2021版高考英语一轮复习Unit4Astron同步练习 人教版必修3 22页

‎ Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars 一、语基必备知识 ‎(一)重点词汇——分类记忆 Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意 ‎1．astronomy n．　　　　　　　 天文学 ‎2．fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的 ‎3．solar n. 太阳的；日光的 ‎4．atom n. 原子 ‎5．carbon n. 碳 ‎6．dioxide n. 二氧化物 ‎7．vapour n. 蒸气；水蒸气 ‎8．presence n．　 　 出席；到场；存在 ‎9．dissolve vt.& vi. 溶解；解散 ‎10．acid n. 酸 ‎11．chain n. 链子；连锁；锁链 ‎12．multiply vi.& vt. 乘；增加 ‎13．oxygen n. 氧 ‎14．mammal n．　 　 哺乳动物 ‎15．geologist n. 地质学家 ‎16．extinct adj. 灭绝的；绝种的 ‎17．lessen vi.& vt. 减少；减轻 ‎18．spaceship n. 宇宙飞船 ‎19．weightlessly adv. 失重地 ‎20．satellite n. 卫星；人造卫星 Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形 ‎1．atmosphere n．　　　　　 大气层；气氛 ‎2．physicist n. 物理学家 ‎3．thus adv. 因此；于是 ‎4．gravity n. 万有引力；重力 ‎5．climate n. 气候 ‎6．crash vi.& vt. 碰撞；坠落 ‎7．pull n．& vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力 22‎ ‎8．float vi.& vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮 n. 漂浮物 ‎9．system n. 系统；体系；制度 ‎10．theory n. 学说；理论 Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变 ‎1．globe n．球体；地球仪；地球→global adj.全球性的；全世界的 ‎2．violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence n．暴力→violently adv.暴力地；猛烈地 ‎3．like vt.喜欢 prep.像→unlike prep.与……不同；不像→dislike vt.不喜欢；讨厌→likely adj.可能的 ‎4．harm n．& vt.伤害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的 ‎5．exist vi.存在；生存→existence n．存在；生存 ‎6．puzzle n．谜；难题 vt.& vi. (使)迷惑；(使)为难→puzzled adj.感到困惑的→puzzling adj.令人困惑的 ‎7．religion n．宗教；宗教信仰→religious adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的 ‎8．biology n．生物学→biologist n．生物学家→biological adj.生物的 ‎9．react v．反应→reaction n．反应；回应 ‎10．gentle adj.温和的；文雅的→gently adv.温和地；文雅地 ‎1.形容词变副词去掉e再加y ‎①gentle→gently　　　　　　 温和地 ‎②possible→possibly 可能地 ‎③comfortable→comfortably 舒服地 ‎④simple→simply 简单地 ‎⑤terrible→terribly 可怕地 ‎2.“推，拉”家族 ‎①pull n．& vt.　　 拉(力)；拖； 牵引力 ‎②draw vt.& vi. 拖；拉 ‎③drag vt.& vi. 拖；拉；拽 ‎④push v．& vi. 推，推动(力)‎ ‎3.un前缀高频形容词全接触 ‎①unlike　　　　 与……不同；不像 ‎②uncertain 不确定的 22‎ ‎③unclear 不清楚的 ‎④uncomfortable 不舒服的 ‎⑤unfair 不公平的 ‎(二)重点短语——记牢用活 ‎1．in__time　　　　　　　　　　 及时；终于 ‎2．lay__eggs 下蛋 ‎3．give__birth__to 产生；分娩 ‎4．in__one’s__turn 轮到某人 ‎5．watch__out__for 密切注意；当心；提防 ‎6．cheer__up 感到高兴；感到振奋 ‎7．depend__on 依靠；取决于 ‎8．break__out 突发；爆发 ‎9．prevent...from... 阻止；制止 ‎10．block__out 挡住(光线)‎ ‎11．get__the__hang__of 熟悉；掌握；理解 ‎12．now__that 既然 ‎1.“阻止/禁止某人做某事”的多种表达 ‎①prevent sb.from doing sth.‎ ‎②prohibit sb.from doing sth.‎ ‎③stop sb.from doing sth.‎ ‎④ban sb.from doing sth.‎ ‎⑤keep sb.from doing sth.‎ ‎⑥forbid sb.from doing sth.‎ ‎2.“动词＋out”短语荟萃 ‎①block out　　　　　　　　　 挡住(光线)‎ ‎②break out 突发；爆发 ‎③find out 查出；弄明白　‎ ‎④look/watch out 当心；提防 ‎⑤put out 扑灭 ‎⑥run out 用完 ‎⑦let out 泄露；发出(声音)‎ ‎⑧die out 灭绝 22‎ ‎(三)重点句式——背熟巧用 句型公式 教材原句 句型1：make＋it＋adj./n.＋(for sb.)to do sth.‎ This produced a chain reaction, which made__it__possible__for__life__to__develop．‎ 这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。‎ 句型2：倍数表达法：倍数＋as...as...‎ But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice__as__far__as on the earth and fell over.　但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。‎ 句型3：now that引导原因状语从句 ‎“Oh, dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now__that__gravity__has__changed．”‎ ‎“天哪，” 我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”‎ 句型4：形容词作伴随状语 We watched, amazed__as__fire__broke__out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.　我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。‎ 二、语境强化训练 Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式 ‎1．Newton was one of the greatest physicists(物理学家) in the world and many people admire him very much.‎ ‎2．The old scientist told his students that scientific theories(理论) must be based on facts.‎ ‎3．(浙江卷)I made friends with the natives, and their reaction(反应) amazed me.‎ ‎4．They completely ignored these problems as if they never existed(存在)．‎ ‎5．