高中英语语法解析 13页

高中英语语法解析 ‎ 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。‎ 一． 主语从句 ‎　　主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。‎ ‎1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：‎ ‎ a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。‎ ‎ b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.　我对你成功与否不感兴趣。‎ ‎ c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.　谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）‎ ‎ d) It is John that broke the window.　是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）‎ ‎2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 ‎(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句 ‎ It is a fact that … 事实是…‎ ‎ It is an honor that …非常荣幸 ‎ It is common knowledge that …是常识 ‎(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句 ‎ It is natural that… 很自然…‎ ‎ It is strange that… 奇怪的是…‎ ‎(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句 ‎ It seems that… 似乎…‎ ‎ It happened that… 碰巧…‎ ‎ It appears that… 似乎…‎ ‎(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句 ‎ It is reported that… 据报道…‎ ‎ It has been proved that… 已证实… ‎ ‎ It is said that… 据说…‎ ‎3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：‎ ‎（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。‎ ‎（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：‎ ‎ 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ‎ ‎ 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. ‎ ‎（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：‎ ‎ 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. ‎ ‎ 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. ‎ ‎（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：‎ ‎ 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. ‎ ‎ 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. ‎ ‎（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ‎ ‎ 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? ‎ ‎ 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?‎ ‎4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 ‎ what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：‎ ‎ a) What you said yesterday is right.‎ ‎ b) That she is still alive is a consolation ‎ ‎ 二．宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。‎ ‎1. 作动词的宾语 ‎ (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：‎ ‎ I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。‎ ‎ (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：‎ ‎ a) She did not know what had happened.　她不知道发生了什么。‎ ‎ b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.　我想知道你是否 ‎ 能帮我改一下笔记。‎ ‎ (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：‎ ‎ She told me that she would accept my invitation.　她对我说她会接受我的 ‎ 邀请。‎ ‎2. 作介词的宾语 ‎ Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.　我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。‎ ‎3. 作形容词的宾语 ‎ I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.　我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。‎ 注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。‎ ‎4. it 可以作为形式宾语 ‎ it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：‎ ‎ We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。‎ ‎5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 ‎ 这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：‎ ‎ 正确表达：I admire their winning the match. ‎ ‎ 错误表达：I admire that they won the match.‎ ‎6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 ‎ 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：‎ ‎ 正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man. ‎ ‎ 错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.‎ ‎7. 否定的转移 ‎ 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：‎ ‎ I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。‎ 三. 表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：‎ ‎1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.‎ ‎2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.‎ ‎3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.‎ ‎4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.‎ 四. 同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。‎ ‎1. 同位语从句的功能 ‎ 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：‎ ‎ 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.‎ ‎ 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.‎ ‎2. 同位语在句子中的位置 ‎ 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：‎ ‎ He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.‎ ‎3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 ‎(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。‎ ‎(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：‎ ‎1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）‎ ‎2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 ‎　　"It" 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：‎ ‎　　一、It用作实词 ‎　　表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象…… ‎ ‎ 二、It用作形式主语 ‎ ‎　　替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。 ‎ ‎ It 作形式主语的常见句型： ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为 ‎ ‎ (1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. ‎ ‎ 此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous… ‎ ‎ 例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license. ‎ ‎ (2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth. ‎ ‎ 此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy. ‎ ‎ 例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem. ‎ ‎ (3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型 ‎ ‎ It's no good/use doing… ‎ ‎ It's (well)worth doing… ‎ ‎ It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do… ‎ ‎ It's (well)worth while doing/ to do ‎ ‎ 例 It's no use crying over spilt milk. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型 ‎ ‎ (1) It is + noun +从句 ‎ ‎ 例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office. ‎ ‎ (2) It is adj. +clause ‎ ‎ It's surprising that… (should)………竟然…… ‎ ‎ It's a pity/shame that…(should)………竟然…… ‎ ‎ 例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of ‎ much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.) ‎ ‎ (3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause ‎ ‎ It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze ‎ /bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that… ‎ ‎ 例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.) ‎ ‎ (4) It verb (to sb.) that…= sb/sth verb to do ‎ ‎ (verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out) ‎ ‎ 例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.) ‎ ‎ (5) It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do ‎ ‎ (verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know） ‎ ‎ 例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.) ‎ ‎ (6) It is v-ed that … (should)… ‎ ‎ (verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend ‎ ‎ 例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3、It作主语的句型 ‎ ‎ 1. It takes sb. … to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事 ‎ ‎ 例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.) ‎ ‎ 2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格 ‎ ‎ 例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us. ‎ ‎ 3. It's (about/high) time that… should /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了 ‎ ‎ 例 It's(about/high) time that we should take action. ‎ ‎ 4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了 ‎ ‎ 例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test. ‎ ‎ 5. It is/has been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了 ‎ ‎ 例 It's 10 years that he lived here ‎ ‎ 6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了 ‎ ‎ 例 It was not long before they arrived. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4、It 作形式宾语 ‎ ‎ 用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。 ‎ ‎ It 作形式宾语的常见句型： ‎ ‎ 1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) ‎ ‎ 例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own. ‎ ‎ 2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) ‎ ‎ 例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret. ‎ ‎ 3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (should)… ‎ ‎ verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)… ‎ ‎ (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) ‎ ‎ 例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference. ‎ ‎ 4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view) ‎ ‎ 例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture. ‎ ‎ 5. v. +it + prep. + that… ‎ ‎ owe it to sb. that…把…归功于… ‎ ‎ leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做 ‎ ‎ take it for granted that …想当然 ‎ ‎ keep it in mind that… ‎ ‎ 例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out. ‎ ‎ 6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后 ‎ ‎ 例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't. ‎ ‎ 7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外） ‎ ‎ 例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice. ‎ ‎5、强调句型 ‎ ‎ It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。 ‎ ‎ 在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点： ‎ ‎ 1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句 ‎ ‎ 例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？ ‎ ‎ 2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句 ‎ ‎ 例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday. ‎ ‎ 3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上 ‎ ‎ 例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother. ‎ ‎ 4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别 ‎ ‎ 例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型) ‎ ‎ It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句) ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6、It 常用的固定搭配 ‎ ‎ 1. make it ‎ ‎ (1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达 ‎ ‎ 例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business. ‎ ‎ (2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间” ‎ ‎ 例 —Shall we meet next week? ‎ ‎ —OK. We just make it next Saturday. ‎ ‎ 2. as it is ‎ ‎ (1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……” ‎ ‎ 例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week. ‎ ‎ (2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样” ‎ ‎ 例 Leave the table as it is. ‎ ‎ 3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说” ‎ ‎ 例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes. ‎ ‎ 4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……” ‎ ‎ 例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today. ‎ ‎ 5. that's it ‎ ‎ (1). 相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了” ‎ ‎ 例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it. ‎ ‎ (2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦” ‎ ‎ 例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A” ‎ ‎ —That's it. ‎ ‎ 6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚” ‎ ‎ 例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again. ‎ ‎ 7. have it ‎ ‎ (1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说” ‎ ‎ 例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced. ‎ ‎ (2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉” ‎ ‎ 例 I had it from John that she was going abroad. ‎ ‎ 8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件” ‎ ‎ 例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star. ‎ ‎ 9. so it seems / appears. ‎ ‎ 10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃” ‎ ‎ 例 My teacher asked me to keep at it. ‎ ‎ 11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞 ‎ ‎ 12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.) ‎ ‎ 13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.) ‎ ‎ 14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾” ‎ ‎ 例 As it happened, they were out. ‎ ‎ 15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是” ‎ ‎ 例 As it turned out, his statement was false. ‎ ‎ 16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值” ‎ ‎ 例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is. ‎ ‎ 17. Take it/things easy. 相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气” ‎ ‎ 例 Take it easy! He will do it well. ‎ ‎ 18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保” ‎ ‎ 例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time. ‎ ‎ 19. For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何” ‎ ‎ 例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth. ‎ ‎ 20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做” ‎ ‎ 例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it. ‎ ‎ 21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你” ‎ ‎ 例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday. ‎ ‎ 22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃 ‎ ‎ 例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it. ‎ ‎ 23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来” ‎ ‎ 例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday? ‎ ‎ —It/That all depends. ‎ ‎ 24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……” ‎ ‎ 例 —Shall we go out for dinner? ‎ ‎ —It's up to you.‎ ‎ ‎ 第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 ‎　　在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：‎ ‎ ‎ 一、并列复合句中的省略 ‎ 在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如： ‎ a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 ‎ b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。 ‎ c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。 ‎ d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。 ‎ 二、主从复合句中的省略 ‎ ‎1．状语从句中的省略 ‎ ‎　　一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：‎ ‎1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1) 连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词; (2) 连词（ though, whether , when）+形容词；(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语；(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词； (5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词； (6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如：‎ a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个工　人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。 ‎ b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。 ‎ c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么东西。‎ d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。 ‎ e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。 ‎ f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：‎ Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。‎ ‎2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时 ，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：‎ Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。 ‎ ‎2．定语从句中的省略 ‎ ‎1） 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：‎ ‎ Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季） ‎ ‎　　而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：‎ ‎ Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。‎ ‎ Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。 ‎ ‎2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：‎ ‎ a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。 ‎ ‎ b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。‎ ‎ c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？‎ ‎3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用that 或 in which ，或将它们全部省略。如： ‎ ‎ I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。 ‎ ‎3．宾语从句中的省略 ‎1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：‎ ‎ a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。 ‎ ‎ b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。‎ ‎2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如： ‎ ‎ a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。‎ ‎ b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。 ‎ ‎4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如： ‎ Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。 ‎ ‎5．主句省略多用于句首。如：‎ ‎ (It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。‎ ‎6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：‎ ‎ —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。 ‎ ‎ ‎ 三、动词不定式to 的省略 ‎ ‎1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如： ‎ ‎　The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。 ‎ ‎2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to. 如：‎ ‎　He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。 ‎ ‎3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：‎ ‎　All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。 ‎ ‎4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：‎ ‎　It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易，做起来难。‎ ‎5．在would rather…than… 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略. 如：‎ ‎　I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。 ‎ ‎6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如：‎ ‎　a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间 ‎ ‎　b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？ ‎ 四．其他一些省略结构 ‎ ‎1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：‎ ‎　We spent the weekend at the Mary's.　我们在玛丽家过的周末。 ‎ ‎2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：‎ ‎ a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！‎ ‎ b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。‎ ‎ ‎