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2021年高考英语语法核心考点复习:主谓一致知识点
概述:主谓一致要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
语法一致原则指的是主语和谓语的数互相匹配,根据主语的语法形式,决定谓语动词的单复数形式。语法形式是单数的主语,谓语动词用单数形式;语法形式是复数的主语,谓语动词用复数形式。
意义一致原则指的是主谓语的一致不是根据其外部形态来决定的,而是取决于主语所表达的内在涵义,也就是说,要从意义着眼来处理主谓一致问题。有时主语形式为单数,但是意义为复数,谓语动词根据意义而定,亦采取复数形式。
就近一致原则指的是谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数保持一致,而不是根据整个主语部分的数来决定。
语法一致原则和意义一致原则通常是协调统一的,究竟何时采用何种原则视习惯用法而定。
1. 语法一致原则。
主语和谓语通常是从语法上取得一致,即主语为单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也为复数形式。在正式用法中往往遵循语法一致的原则。
1). 单数名词或代词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句作主语,其谓语动词应用单数形式。复数名词或代词作主语,其谓语动词应用复数形式。如:
To play basketball and to go swimming is useful for character-training.
打篮球和游泳对性格培养都很有用。
When he was born and where he grew up is still unknown.
他什么时间出生,在哪儿长大,人们仍然不知道。
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
早睡早起是好习惯。
Reading English magazines and novels is helpful to your study of English.
读英语杂志和小说对你的英语学习有帮助。
What you said just now has something to do with the matter we are discussing.
你刚才所说的与我们正在讨论的事有关。
注:在大多数情况下,由 what 引导的主语从句,其后主句的谓语动词 (多数是 be 的某种形式 )应采取单数形式。但是表语是复数时或者 what 从句是个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词也可采取复数形式。如:
What I saw was / were two books.
我看见的就是两本书。
What we need badly here are doctors.
我们这儿急需医生。
What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged his brother.
他说的和他所做的给他的弟弟极大的鼓励。
What I say and think is / are no business of yours.
我说什么想什么关你什么事。
2). 某些不定代词,如: either , neither , each , one , the one , another, anybody , anyone , anything , everything ,something ,somebody , someone ,everybody , everyone , nobody , no one , nothing, all(指物)等作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:
Everything around us is matter.
我们周围的一切都是物质的。
Each of them has an apple.
他们每个人都有一个苹果。
Either of these buses goes to the museum.
这两路公共汽车都去博物馆。
Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
I know that all is getting on well with the new comer.
我知道这个新来者一切都进展得很好。
注:当 each 位于复数主语后或句未作同位语时,不影响谓语动词的数,即谓语动词仍用复数。如:
They each have bought a Chinese-English dictionary.
=They have bought a Chinese-English dictionary each.
他们每个人都买了一本汉英词典。
3). 由 and 或 both…and…连接的并列主语,其谓语动词常用复数形式。如:
Both bread and butter are sold out in that shop.
这家商店里面包和黄油都卖完了。
The director and the chief engineer are experienced.
厂长和总工程师经验都很丰富。
Playing football and watching TV are both interesting.
踢足球和看电视都有趣。
Both he and his parents are going to visit the Great Wall next month.
他和他的父母下个月都要去参观长城。
注: a. 如果并列主语所表示的是同一个人,同一事物或同一概念时(包含通常由两个部件配成的物品。如: a knife and fork , a cup and saucer , a cart and horse, a watch and chain, a key and lock, bread and
butter等等),谓语动词则要用单数形式,这时 and 后面的名词没有冠词。如:
The worker and writer is going to give us a talk this afternoon.
这个工人作家今天下午要给我们作报告。
The secretary and director has not come yet.
那个厂长兼书记还没有来。
The League secretary and monitor takes the lead in everything.
那个团委书记兼班长在各方面都起带头作用。
Science and technology plays an important part in our four modernizations.
科学技术在我们的四个现代化建设中起着重要作用。
Does such a watch and chain cost much?
这样一只带表链的表要值多少钱?
In this hotel, the bread and butter (=the bread with butter on it ) is served for breakfast.
在这家旅馆,早餐提供涂黄油的面包。
A glass of milk and two eggs is my breakfast every day.