Accustomed to the climate(气候) in the countryside，the old couple prefer not to move to the city.‎ ‎6．Some experts think reading is the fundamental(基本的) skill upon which school education depends.‎ ‎7．The meeting was held in a lively atmosphere(气氛) where everybody felt free to share his ideas.‎ ‎8．We failed to find enough evidence，thus(因此) we concluded that he was innocent.‎ 22‎ Ⅱ.语境品词——写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义 ‎1．(2019·北京卷阅读D)When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate.碳 ‎2．(2019·江苏卷任务型阅读) It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.Mammals weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm3.哺乳动物 ‎3．(2018·江苏卷阅读C)If you want to disturb the car industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Momandpop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. 十亿 ‎4．(2019·天津卷阅读C)The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.灭绝 Ⅲ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎1．There was a puzzled look on the little girl’s face because a puzzling problem puzzled her.(puzzle)‎ ‎2．In face of violence,__people can act violently if they feel threatened.(violence)‎ ‎3．Playing computer games will not only do harm to your physical health, but it is also harmful to your mental health.So there is no harm in advising you to give it up.(harm)‎ ‎4．As is known to us, everyone has his likes and dislikes．My little sister is fond of pop music.She is likely to become a famous pop singer in the future.(like)‎ ‎5．He often says that he doesn’t believe in any religion but meanwhile he respects others’ religious freedom.(religion) ‎ Ⅳ.选词成篇 watch out for; depend on; prevent...from; now that; break out; in time; cheer up ‎(一)‎ ‎1．Now__that we all understand that the haze is harmful to our health, we should take effective measures to 2.prevent it from getting bad to worse. No matter what happens, we must 3.cheer__up and try to reduce the pollution. If we keep on, we’ll succeed at last.‎ ‎(二)‎ A fire 4.broke__out in the building last night. Luckily, the firefighters arrived 5.in__time and put out the fire. We were warned to 6.watch__out__for electricity and gas when cooking our meals. Thanks to the firefighters’ help, we 22‎ ‎ were not injured. They are the men that we can 7.depend__on when we are in trouble.‎ Ⅴ.完成句子 ‎1．(2018·北京卷书面表达)我详细地解释这个过程的每一步，这有可能使他们明白怎样来泡茶。‎ I explained every step of the process in detail, which__made__it__possible__for__them__to__understand how to make tea.‎ ‎2．我的农场已扩大成了一个大农场，是以前的三倍大。‎ My farm has expanded into a big one, which is__three__times__as__large__as the previous one.‎ ‎3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)既然你喜欢乒乓球，我想邀请你加入校队。‎ Now__that__you__are__fond__of__table__tennis,__I’d like to invite you to join the school team.‎ ‎4．长途旅行之后，我们三人回到了家，又饿又累。‎ After the long journey，the three of us went back home, hungry__and__tired．‎ ‎ exist　vi.存在；生存 ‎[基础练习]——单句语法填空 ‎①You can’t imagine what difficulty they have existing(exist) on the money he is earning.‎ ‎②Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence(exist)．‎ ‎[能力提升]——完成句子 ‎③众所周知，年轻人和老年人之间存在代沟。‎ As is known to us, there__exists__a__generation__gap__between__the__young__and__the__old．‎ ‎(1)exist in　　　　　　 存在于……之中 exist on 靠……为生 There exists... 有……；存在……‎ ‎(2)existence n. 存在；生存 come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在　 ‎ ‎[佳句背诵] The parking place for bikes was an existing problem for a long time 22‎ ‎ in our school.　在我们学校，自行车的存放是一个长久以来就存在的问题。‎ ‎ puzzle　vt.& vi. (使)迷惑；(使)为难；(使)窘困；感到迷惑　n．(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜 ‎[基础练习]——单句语法填空 ‎①To be honest, I sometimes feel puzzled(puzzle) about my future career.‎ ‎②When the little girl was asked such a puzzling(puzzle) question, she stood there with a surprised look on her face.‎ ‎③Hearing the manager’s explanation, he had a puzzled(puzzle) expression on his face.