化妆品市场未来的用户，而不是女性顾客市场潜力巨大。故答案为A。‎ ‎ ‎