2020届江苏省高三英语二轮复习：英语段落写作(共52张PPT)课件 52页

高三英语二轮复习 英语段落写作 段落的定义 段落是文章内容中具有一个完整意义的外部表 现形态，是文章结构的基本单位。段落通常由 若干个 对一个主要观点展开论述 的相互关联的 句子组成。但是，段落并不是句子的随意堆砌， 更 不能把意思上互不相关的句子堆砌在一起， 句子内容之间应该 具有连贯性和逻辑性 。 Paragraph Structure 段落的构成 (1) Topic Sentence 主题句 Supporting Sentences 支撑句 (3) Concluding Sentence 结尾句 段落的构成 如何写好主题句 如何写好支撑句 如何写好结尾句 如何写好主题句 Topic sentence 主题句 在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主题句。 关于 某个主题 的 观点或态度 成为主题思想（ controlling idea ）。 主题句限定了在一个单独的段落中所允许讨论的内容。 例： 主题句 Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important boxing winners. 该句中 gold 是主题词， two important boxing winners 是表达主题思想的关键词。 How to Write a Good Topic Sentence Three essential points: 主题句必须是 一个完整的句子 ，包括：一个主语 ( 主题词 ) ，一个谓语动词，常常还带有其它修饰语。比如，下面的例子中虽然有的包括主题思想，但并不是完整的句子。 Fragments ： Life in high school campus. How to get on well with teachers. The benefits of television to children. Revised sentences: Life in high school campus is colorful . How to get on well with teachers can be challenging for freshmen. Television benefits young children in three major ways. Fragments ： Life in high school campus. How to get on well with teachers. The benefits of television to children. How to Write a Good Topic Sentence Three essential points: 2 . 主题句 由 主题词 和 主题思想 两部分构成 的。主题思想的表述内容应该 限制或控制 这个主题词，能够为下文展开叙述主题思想的一个词或一个短语，即 关键词 。 e.g. （ 1 ） Students on this campus recently voiced several complaints. Q ：该主题句中，表达主题思想的关键词是 什么？ A ： several complaints 所以在主题句后，应辅以细节来论证主题思想 several complaints 。 有可能列出下列事实： 1 ） They voiced dissatisfaction with the campus lighting. 2) They expressed their disgust with the cafeteria food. 3) They protested the grading politics of the instructors. e.g. (2) Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit . 该主题句中，主题词是 （the habit of ） smoking cigarettes; 主题思想是 Smoking cigarettes can be expensive 。 在此句中 expensive 是表示主题思想的关键词，在展开主题句的段落中，应论证吸烟的确是开销较大（ expensive ）的一种习惯。下面是一个说明主题展开的段落提纲。 1) Cigarettes cost about twenty yuan per pack. 2) The average smoker smokes two packs a day. 3) The annual expense for this smoker is ￥10,000 . 4) The smoker must also pay for extra cleaning of carpets, furniture, and clothes. How to Write a Good Topic Sentence 3. 由于主题句仅仅提及主题思想，因此 只是 一种概括性 的陈述而不提供具体的细节 ，它能被段落中其它句子 解释、论证或分析。主题句应该对该段落内容 进行适当概括和限制 。主题句如果 太笼统 ，就不能包含具体的思想和观点，使读者由于内容太空泛而很难确切地知道本段要谈论的内容；主题句如果 太具体 ，读者就会发现作者对这段内容已无发挥、充实的余地，而无法将主题句展开。 Which is a good topic sentence? 1. American food is terrible. 2. American food is tasteless because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. 3. American food is tasteless and unhealthy. 1. American food is terrible. 第一句作为主题句不合适，因为句子内容阐述 过于笼统和抽象 ，段落扩展的 发挥点不明确 。 2. American food is tasteless because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. 第二句 缺乏概括性的特点 ，局限于某个具体事务，而在文字和内容上无法再进一步展开。 3. American food is tasteless and unhealthy. 第三句 具有概括性的观点 ，可以通过列举事实、说明理由，补充细节材料，展开段落内容。所以，这是一个比较好的主题句。 How to Write a Good Topic Sentence Position of Topic Sentence: 主题句 的位置比较灵活，通常位于段首，其优点是开门见山，一目了然。用演绎法写的段落也称 “扩张法”，就是以概述主题开首，随之辅以细说，即用具体细节或事例来演绎展开主题句中的主题思想。 主题句有时也位于段落的中间。这种写作方法 常用来比较或对比不同的对象。段中主题句起承上启下，使上下文平衡的作用。 How to Write a Good Topic Sentence Position of Topic Sentence: 用归纳法写段落也称作“收拢法”，从细节出发，最后归纳到段落的中心论点。用此种方法写作时，主题句一般位于段落的末尾，它是依据上文的细节推论出的论点，起到画龙点睛的作用。 在有的段落中，主题句甚至不直接写出来，而是通过细节的陈述含蓄地表达出段落的主题思想，这需要读者自我意会。 尽管主题句可以出现在段落中的任何位置， 但对于英语写作的初学者来说，大多数情况下，采用段首主题句的方法进行写作练习，便于扩展和限制全段的写作 ，是一种行之有效的方法。我们必须明确，主题句无论出现在段落的何处，都必须是段落内容的焦点，即必须涵盖段落其它句子所阐述的论点。 Practice Read each of the following paragraphs. If you find a topic sentence, underline it. Practice 1 Having read the news, I quite appreciate what the judge did. For one thing, he admitted the privacy of juveniles, and for another, he admitted parents’ right to supervise their child. Meanwhile, I felt glad because nowadays, more and more teenagers have legal consciousness. If I were the child in the news, I would be very angry at what my parents did. However, I wouldn’t turn to the court, because they did it just out of concern about me. I could understand them, but I just didn’t approve of their manner. Practice 2 Albert Einstein, one of the world’s geniuses, failed his university entrance examinations on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of American’s noted writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, had to have special tutoring in English during elementary school. These examples show that failure in school does not always predict failure in life. 