‎ ‎[能力提升]——微写作 ‎④(北京卷书面表达)今天早上，当我走在街上时，我看到两位游客正在看地图，看起来很困惑。‎ This morning, when I was walking on the street, I saw that two tourists were reading a map, looking__puzzled. ‎ ‎(1)puzzle about/over　　 冥思苦想；苦苦思索 ‎(2)a puzzle to sb. 一件让某人感到困惑的事情　 ‎ ‎(3)puzzling adj.　　　　 令人迷惑的 puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的；困惑的 ‎[佳句背诵] How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.‎ 地球生命是如何起源的是科学家们觉得很难解决的最大难题之一。‎ ‎ pull　n．& vt.牵引力；拉(力)；拖 ‎[基础练习]——用pull的相关短语填空 ‎①The train has pulled__in,__and the passengers are boarding it now.‎ ‎②As he was hopelessly wandering around the station, the train pulled__out of the station.‎ ‎③As the old saying goes, “It is easier to pull__down than to build up.”‎ ‎④Everyone was concerned about whether the patient would pull__through or not.‎ pull down　　　　 拆毁；摧毁 pull in (车辆) 进站停靠；靠边停靠 pull out 驶出；退出 22‎ pull through 康复；痊愈 pull up 停车 　 ‎ ‎[佳句背诵] They are pulling down those houses to make room for a new hotel.‎ 为了给新旅馆腾地，他们正在拆除那些房屋。‎ ‎ in time　及时；终于；总有一天 ‎[基础练习]——用time的相关短语填空 ‎①(全国卷Ⅲ)At__one__time，I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be free from them.‎ ‎②(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)At__the__same__time,__I have a good command of several languages including English.‎ ‎③In my view, at__no__time should you lose heart whenever you are in trouble.‎ ‎④You’d better do one thing at__a__time,__so that you can concentrate on it.‎ ‎(1)in no time　　　　　　 立刻；马上 at no time 决不 ‎ at a time 每次；一次 at one time 曾经；一度 at the same time 同时 from time to time 有时；偶尔 ‎(2)take one’s time 别着急；慢慢来 kill time 消磨时间　 ‎ ‎[佳句背诵] Therefore, I couldn’t spare enough time to write you back in time.‎ 所以，我没有及时抽出足够的时间给你写回信。‎ ‎ cheer up　感到高兴；感到振奋；(使)高兴；(使)振奋 ‎[基础练习]——单句语法填空 ‎①Cheer Mary up,__and things will work out for the best.‎ ‎②Cathy didn’t expect any award but was still there to cheer on her friends and praise their accomplishments.‎ ‎[能力提升]——词汇升级 ‎③(普通表达)When I’m feeling sad, my mother tells me funny stories to make me happy.‎ 22‎ ‎(高级表达)When I’m feeling depressed,__my mother tells me funny stories to cheer__me__up．‎ ‎(1)cheer sb.up　　　　 使某人振作起来 cheer sb.on 为某人加油 cheer for 为……而欢呼 ‎(2)Cheers! [口语](用于祝酒) 干杯！　 ‎ ‎[佳句背诵] I do hope she can cheer up and accept the challenge of life bravely! 　我真心希望她能振作起来， 勇敢地接受生活的挑战！‎ ‎ in one’s turn　轮到某人 ‎[基础练习]——单句语法填空 ‎①When it was in my turn, I was too excited to speak.‎ ‎②At the meeting they took turns to__put(put) forward a number of suggestions aiming to promote the reform of education system.‎ ‎③The two daughters looked after their sick mother by turns.‎ ‎④From my point of view, theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.‎ in turn　　　　　　　　 依次；轮流；反之；反过来 by turns 轮流；交替地 take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事 It is one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事。　 ‎ ‎[佳句背诵] Now that we have finished designing, the company, in its turn, should do the constructing work.‎ 既然我们已经完成了设计工作，就轮到该公司做建设工作了。‎ ‎ make＋it＋adj./n.＋(for sb.)to do sth.‎ ‎ (教材P26)This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.‎ 这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。 ‎ ‎[基础练习]——单句语法填空 ‎①(2018·浙江卷6月应用文写作)I have much experience in voluntary work so that I find it a good idea for me to apply for the position.‎ 22‎ ‎② She made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.‎ ‎③He is stubborn, which makes it no use quarrelling(quarrel) with him about it.‎ ‎[能力提升]——微写作 ‎④(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)新建的体育馆足够大，这使我们有可能参加各种各样的活动。 ‎ The newlybuilt stadium is large enough, which__makes__it__possible__for__us__to__take__part__in__various__activities．‎ ‎(1)make＋it＋adj./n.＋that从句 make＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.‎ make＋it＋no good/no use/no value...＋doing sth.‎ ‎(2)常用于这种句型的动词还有：think，consider，find，feel等。　 ‎ ‎[佳句背诵] Having watched A Bite of China will make it easier for you to understand why he is determined to make his living by running a Chinese food restaurant in New York.‎ 看了《舌尖上的中国》，你会更容易理解为什么他决定在纽约开一家中餐馆来谋生。‎ ‎ 倍数表达法：倍数＋as...as...‎ ‎(教材P31) But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.‎ 但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。‎ ‎[基础练习]——单句语法填空 ‎①The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster(fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.‎ ‎②The number of students now in this school is four times what it was ten years ago.‎ ‎[能力提升]——一句多译 ‎(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)这部短片讲述了我们学校的发展。现在，我们的学校面积是十年前的三倍大。‎ ‎③The short film tells about the development of our school. Now our school is__three__times__as__big__as that ten years ago.‎ ‎④The short film tells about the development of our school. Now our school is__twice____bigger__than that ten years ago.‎ 22‎ ‎⑤The short film tells about the development of our school. Now our school is__three__times__the__size__of that ten years ago.‎ 英语中常见的倍数表达法有：‎ ‎(1)A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj.原级＋as B；‎ ‎(2)A＋be＋倍数＋adj.比较级＋than B；‎ ‎(3)A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/weight...) ＋of B；‎ ‎(4)A＋be＋倍数＋what从句，表示“A是……的多少倍”。　 ‎ ‎[佳句背诵] The teaching building being built now is four times as high as that one.‎ ‎＝The teaching building being built now is three times higher than that one.‎ ‎＝The teaching building being built now is four times the height of that one.‎ 正在修建的教学楼是那个教学楼的四倍高。‎ Ⅰ.词形转换和动词的形式变换(用所给词的正确形式填空)‎ ‎1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)It is difficult to figure out a global(globe) population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20，000－25，000 polar bears worldwide.‎ ‎2．(2019·江苏卷)Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently(gentle) placed his fingers on the keys.‎ ‎3．Unlike(like) traditional amusement parks，theme parks often teach visitors something.‎ ‎4．The schoolmaster said that some measures should be taken to stop the school violence(violent)．‎ ‎5．During those four years, he worked day and night, thus improving(improve) his theory gradually until it was complete.‎ Ⅱ.固定用法和搭配(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)‎ ‎1．Even though there were only ten minutes left, I was in time for the lecture.‎ ‎2．Sometimes he found it very hard to fall asleep at night，so he went to see 22‎ ‎ the doctor.‎ ‎3．A new hospital has been planned to be built here, and they are going to pull down that old building.‎ ‎4．They want to make it clear to the public that the clean workers do an important and necessary job.‎ ‎5．As is known to us, the People’s Republic of China came into existence(exist) as an independent country in 1949.‎ Ⅲ.易错误用(改正下列句子中的错误)‎ ‎1．The twin brothers stood under the tree, puzzling.puzzling→puzzled ‎2．The newly broadened square is three time larger than the previous one.time→times ‎3．There is so much rain on the island that its annual rainfall reaches as many as sixty inches.many→much ‎4．The river is so polluted that every day we can see a lot of things being floating on the water.删除being ‎5．Lots of studies have shown that globe warming has already become a very seriously problem.globe→global；seriously→serious Ⅳ.熟词生义(根据具体语境写出加黑词的词性及含义)‎ ‎1．(2019·北京卷)Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen.vt.排入 ‎2．The lady hadn’t chained her dog up, thus getting it killed on the main road. vt.用链条拴住 ‎3．We nearly exhausted our coal reserved for the winter, which worried us a lot. vt.用尽，用完 ‎4．The idea was first floated in a speech given by the president a few months ago.vt.提出(想法)‎ 提能一　语段填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)‎ ‎(一)‎ A conflict 1.broke(break) out when the villagers tried to prevent the factory 2.from sending waste water into their fields.The villagers had been watching out 3.for the waste water for some time.They found it was very harmful 4.to their health as well as their crops.Officials came just in time 5.to__stop(stop) the situation getting worse.