2020届英语二轮复习600分冲刺：第1部分专题1阅读理解考点4　词义猜测题课件 55页

题型突破 · 专项提升 第一部分 专题一　阅读理解 考点 4 　词义猜测题 1 悟真题、取其精华 2 研典题、技法例析 3 随堂练、即时巩固 4 层级练、素能强化 悟真题、取其精华 A (2019 · 浙江卷， B) Money with no strings attached .It's not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month ， a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read ， “ Give What You Can ， Take What You Need. ” People quickly caught on.And while many took dollars ， many others pinned their own cash to the board. “ People of all ages ， races ， and socio － economic( 社会经济的 ) backgrounds gave and took ， ” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox ， which created the project. “ We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars. ” Most of the bills on the board were singles ， but a few people left fives ， tens and even twenties.The video clip( 片段 ) shows one man who had found a $20 bill pinning it to the board. “ What I can say for the folks that gave the most ， is that they were full of smiles ， ” Bridges said. “ There's a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most. ” Most people who took dollars took only a few ， but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could. While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign ， Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy.He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet. “ After all ， everyone has bad days and good days ， ” he said. “ Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand. ” 文章大意： 主题：人与社会 ( 社会服务 —— 公益事业 ) ；话题：付出与获取。本文是一篇记叙文，主要向读者介绍了 Tyler Bridges 创办的一项 “ 尽你所能，取你所需 ” 的活动。这一活动吸引了许多不同的人，其唯一目的就是展现人们的慷慨和同情心。结果显示，人们付出的多，获取的少，达到了预期效果。 1 ． What does the expression “ money with no strings attached ” in Paragraph 1 mean ？ _____ A ． Money spent without hesitation. B ． Money not legally made. C ． Money offered without conditions. D ． Money not tied together. 解析： 词义猜测题。根据第一段中的 “ Give What You Can ， Take What You Need.( 尽你所能，取你所需 ) ” 可知，此处 money with no strings attached 的意思应该是 “ 无条件提供钱 ” ，故 C 项正确。 C 2 ． What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride ？ _____ A ． Women tended to be more sociable. B ． The activity attracted various people. C ． Economic problems were getting worse. D ． Young couples needed financial assistance. 解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的 “‘ People of all ages ， races ， and socio － economic backgrounds gave and took ， ’ . .. ” 可知，这项活动吸引了不同年龄、不同种族、不同社会经济背景的人们，甚至有一位穿礼服的新娘都来拿了几美元。提到这位新娘的目的，显然是告诉我们：这项活动吸引了许多不同的人，故 B 项正确。 B 3 ． Why did Bridges carry out the project? A ． To do a test on people's morals._____ B ． To raise money for his company. C ． To earn himself a good reputation. D ． To promote kindness and sympathy. 解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的 “ ...Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. ” 可知， Bridges 开展该项活动的目的是展现人们的慷慨和同情心，故选 D 项。 D B (2019 · 安徽省 “ 江南十校 ” 综合素质检测 ) Last week, Vodafone started a test of the UK's first full 5G service, available for use by businesses in Salford. It is part of its plan to trial the technology in seven UK cities. But what can we expect from the next generation of mobile technology? One thing we will see in the preparation for the test is lots of tricks with the new tech. Earlier this year, operators paid almost ￡ 1.4 billion for the 5G wavelengths, and to compensate for that cash, they will need to catch the eye of consumers. In September, Vodafone used its bit of the range to display the UK's first hologram ( 全息 ) call. The Manchester City captain Steph Houghton appeared as a hologram in Newbury. It isn't all holograms, however: 5G will offer faster internet access, with Ofcom ( 英国通讯管理局 ) suggesting that video that takes a minute to download on 4G will be available in just a second. The wider application is to support connected equipment on the “ internet of things ” — not just the internet － enabled fridge that can reorder your milk for you, but the network that will enable driver － less cars and delivery drones ( 无人机 ) to communicate with each other. Prof William Webb has warned that the technology could be a case of the emperor's new clothes. Much of the speed increase, he claims, could have been achieved by putting more money in the 4G network, rather than a new technology. Other different voices have suggested that a focus on rolling out wider rural broadband access and addressing current network coverage would be more beneficial to the UK as a whole. Obviously, 5G will also bring a cost to consumers. It requires a handset for both 5G and 4G, and the first 5G － enabled smart phones are expected in the coming year. With the slow pace of network rollout so far, it is likely that consumers will end up upgrading to a new 5G phone well before 5G becomes widely available in the next couple of years. 