如何写好支撑句 Supporting sentences 主题句 支撑句也叫展开句或推展句。 支撑句是主题句的延伸，是段落中对主题句进行具体论证的句子，即以 具体的或真实的细节 对段落主题进行阐述、说明、举证或引申，从而扩展深化主题。 学生在英语写作中存在的一个最大的问题常常是在文章中缺乏 有条理性的信息 来说明或支持段落主题。 How to Write Good Supporting Sentences Three essential points: 1. 要写好支撑句，必须注意所有支撑句的阐述都要 与主题密切相关 ； Para. 2 As we all know, frequent lateness will have negative effects on one ' s daily life. On the one hand, unpunctual people tend to leave a bad impression on those who have made the appointment with them. Others usually regard being punctual as a sign of keeping the promise. On the other hand, lateness sometimes brings about much trouble in solving urgent problems. How to Write Good Supporting Sentences Three essential points: 2. 要有有条理性的论证细节来说明主题思想，为了体现论证的条理性，可以 从 “ 大中小 ” 和 “ 具体抽象 ” 等角度 展开论证。 Para. 2 Having read the news, I am filled with great joy. The measures to be taken will better the prevailing system, the most widely acknowledged system of choosing talents. Apart from the scores, other standards will be established so that colleges and universities will focus on students’ individuality and overall qualities. 具体 抽象 Three essential points: 3. 为了保持句子之间的连贯性，所有的支撑句之间应该 添加过渡性成分 （如： first of all, what's mor, last but not least; on one hand, on the other hand 等）体现其逻辑顺序 。 Para. 2 It is obvious that the fable provides a moral lesson about hard work and preparation for the future. For one thing , one needs to work hard to realize his dream just as the famous saying goes“Hard work leads to success”, which is a universal truth that we must keep in mind forever. For another , we ' d better prepare for the days of necessity. As more proverbs illustrate, take an umbrella in case. e.g. My roommate Paul possesses the characteristics of a good student. One of his characteristics is always being prepared for classes. For example , when his philosophy professor assigns a class discussion on the idea of Kant （康德） , he goes to the library and does extensive research on the subject. In addition, when his English instructor assigns an out-of-class essay, he brings to class the final copy of an essay that he has revised several times. 在这个段落中，支撑句以简明和独特的具体实例来论证和展开主题句，而且所有句子都统一于这个主题。 两种保持段落连贯性（ Paragraph Coherence ）的方法。 第一，记叙文或说明文 按照一定的 逻辑顺序（ Logical order） 排列句子，采用何种逻辑顺序应取决于文章的主体和写作目的。最常用的逻辑顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序和主次顺序。 Chronological Order 时间顺序 Spatial Order 空间顺序 Order of Importance 重要性次序 第二，论说文 用 转承信号词 （Transition signals ） 表明一个意思是怎样与下一个意思相连的 。 转承词是用于指示写作方向的词语，告诉读者：作者在什么时候阐述一个相同的意思，什么时候阐述一个相反的意思，什么时候举例，什么时候给出结果或结论。因此运用转承词与不仅能 使行文连贯 ，而且能 指导读者跟随作者的思路进行阅读 ，清楚地掌握该短文的脉络。 to show addition : and, too, also, again, as well as, besides, in addition, moreover, further, furthermore, both…and…, not only…but also... To show concession: although, though, even though, even if, in spite of, despite, naturally, of course Here are some of the most common transitional words and phrases and the relationships they show. To show time sequence once, before, after, afterward, always, when, at once, as soon as, to begin with, first (second, third), in the meantime, in the past (future), later, then, next, until, at last, finally, eventually, from then on, since then, and, again, first, second, third… To show place in front of, on the other side, behind, inside, outside, nearby, next to, opposite, beyond, below, under, at this point To show result so, thus, hence, as a result, for this reason, consequently, accordingly, therefore, all in all, altogether, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, to summarize… To compare similarly, in the same way, likewise To contrast however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless 然而 , on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise 否则 To illustrate or explain for example, for instance, namely, in particular 尤其 , such as, that is, to illustrate 说明，显示 To emphasize indeed, in fact, above all, of course, unquestionably, most important, last but not least, specifically To summarize in brief , in other words , in short, as has been said, on the whole, to sum up, in conclusion Practice 请加上合适的转承词改写下面这个段落。 