‎ 22‎ ‎(二)‎ Whether there is life on Mars is still 1.a puzzle to us. The earth is 6 times as 2.large(large) as the Mars. Whether we can land on Mars depends 3.on the development of science and technology. There is almost no oxygen on Mars and this makes it impossible for us 4.to__exist(exist). If we are to go to Mars one day, we should have to take along our own oxygen, food, clothing and shelter.‎ 提能二　话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)‎ 假如你是李华，你爱好太空探险但是却得不到父母的理解，于是你给英国朋友Stephen发电子邮件进行交流并请求帮助。要点如下：①父母的意见；②你的观点。(至少写2点)　‎ ‎1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)‎ ‎①我和父母之间存在一个问题，使我不能专心学习。‎ There__exists__a__problem between my parents and me, and that has__made__it__impossible__for__me__to__concentrate__on__my__study．‎ ‎②我对太空探险很痴迷，因此我业余时间常去图书馆，在那里我掌握了许多与太空探险有关的材料。‎ I am so crazy about space exploration that in my spare time I often go to the library, where__I__have__got__the__hang__of__much__about__space__exploration．‎ ‎③这使我的父母很生气，因为他们认为我的爱好对我的学习有害。‎ This makes my parents very angry because they think my__hobby__is__harmful__to__my__study．‎ ‎④使我沮丧的是他们总是阻止我去图书馆，并督促我用更多的时间学习。(主语从句)‎ What__upsets__me__is__that__they__always__prevent__me__from__going__to__the__library and urge me to spend__much__more__time__on my lessons.‎ ‎⑤依我看，良好的爱好不仅对全面发展有益，而且有助于我日后的成功。‎ In my view, not only are healthy hobbies beneficial to my overall development but they can also contribute__to__my__success__in__time．‎ ‎⑥既然你处理过类似的情况，我想知道你是否能给我一些建议。‎ Now__that__you__have__dealt__with__such__situation,__I’m wondering whether you can offer me some suggestions.‎ ‎2．升级平淡句 按要求升级句①‎ ‎⑦There__exists__a__problem__between__my__parents__and__me,__making__it__impossible__for__me__to__concentrate__on__my__study.(分词作状语)‎ 22‎ ‎⑧There__exists__a__problem__between__my__parents__and__me,__which__has__made__it__impossible__for__me__to__concentrate__on__my__study.(非限制性定语从句)‎ ‎3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：actually, however, moreover)‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ One possible version：‎ Dear Stephen，‎ There exists a problem between my parents and me, which has made it impossible for me to concentrate on my study.‎ Actually, I am so crazy about space exploration that in my spare time I often go to the library, where I have got the hang of much about space exploration.However, this makes my parents very angry because they think my hobby is harmful to my study.Moreover, what upsets me is that they always prevent me from going to the library and urge me to spend much more time on my lessons.In my view, not only are healthy hobbies beneficial to my overall development but they can also contribute to my success in time.‎ Now that you have dealt with such situation, I’m wondering whether you can offer me some suggestions.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎(建议用时：40分钟)‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎(2020·大连高三一模)Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse(月食)—on the roof of their house.‎ Now a seventh grader at East Prairie Elementary School, Dobek recently won the national Discovery Education Lockheed Martin Beyond Challenge by designing a space 22‎ ‎ station for travelling to Mars.‎ She says that night watching the lunar eclipse started a strong desire in her that has yet to run out of fuel. So when her teacher Andrea Smeeton received information about the national challenge, Smeeton said she immediately had one student in mind.‎ ‎“I knew she would love the challenge and that she would go way beyond in her search，” Smeeton said. “She immediately started researching bone density(密度) of astronauts and how to have food on Mars.”‎ ‎“My design will ensure the safety of the astronauts but also make sure their comfort is out of this world，” Dobek says.