我每天的早餐就是一杯牛奶和两个鸡蛋。
b. and 连接的并列单数主语的前面如果分别有 each , every, no , 或 many a 修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:
Each man and each woman enjoys equal rights.
男女都人人平等。
In our country, every boy and every girl has the right to education.
在我们国家,无论男孩还是女孩都有平等受教育的权利。
No teacher and no student is allowed to take the magazines out of the reading-room.
老师和学生都不能把杂志带出阅览室。
Many a boy and many a girl has been to Beijing.
很多男孩女孩都去过北京。
4). 当主语后面跟有 as well as , no less than , rather than , but ,except , besides , with , along with , together with , like , including , in addition to以及of等介词引导的短语时,尽管含有并列意义,但不能看作是并列主语,其谓语动词的形式依前面主语的单复数而定。如:
Air as well as water is matter.
空气和水都是物质。
E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.
电子邮件和电话一样在日常交际中都起着重要作用。
The mother, rather than the children, is responsible for the accident.
是母亲而不是孩子们应对此次事故负责。
Alice, together with two girls, was punished for having broken the rule.
艾丽斯和另外两个女孩因违反纪律而被处罚。
Nobody in the school but my friend Zhou Yan often wins prizes in national English competions.
学校里只有我的朋友周燕经常在全国英语竞赛中获奖。
Everyone here, including children and old people, goes in for sports.
这儿所有的人,包含孩子和老人,都热爱体育运动。
5). 由" many a + 单数名词 "和 " more than one + 单数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用单数,但表示复数意义。如:
Many a factory was built last year.
去年又建设了许多工厂。
Many a student has come but more than one is able to do it.
很多学生都来了,但只有小数几个学生能够做这事。
More than one person has made the suggestion.
不止一个人提出过这个建议。
More than one student was late for the class this morning.
今天早上不止一个学生上课迟到。
6). 由" a lot of ( lots of , plenty of , half of ,the rest of , part of, most of, some of, more than) + 名词或代词 "构成的短语以及由 "分数(如: two thirds of)或百分数…percent+ of + 名词或代词"构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要根据短语中后面名词的数而定,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如:
Two thirds of the apple has gone bad.
这个苹果的四分之三已腐烂了。
Two thirds of the apples are green.
这些苹果的四分之三还是青的。
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
陆地表面的四分之三是大海。
Over 70 percent of the population of China are peasants.
中国百分之七十的人口是农民。
Thirty percent of the students are from the north.The rest of them are from the South.
百分之三十的学生来自北方,其他学生都来自南方。
More than two hundred people have turned out at the meeting.
有两百多人出席了这个会议。
Most of his time has been spent on novels.
他的大部分时间都用在读小说上了。
Most of the mistakes in his composition were made because of carelessness.
他作文中的大多数错误都是由于粗心引起的。
Half of the furniture is made of wood .
有一半的家具是木制的。
7). 在定语从句中关系代词作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与主句中的先行词的数保持一致。如:
The girl who is talking with our English teacher is his former student.
正在跟我们英语老师交谈的那个女孩是他以前的学生。
They have found many elements in the moon rocks which are found in the earth.
他们在月球岩石中发现了很多在地球上所发现的元素。
注:以 " one of +复数名词" 作定语从句的先行词时,关系代词 who , that , which所指的是复数名词而不是" one ",因此从句的谓语动词应为复数形式。但当 one 之前有 the, the only 等修饰语时,则应处理为单数形式。如:
John is one of the foreign students who speak Chinese quite well.
约翰是那些汉语讲得很好的外国学生之一。
This is one of the best books that have ever been written by him.
这本书是他所写的做好的书之一。
She is the only one of the best singers who is known to us all.
她是我们所知的唯一一位优秀的歌唱家。
The boy sitting by the window is the only one of the students who is from the countryside in our school.
坐在窗子边的那个男孩是我们学校唯一一个来自乡下的学生。
He is the only one of the students in our school who has taken part in the International Olympic Mathematics Contest.
他是我们学校唯一一个参加过国际奥林匹克数学竞赛的学生。
8). 在强调句结构中,如被强调的是主语,则 that 或who 之后的谓语动词需与该主语一致。如:
It is I who am going to attend the meeting instead of him.
是我将代替他去参加这个会议。
It is Mary and I who are leaving for Tianjin next week.
是玛丽和我下周要去天津。
9). 在主谓倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语保持一致。如:
Look, here comes the singer and dancer.