Daniel and I have several things in common that have strengthened our relationship. We are Asian Americans. Both of us were born of middle class parents in San Francisco and living on the same block on the East side. We got to know each other early in our lives. A commonality is our age. We have shared similar interests over the years we have known each other. Both of us enjoyed taking piano lessons. We each worked summer at Burger King to help our parents reduce the expenses for us to attend the University of Colorado, where we both majored in art. What has bonded us together is our mutual respect for each other. We hold diverse opinions, represent different political and religious beliefs, and lead unique life-styles. We have remained close to each other even to this day---our twentieth class reunion. Keys Daniel and I have several things in common that have strengthened our relationship. First of all, w e are Asian Americans. Both of us were born of middle class parents in San Francisco and living on the same block on the East side. As a result, we got to know each other early in our lives. Another commonality is our age. In fact , we have shared similar interests over the years we have known each other. Both of us enjoyed taking piano lessons. In addition , we each worked summer at Burger King to help our parents reduce the expenses for us to attend the University of Colorado, where we both majored in art. The most significant thing that has bonded us together is our mutual respect for each other. Certainly, we hold diverse opinions, represent different political and religious beliefs, and lead unique life-styles; we have, however, remained close to each other even to this day---our twentieth class reunion. Activity Try developing the topic sentences. Illustrate your personality with specific examples. I think I would be a good friend. I think I would be a good friend . I would do almost anything for someone I like, and would share or give anything I have. Moreover , people trust me with their secrets, and they're right for doing so because I never tell any secret that is told to me. Also , I'm always there to help in any way that I can. All you have to do is ask. 如何写好结尾句 How to Write a Good Concluding sentence 使用表示段落结尾的转承信号词 ， 如“ in conclusion, in summary, finally, in brief, in sum, to conclude, all in all ， if 从句， only 引导强调句 ”等。 或者对段落要点加以总结，或者对主题加以评论给读者留下深刻的印象，或者展望未来 。 Activity Write a concluding sentence based on the given outline. Topic Sentence: There are three things that would make me the happiest person in the world. Body Part: A happy family life A satisfying career Inner peace and security Concluding Sentence: In conclusion, if I could have a good home life, a challenging job, and inner strength, I would be contented and satisfied with my life. Practice Try to appreciate the following paragraph, and identify ： (1) Topic sentence (2) Supporting sentences (3) Concluding sentence keys So what effects will donations have on people? Donors’ unselfishness will make it easier for those in need to access good facilities and resources, making their future change for the better and fostering their sense of positive outlooks. In addition, the receivers will experience a high level of love and care and learn the virtue of being grateful, which will drive them to take responsibility for repaying the society. 主题句 keys So what effects will donations have on people? Donors’ unselfishness will make it easier for those in need to access good facilities and resources, making their future change for the better and fostering their sense of positive outlooks. In addition, the receivers will experience a high level of love and care and learn the virtue of being grateful, which will drive them to take responsibility for repaying the society. 支撑句 So what effects will donations have on people? Donors’ unselfishness will make it easier for those in need to access good facilities and resources, making their future change for the better and fostering their sense of positive outlooks. …… All in all, donation in some way will cover their living costs, helping their life to get back on track. keys 结尾句