‎ Dobek’s design calls for building the MSS or Mars Storage Station to put the supplies in. It also includes the SGF or SelfGrowing Farm, and she details how it would work with the elements on Mars.‎ Then there is physical and leisure activity for the astronauts under Dobek’s design. A simulator(模拟装置) allows astronauts to choose their exercise machine and virtual reality environment. Rooms have circular ceilings so astronauts will be able to watch downloaded shows and even see places on Earth, such as their homes.‎ ‎“I want to tell other kids to follow their passions，” Dobek said. “Whatever they want to do, they should push for it and always try their best.”‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了小学生Emilia Dobek设计太空站，并赢得挑战的相关内容。‎ ‎1．Dobek first became interested in space when ________．‎ A．she was still a seventh grader B．she studied at a junior high school C．she lived on the top of their house D．she watched an eclipse of the moon D　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse(月食)—on the roof of their house.”可知，Dobek对太空感兴趣是从她在三年级时的一个晚上观看的一次月食开始的。‎ ‎2．Smeeton recommended that Dobek take the challenge because ________．‎ A．she knew Dobek liked challenges in life B．she had no other students interested in Mars C．Dobek knew how to research bone density of astronauts 22‎ D．she was sure that Dobek would have outstanding performance D　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段Smeeton的话可推知，她对Dobek很了解，对其可以接受这项挑战并出色完成充满信心。‎ ‎3．What does Dobek focus on when designing the space station?‎ A．The environment on Mars.‎ B．The safety of the supplies.‎ C．The activities for astronauts.‎ D．The comfort of the astronauts.‎ D　解析：推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的“make sure their comfort is out of this world”并结合对倒数第二段的整体理解可推知，Dobek的设计包含身体和休闲活动，让宇航员在太空中也感到舒适。‎ ‎【难句分析】　Whatever they want to do, they should push for it and always try their best.‎ 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。whatever＝no matter what，引导让步状语从句，意为“无论什么”。‎ 译文：无论他们想做什么，他们都应该尽力实现它，并且总是竭尽全力。‎ B ‎(2020·贵阳高三摸底)Many of us think, wrongly, that the moon doesn’t change. For example, the Tang Dynasty poet Zhang Ruoxu once wrote that “Generations have come and passed away; From year to year the moons look alike, old and new.”‎ However, a new study published in the journal Nature Geoscience shows that the moon is in fact slowly shrinking over time. For the study, a group of US scientists examined and analyzed thousands of photographs taken by the NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera(月球勘测轨道飞行器照相机). They found that there were lots of faults(断层) on the surface of the moon. These faults were formed by recent movement on the moon.‎ According to NASA, the moon is made up of pieces of rocks with a hot core. The moon continued to expand as it was born. But in this process, it released energy and cooled down. Then it began to shrink, in a way comparable to the shrinking of a grape into a raisin. Over the past several hundred million years, it has become 46 meters “skinnier”. But due to its hard and rocky layer, the moon’s surface continues to push up. “Some of these quakes can be fairly strong, around five on the Richter scale(里氏震级)，” said Thomas Watters, a senior scientist at the 22‎ ‎ Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in the US.‎ But does that mean the moon is a dangerous place that human shouldn’t try to explore and live on in the future? Maybe not, reported The Telegraph. “This isn’t anything to worry about. The moon may be shrinking, but not by much. It’s not going anywhere，” Watters comforted us.‎ The new discovery proves that the idea that the moon is a dead, boring place is wrong. “We have been to the moon and we’ve done some great science, but there is still a lot we don’t know. The moon is shrinking—we didn’t really realize that until recently. It’s a much more active and interesting place than we thought and we should explore that，” NASA scientist Nathan Williams said.