文章大意： 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是 4G 向 5G 的转变。 5G 会给人们带来更多的好处，使人们的生活更加舒适。 4 ． Why does Prof William Webb say “ the technology could be a case of the emperor's new clothes ” ？ _____ A ． He is in favor of the application of the new technology. B ． 5G will bring a cost to consumers in their daily life. C ． 5G helps people communicate better with each other. D ． He prefers more money to be spent on 4G networks. 解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中 Prof William Webb has warned that the technology could be a case of the emperor's new clothes. Much of the speed increase, he claims, could have been achieved by putting more money in the 4G network, rather than a new technology. 可知， Prof William Webb 说 “ 这项技术可能是皇帝新衣的一个例子 ” 是因为他更愿意把更多的钱花在 4G 网络上。故选 D 。 D 5 ． The underlined word “ addressing ” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning to _____. A ． making a speech to 　　 B ． trying to solve C ． managing to decrease D ． responding to 解析： 词义猜测题。根据第四段中 Other different voices have suggested that a focus on rolling out wider rural broadband access and addressing current network coverage would be more beneficial to the UK as a whole. “ 其他不同的声音表示，集中精力推广更广泛的农村宽带接入，解决目前的网络覆盖问题，将对整个英国更有利。 ” 由此推知划线词的意思是 “ 试图解决 ” 。故选 B 。 B 6 ． The last paragraph indicates that _____. A ． it'll take several years to make 5G accessible to the public in the UK B ． 5G service shows huge development potential and a broad market C ． customers are eager to use 5G smart phones instead of 4G ones D ． it's probable that 5G network rollout is speeding up in Britain 解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段 With the slow pace of network rollout so far, it is likely that consumers will end up upgrading to a new 5G phone well before 5G becomes widely available in the next couple of years. 可知，最后一段指出，让 5G 在英国向公众开放需要几年的时间。故选 A 。 A 7 ． What do we know about the text ？ _____ A ． Vodafone is successful in spreading the 5G service. B ． Steph Houghton appeared as a hologram by 4G. C ． The application of 5G will make life much easier. D ． 5G phones are available in rural areas of the UK. 解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中 5G will offer faster internet access, with Ofcom ( 英国通讯管理局 ) suggesting that video that takes a minute to download on 4G will be available in just a second. 可知， 5G 的应用将使生活变得更容易。故选 C 。 C (1) 正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。 (2) 英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。 (3) 阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。 考 纲 解 读 Ⅰ . 把握词句猜测题常见的命题方式： (1)The phrase “ ... ” in the sentence could be replaced by_________. (2)The word “ ... ” in the paragraph refers to_________. (3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph ？ /What does the underlined word mean? (4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “ ... ” ？ (5)The word “ ... ” most nearly means_________. (6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that _________. 考 查 特 点 Ⅱ . 掌握词句猜测题的考查角度 (1) 猜测生词或熟词生义； (2) 猜测短语意义； (3) 猜测替代词所替代的内容 ( 如 it ， one ， they ， this ， that ， these ， those 等 ) ； (4) 猜测句意。 [ 选项特征 ] 最佳选项 干扰选项 ① 与原文上下文联系非常紧密。 ② 可以通过上下文内容的提示确定，原文提示的方式一般有：定义和解释、描述和例证、同义和反义、平行关系以及构词法等。 ① 只是字面意思。 ② 我们熟悉但并不符合上下文的定义。 ③ 与上下文似乎相吻合的错误定义。 研典题、技法例析 1 ．词义猜测题 —— 多措并举猜词义 此类试题主要考查在特定语境中对生词或熟词生义的猜测能力。做此类试题通常采用同义解释法，因果推断法、前后对比法、定义释例法、基本构词法和语境理解法。总之，对于任何词汇的猜测都要基于对特定的语境理解和对主题的恰当把握。 (1) 利用构词法猜词 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。 (2018 · 全国卷 Ⅰ ， C) In recent centuries ， trade ， industrialisation ， the development of the nation － state and the spread of universal compulsory education ， especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades ， all have caused many languages to disappear ， and dominant languages such as English ， Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. [ 解题思路 ] 根据构词法知识可知，－ zation 为动词构成名词的后缀，意为 “ …… 化 ” ，因此，可猜测 industrialization 为 “ 工业化 ” 之意，而 globalization 的含义为 _ 全球化 __ 。 典 例 (2) 利用同义近义词猜词 在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义近义的信号词 / 词组常见的有： and ， or ， similarly ， likewise 等。 (2017 · 全国卷 Ⅱ · A) By translating the rich and humorous text of Lo v e ' s Labour ' s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience. [ 解题思路 ] 根据上文 “ By translating the rich and humourous text of Love ' s Labour ' s Lost into the physical language of BSL ” 中的 translating 可知， interpretation 与 translating 同义，意为： _ 翻译 __ 。 