看,那个音乐舞蹈家来了。
On the wall hang famous two oil paintings and a map of the world.
墙上挂着两幅油画和一张世界地图。
2. 语法意义一致原则
根据主语所表达的内在涵义,决定其谓语的数。主语形式为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词依意义而定,也采用复数形式;反之亦然。
1). 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语,以及国家、组织和书报等的名称,作为一个整体看待,其谓语动词用单数。如:
I don't think three days is enough for such a trip.
我认为三天对我们这次旅行来说是不够的。
Sixty miles is not a long distance.
60英里不是很远的距离。
Two thousand dollars is more than we can afford.
两千美元是我们支付不起的。
The United States is a developed country.
美国是一个发达国家。
The Chinese Communist Party is a great one.
中国共产党是一个伟大的党。
The Arabian Nights is full of interesting stories.
《一千零一夜》里尽是些有趣的故事。
注: the Olympic Games(奥运会)作主语时,其后的谓语动词要用复数。如:
The Olympic Games are held every four years.
奥运会每4年举行一次。
另外,数词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数,表示算式的主语,谓语动词用单复数皆可。如:
Ten is a round number.
10是个整数。
Three and three is / are six.
3加3等于6。
Six times seven is / are forty-two.
6乘7等于42。
2). 某些集合名词,如:family(家,一家人) team(队,全队成员) group(组,全组成员) crowd(群,一群人) class(班,全班人) government(政府,政府官员) committee(委员会,委员会全体委员)enemy(敌人,敌兵) , company(公司,公司全体职员), club(俱乐部,俱乐部全体成员)等作为一个整体看待时,其谓语动词要用单数形式是单数;如果作为个体(成员) 看待,则其谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
His family is in the country and do farm work except his elder brother and him.
他家住在农村,除开他和他的哥哥,家里其他人都要做农活。
The whole class were greatly moved at his words.
全班同学听了他说的都非常感动。
3). 表示总称意义的名词,如 police(警察) people(人民,人们) cattle(牛) youth(青年人) militia(民兵) (the) public(公众) crew(全体船员,全体乘务员)等,单数形式代表复数的内容,这类"形单意复"的名词作主语时,其谓语动词总是用复数形式。
Two score police were sent to control the traffic.
四十位警察被派去维持交通畅通。
Look, the cattle are grazing on the meadow.
看,那些牛正在草场上吃草。
People from the United States stand closer than people from Britain when they are talking together.
美国人在交谈是比英国人站得近一些。
4). Chinese, French , English , Japanese , Swiss 等名词作主语表示语言时,谓语动词用单数,表示人民时(其前有定冠词the )则用复数。如:
English is spoken in many countries.
在很多国家都讲英语。
The Chinese are brave and hard- working.
中国人民是勤劳而且勇敢。
5). 有些以-s结尾的表示疾病、游戏名称的名词以及以-ics 结尾的表示学科名称的名词,如: measles(麻疹) mumps(腮腺炎) physics(物理) politics(政治) mathematics(数学) gymnastics(体操) statistics(统计学)以及 news 都属于“形复意单”的名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:
Mathematics seems to be difficult to me.
数学对我来说很难。
News that our team won all the mathes has just come.
传来消息说我们队赢得了使用的比赛。
6). 单复同形的名词。 如: works(著作,作品,工厂,工事,工程) means(方法,手段) sheep(绵羊) deer(鹿) fish(鱼) Japanese(日本人) Chinese(中国人) Swiss(瑞士人) bellows(风箱,减压舱)等作主语时,如果表示单数意义,其后的谓语动词用单数,如果表示复数意义,其后的谓语动词用复数。如:
The glass works was built in 1959.
这家玻璃厂是1959年兴建的。
Every means is used to stop the water being polluted.
人们采用各种手段来阻止水被污染。
All possible means have been tried, but there is no result.
所有可能的方法都试过了,但都不行。
7). 表示由两个相同部分组成的表示整体名称的词。 如:由两个相同部分组成的表示整体名称的词。 如:glasses(眼镜) trousers (裤子) shoes(鞋子)clothes(衣服) shorts(短裤) socks (短袜) stockings(长袜) slippers(拖鞋) scissors(剪刀) spectacles眼镜) compasses(圆规) scales(天平) chopsticks (筷子)等作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。如:
My glasses are broken.