‎ ‎【解题导语】　月球并非如唐代诗人张若虚在诗中描绘的那样是亘古不变的。一项最新的科学研究表明，月球正在随着时间慢慢地缩小。此外，这项研究还表明月球还有许多我们不了解的东西，它是一个比我们认为的更活跃、更有意思的地方，我们应该探索它。‎ ‎4．Which point of view about the moon may the writer agree to?‎ A．It stays the same as before.‎ B．It is becoming slightly smaller.‎ C．It is getting older and older.‎ D．It has passed away.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“However, a new study...shows that the moon is in fact slowly shrinking over time.”可知，一项新的发表在《自然·地球科学》上的研究表明，月球正在随着时间慢慢地缩小，据此可知B项正确。‎ ‎5．What can we learn about the moon from the third paragraph?‎ A．It has become 46 meters fatter due to expanding.‎ B．It has changed from a grape into a raisin in recent years.‎ C．It quakes even at seven on the Richter scale.‎ D．It has a hot core and releases energy during expanding.‎ D　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段前三句中的“the moon is made up of pieces of rocks with a hot core. The moon continued to expand as it was born.But in this process, it released energy”可知，月球由带有一个热核的岩石块组成，当它形成时月球在持续膨胀，在这个过程中它会释放能量，故D项正确。‎ ‎6．Who thinks that we needn’t worry about the moon?‎ A．Zhang Ruoxu.‎ B．Thomas Watters.‎ C．Nathan Williams.‎ 22‎ D．The journalist.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中Thomas Watters说的话“This isn’t anything to worry about...It’s not going anywhere”可知，Thomas Watters认为我们不必担心月球，尽管月球在缩小，但它并没有缩小很多，故B项正确。‎ ‎7．What does Nathan Williams think of the moon?‎ A．It is a dead and boring place.‎ B．It has lots of faults on the surface.‎ C．It is valuable to do more science.‎ D．It isn’t a place where we can live.‎ C　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中Nathan Williams说的话“We have been to the moon and we’ve done some great science...we should explore that”可知，Nathan Williams认为月球有许多我们不了解的东西，值得我们去探索，据此可推知，他认为研究月球是有价值的，故C项正确。‎ ‎【难句分析】　The new discovery proves that the idea that the moon is a dead, boring place is wrong.‎ 分析：该句为主从复合句。句中“that the idea that the moon is a dead, boring place is wrong”为that引导的宾语从句，其中“that the moon is a dead, boring place”为that引导的同位语从句，作the idea的同位语。‎ 译文：新的发现证明“月球是一处死气沉沉的无聊之地”这一说法是错误的。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 ‎(2020·武汉高三训练)It’s 27 years since my last conversation with my mother, who didn’t finish school like many of her contemporary girls. She often told me, “I never got my __1__ but one day you will.”‎ Pointing to a tree or cow, she asked me to __2__ their English names after her. Feeling __3__， I asked, “Mama, why do I have to learn these __4__ phrases？” She held her pen right before my eyes. “Hold it firmly，” she __5__ me, “for this pen and the new foreign language will be your compass to __6__ around the world.” Sadly, my mother died of breast cancer when I was six.‎ Turning seven, I traveled 30 miles to live closer to my school. But “closer” is a __7__ term in Uganda, which __8__ I had to get up as the __9__ sun rose and then ran 8.8 miles barefoot to school. Also, I needed to carry a stick in __10__ that I came across snakes and dogs. During the __11__ season, the path to school was __12__ daily and I’d swim with one hand, using the other hand to __13__ the book bag on my head.‎ 22‎ Research shows 70 percent of poor children don’t __14__ primary school in Uganda. Among the reasons for this __15__ dropout rate are the long __16__ some children must __17__ and the life pressure.‎ Fortunately, I’ve made it. Whenever I see the sun rise, I am __18__ of the wisdom of my mother, who __19__ me to dream big and to use the __20__ of the pen to make my dream come true.‎ ‎【解题导语】　在乌干达贫困生辍学率极高的情况下，母亲鼓励作者完成学业。是母亲让作者有大梦想，是母亲教会作者用笔的力量实现梦想。‎ ‎1．A.degree　　　　　　　　　　 B．scholarship C．recommendation D．admission A　解析：根据下文母亲鼓励作者完成学业可知，此处应是“获得学位”。A项意为“学位”；B项意为“奖学金”。结合语境，答案应选A。‎ ‎2．