典 例 (3) 利用反义词猜词 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词 / 词组常见的有： (whether)...or ， unlike ， but ， yet ， however ， while ， although ， nevertheless ， instead ， rather than ， in contrast ， on the contrary ， on the other hand 等。 ( 福建卷， E) If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored ， you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track. [ 解题思路 ] 根据上文语境， upbeat 应与上文中的 “ tired of ” 意义相反，可猜测为 _ 快乐的；乐观的 __ 。 典 例 (4) 利用逻辑关系猜词 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。 (2018 · 江苏卷， B) Lighting matters ， too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness ， they couldn't tell how much they'd had ： those given extra － large shares ate more than everyone else ， but were none the wiser — they didn't feel fuller ， and they were just as ready for dessert. ◆The underlined phrase “ none the wiser ” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were _________. A ． not aware of eating more than usual B ． not willing to share food with others C ． not conscious of the food quality D ． not fond of the food provided 典 例 [ 解题思路 ] 根据画线部分的前句 they couldn't tell how much they'd had ： those given extra － large shares ate more than everyone else ，可知，在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据画线后的句子 they didn't feel fuller ， and they were just as ready for dessert. 可知，他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，前后句之间是解释关系，故选 _ A __ 。 (5) 利用定义和解释猜词 有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，考生可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语 ( 从句 ) 、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如 i.e. ， is ， are ， is/are ， called ， mean ， refer to ， known as ， that is ， namely 等等。 Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people ； one player tried to get the other down on the floor. [ 解题思路 ] 通过后面的定义解释： Wrestling 是 “ 两人进行的，彼此尽力把对方弄倒在地的比赛 ” ，可以猜出 wrestling 的含义是 _ 摔跤 __ 。 典例 1 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅰ ， B 片段 ) For Canaan Elementary's second grade in Patchogue ， N.Y. ， today is speech day ， and right now it's Chris Palaez's turn.The 8 － year － old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes ， he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But he's nervous. “ I'm here to tell you today why you should...should... ” Chris trips on the “ － ld ， ” a pronunciation difficulty for many non － native English speakers.His teacher ， Thomas Whaley ， is next to him ， whispering support. “ ...Vote for...me... ” Except for some stumbles ， Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion ， Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. 典例 2 ◆ What does the underlined word “ stumbles ” in paragraph 2 refer to? A ． Improper pauses. 　　　 B ． Bad manners. C ． Spelling mistakes. D ． Silly jokes. [ 解题思路 ] 根据第二段中的 “ you should...should... ” 以及 “ ...Vote for...me... ” 这样的语句特点可知， Chris 的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与画线词后的句意 “ 他完成得非常好 ” 构成转折关系，与短语 except for 的语意相呼应。注意：高考阅读中的熟词生义现象非常关键，例如，如果能够注意到第二段第三句中 trips 一词在此语境中的特殊意义 ( 意为 “ 绊倒 ” ) 则有助于快速解答此题。故选 _ A __ 。 (6) 利用例证猜词 为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如 such as ， like ， for example ， for instance 等。 (2018 · 全国卷 Ⅰ ， C) In recent centuries ， trade ， industrialisation ， the development of the nation － state and the spread of universal compulsory education ， especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades ， all have caused many languages to disappear ， and dominant languages such as English ， Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. ◆Which of the following best explains “ dominant ” underlined in paragraph 2? A ． Complex. B ． Advanced. C ． Powerful. D ． Modern. 典 例 [ 解题思路 ] 根据 dominant languages such as English ， Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. 可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知 dominant languages 意为强有力的语言。故选 _ C __ 。 (7) 利用同等关系词 同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有： or ， namely ， that is ， in other words ， that is to say ， to be more exact ， to put in another way 等。 (2018 · 浙江卷， B) Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts( 收银台 ) ． The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California ， including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds ， plastic － bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. 典 例 ◆ What does the word “ headwinds ” in Paragraph 2 refer to ？ _____ A ． Bans on plastic bags. B ． Effects of city development. C ． Headaches caused by garbage. D ． Plastic bags hung in trees. [ 解题思路 ] 上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用 Stein 等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。根据画线词下文的内容可知 these headwinds 就是指代上文提到的禁止使用塑料袋。故选 _ A __ 。 A (2018 · 全国卷 Ⅲ ， D) Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings ？ The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. ... ◆What do the words “ more is more ” in Paragraph 1 probably mean ？ _____ A ． The more ， the better. B ． Enough is enough. C ． More money ， more worries. D ． Earn more and spend more. 典 例 A (8) 利用经验和常识猜词 [ 解题思路 ] 本题考查对短句 more is more 的意思猜测。根据生活常识可知，父母对孩子总是倾注所有，所以可以猜测这个短句应该是 “ 多多益善 ” 的意思。此外，第一个句子表明成年人明白到处堆满物品是什么感觉，后面用 why 提出反问可知 more is more 应该和前句中的 be flooded with 所表达的意思相似，表示很多。同时，第三句又从反面呼应了第二句话，表示好消息是我早早教会自己的孩子从较少的东西中获得较多的乐趣。结合生活常识，再加上三句话在意思上相互印证，就可以选出答案。 Enough is enough 意为 “ 够了，适可而止 ” 。 More money ， more worries 意为 “ 钱多烦恼多 ” 。 Earn more and spend more 意为 “ 挣得多花得多 ” 。故选 _ A __ 。 (2018 · 全国卷 Ⅱ ， B) ... If you have a juicer ， you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “ soft － serve ” creamy dessert ， to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a children's party ； they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 典例 1 (9) 利用上下文语境猜词义 在一篇文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词产生着不同的联系，考生可以通过这些联系猜测出单词的意思。 ◆What is “ a juicer ” in the last Paragraph? A ． A dessert. B ． A drink. C ． A container. D ． A machine. [ 解题思路 ] 本题考查 a juicer 的类别，属于判断词义范围而不需要猜出确切意义的词义猜测题。根据上下文可知， a juicer 是这样的一个东西，你把水果等东西放进去，出来的就是奶油状甜点，可以马上吃。因此，我们可以猜测出来，这是一个改变水果形状的机械。当然，我们根据构词法也可以看出这个单词的构成： juice( 果汁 ) ＋ er( 人或物 ) 。据此可以推出 juicer 是制造果汁的器械。故选 _ D __ 。 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅲ ， B 片段 ) “ China is impossible to overlook ， ” says Hill. “ Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world ， which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. ” Of course ， not only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. “ Vera Wang ， Alexander Wang ， Jason Wu are taking on Galliano ， Albaz ， Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales ， ” adds Hill. 典例 2 ◆What do the underlined words “ taking on ” in Paragraph 4 mean? A ． learning from B ． looking down on C ． working with D ． competing against [ 解题思路 ] 由破折号后面的 beating them hands down in design and sales( 在设计和销售方面轻而易举地击败他们 ) 可知， take on 与 beating them hands down 意义互释，故选 _ D __ 。 2 ．上下求索寻指代 代词指代 此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词 (this, that, it, they, them, one, which 等 ) 或助动词 (do, does, did 等 ) 究竟指代什么。具体方法： (1) 返回原文，找出指代词 (it, they, them, this...) 。 (2) 向上 ( 有时向下 ) 搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子 ( 就近原则 ) 。 (3) 将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。 (2017 · 全国卷 Ⅰ ， C 片段 ) Despite the celebrations, though, in the U ． S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It's Jason Moran's job to help change that .As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. ◆What does the underlined word “ that ” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A ． Jazz becoming more accessible. B ． The production of jazz growing faster. C ． Jazz being less popular with the young. D ． The jazz audience becoming larger. 典 例 [ 解题思路 ] 根据语境可知，画线词 that 指代第二段 “ Despite the celebrations ， though ， in the U ． S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older ， and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. ” 的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选 _ C __ 。 3 ．句意猜测题 —— 意义吻合定句意 句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章。用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。 (1) 返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。 (2) 一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。 (2017 · 全国卷 Ⅱ ， D 片段 ) Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It's a plant's way of crying out.But is anyone listening? Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive, the tables are turned .The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. 典 例 ◆What does the author mean by “ the tables are turned ” in Paragraph 3? A ． The attackers get attacked. B ． The insects gather under the table. C ． The plants get ready to fight back. D ． The perfumes attract natural enemies. [ 解题思路 ] 由画线词前一句可知，有些植物散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫，这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌；再由画线部分后可知，正在吃午餐的袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击。故画线部分的意思是袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击。故选 _ A __ 。 随堂练、即时巩固 层级练、素能强化