我的眼镜坏了。
Your trousers are dirty, you must have them washed.
你的裤子脏了,该拿去洗了。
但如果这些词由a(this, that,one等 ) pair ( kind , type ,piece , suit 等) + of 修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式;如果在 these /those pairs ( kinds , types , pieces 等) + of + 复数名词之后,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor.
这把剪刀是属于那个裁缝的。
These kinds of scissors are good.
这些类型的剪刀好用。
Some new types of computer are on show.
现在正在展出一些新型号的计算机。
8). 只有复数形式的名词, 如: belongings(所有物) surroundings(环境) doings(行为) savings(储蓄) findings(调查结果) earnings(收入) sweepings(扫拢的垃圾) ashes(灰,灰烬) fireworks(烟火) remains(残余) thanks(感谢) congratulations(祝贺) manners(礼貌) goods(商品,货物) woods(树林) brains(智力)times(时代;次数) papers(报纸,论文,试卷,文件) arms(武器)等作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
It is said that half his goods have been stolen.
据说他有一半的货物被偷了。
9). 定冠词 the + 形容词或分词指一类人作主语,其后的谓语动词用复数形式;但如果指的是抽象概念,其谓语动词则用单数形式。如:
The aged are well taken care of in the village.
这个村庄的老年人的得到很好的照顾。
The sick here have to go on a diet at present.
目前这儿的病人都要节食。
The beautiful gives pleasure to all of us.
美会给我们带来乐趣。
The new always takes the place of the old.
新事物总会代替旧事物。
10). 主语前面有 a number of 修饰时,谓语动词用复数;主语前面是 the number of时,谓语动词用单数。如:
A number of books have been published on the subject.
大量的关于这个主题的书都已经出版了。
The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.
关于这个主题所出版的书的数目大得惊人。
The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.
他们一共邀请了五十人,但很多人因各种原因而没有来。
11). 有些不定代词, 如:all, most, more, some, any, the following 等,指代或修饰单数或不可数内容时,其后的谓语动词用单数形式;指代或修饰复数内容时,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。如:
All that needs to be done has been done.
该做的都做了。(all指物表单数内容用单数)
All are present.
所有的人都到了。(all指人用复数)
All is not gold that glitters.
并不是闪光的都是金子。
The following is a piece of pop music.
接下来是一首流行音乐。
I don’t think that any of my friends have seen them.
我认为我的朋友中没有人见过他们。
12). who, what, which, none等代词作主语时,其后的谓语动词可以用单数,也可以用复数,主要由意义来决定。如:
who is/are in the reading-room?
谁在阅览室?/阅览室里有哪些人?
What is/are there on the wall between the two windows?
窗子之间的墙上有(些)什么?
Which is your book?
你的书是哪一本?
Which are your books?
你的书是哪些?
None of them is/are lazy.
他们中没有哪一个是懒惰的。/他们都不懒惰。
3. 就近一致原则
就近一致原则指的是谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数保持一致,而不是根据整个主语部分的数来决定。
1). 用连词 or , either…or… , neither…nor… , whether…or… , not only…but (also)…等连接并列主语时,谓语动词和邻近的一个主语保持一致。如:
Is the child or the parents to blame?
是那个孩子还是他的父母该受到责备呢?
—Is either he or I fit for the job?
—Neither he nor you are.
--是他还是我胜任这项工作?
--无论是他还是你都不胜任这项工作。
Neither you nor he is able to do such work alone.
无论你还是他,都不能单独干这样的工作。
Neither you nor I nor anybody else knows anything about it.
无论是你我还是别的某人都不了解此事。
Not only the students but also the teacher has taken part in the match.
不仅学生们而且那个老师也参加了比赛。
Not only I but also Jane and Marry are tired of having one examination after another.
不仅我而且琼和玛丽都讨厌一次接一次的考试。
2). 在 there be 句型结构中,谓语动词一般都与邻近的主语保持一致。如:
There is a notebook , a pen and some books on the desk.
在桌子上有一本笔记本,一只笔和一些书。
There is more than one answer to your question.
你的问题不只一个答案。
There are just two chairs, an old writing-desk and a wooden bed in his bedroom.
在他的卧室里只有两把椅子,一张旧写字桌和一张木床。