A.recite B．use C．repeat D．guess C　解析：根据语境以及后面的“after her”可知，母亲指着一棵树或一头牛让作者跟着她重复(repeat)它们的英文名字。‎ ‎3．A.anxious B．curious C．disappointed D．annoyed D　解析：根据后面的“have to”可知，作者很恼怒(annoyed)，问妈妈自己为什么非得学这些外语词组。‎ ‎4．A.tough B．new C．foreign D．old C　解析：参见上题解析。下文中的“the new foreign language”也是提示。‎ ‎5．A.encouraged B．consulted C．blamed D．frightened A　解析：根据空后的“for this pen and the new foreign language will be your compass to ______ around the world”可知，母亲鼓励(encouraged)作者学习这些东西。‎ ‎6．A.fly B．turn C．walk D．sail D　解析：句意：因为笔和外语会成为你航行(sail)世界的指南针。‎ ‎7．A.relative B．real C．simple D．technical A　解析：句意：在乌干达，所谓的“近”是个相对(relative) 而言的说法，那意味着我得在晨阳升起时起床，赤脚跑8.8英里到学校。‎ 22‎ ‎8．A.shows B．means C．proves D．states B　解析：参见上题解析。mean意为“意味着”。‎ ‎9．A.warm B．early C．bright D．hot B　解析：根据语境可知，作者不得不迎着早(early) 晨的太阳起床。故选B。‎ ‎10．A.search B．possession C．time D．case D　解析：句意：而且作者需要带一根棍以防遇见蛇和狗。in case意为“以防”，故答案选D。‎ ‎11．A.summer B．cold C．rainy D．dry C　解析：根据后面的“swim”可知，在雨季，道路被水淹没(flooded)，作者得一只手用来游泳，另一只手用来抓着头顶上的书包。rainy“多雨的”符合语境。‎ ‎12．A.damaged B．repaired C．blocked D．flooded D　解析：参见上题解析。‎ ‎13．A.drag B．hold C．put D．seize B　解析：hold“抓住”符合语境。drag意为“拖，拉”；seize意为“抓取”。‎ ‎14．A.attend B．enter C．complete D．continue C　解析：句意：研究表明，在乌干达70%的贫困生没能完成(complete)小学教育。‎ ‎15．A.constant B．steady C．low D．high D　解析：根据上文可知，乌干达辍学率较高(high)。‎ ‎16．A.distances B．periods C．lists D．stories A　解析：此处与上文所述的走很远的路上学呼应，表示很远的距离(distances)。‎ ‎17．A.cover B．consider C．judge D．measure A　解析：参见上题解析。此处cover意为“行走”。‎ ‎18．A.informed B．warned C．reminded D．told 22‎ C　解析：句意：每当看见太阳升起，作者总是想起(reminded) 母亲的智慧。‎ ‎19．A.enabled B．inspired C．expected D．intended B　解析：根据语境可知，母亲激励(inspired)作者有大梦想。‎ ‎20．A.value B．power C．symbol D．length B　解析：根据语境可知，母亲让作者有大梦想，是母亲教会作者用笔的力量(power)成就梦想。‎ Ⅲ.短文改错 ‎(2020·太原模拟)I live in a typical Chinese family of four generations lived together under same roof. Everyone has funs with each other here. Every night, we will have dinner together, talking or laughing around the dinner table so that all the worries of the day will be swept away. At weekends, Dad will take Grandpa, that likes outdoor activities a lot, to the countryside to fish. Mom and Grandma will cook delicious food for ourselves. When the weather is fine, I will push my 95－year－old great grandmother in a wheelchair to sunbathe in the yard. My family is such harmonious that I have been grown up into a person with love and a sense of responsibility. I will definite teach what I had already learned to my future children.‎ 答案：‎ I live in a typical Chinese family of four generations together under same roof. Everyone has with each other here. Every night, we will have dinner together, talking laughing around the dinner table so that all the worries of the day will be swept away. At weekends, Dad will take Grandpa, likes outdoor activities a lot, to the countryside to fish. Mom and Grandma will cook delicious food for . When the weather is fine, I will push my 95－year－old great grandmother in a wheelchair to sunbathe in the yard. My family is harmonious that I have grown up into a person with love and a sense of responsibility. I will teach what I already learned to my future children.‎ 22‎ ‎①lived改为living。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词live和其逻辑主语four generations为主谓关系，故用现在分词形式living。‎ ‎②在same前加the。考查冠词。此处为固定用法。the用在序数词和last, next, only, same等具有特殊意义的形容词之前。‎ ‎③funs改为fun。考查名词。fun是不可数名词，没有复数形式，故把funs改为fun。‎ ‎④or改为and。考查连词。根据语境可知，前后为并列关系，表示“说和笑”，故把or改为and。‎ ‎⑤that改为who。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是Grandpa，关系代词在从句中作主语，故用who引导该从句。‎ ‎⑥ourselves改为us。考查代词。此处表示妈妈和奶奶会给我们烹饪可口的食物。这里应该用宾格，故把ourselves改为us。‎ ‎⑦such改为so。考查副词。根据其后的形容词harmonious以及that可知，此处应用副词so。so...that...“如此……以至于……”。‎ ‎⑧删除been。考查语态。句意：我的家是如此和谐以至于我已经长成了一个有爱和责任感的人。根据句意可知，I和grow是主动关系，应用现在完成时的主动语态，故删除been。‎ ‎⑨definite改为definitely。考查副词。此处应用副词修饰动词teach，故把definite改为definitely。‎ ‎⑩had改为have。考查动词的时态。主句的时态是一般将来时，此处表示到现在为止我已经学到的东西。所以此处应用现在完成时，故把had改为have。‎ 22‎