高考英语考点47 阅读理解议论文 34页

1 考点 47 阅读理解议论文 高考频度：★★★★★ 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。 议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充 分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式： 写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为…… 写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。 写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。 议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论 证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读 这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推 断。 　　注意事项： 　　1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案) 　　2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较) 　　高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题 定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。 　　3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有： 　　(1)标志类、指示类的信息。 　　①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with 等； 　　②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast 等； 　　③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result 等； 　　④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore 等； 　　⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first 等。 　　以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。 　　(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind 盲目的(贬), excessively 过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。 　　4. 常见问题： 　　(1)读不懂怎么？ 　　问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。 2 　　unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段； 　　conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段； 　　conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段； 　　unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。 　　从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。 　　(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？ 　　(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？ 　　(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？ 　　能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。 在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。学& 【命题分析】 议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点： 1. 题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉，体现以人为本的特点。 具体说来： (1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的 重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问 题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。 (2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。 (3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。 2. 侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时， 不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑 联系的审视。 3. 深层理解题的主要表现形式： (1)主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式： a. What would be the best title for the text? b. The text is mainly about _________. c. From the passage we know that _________. d. The main idea of the paragraph is _________. e. The writer’s purpose of writing this text is _________. f. The passage could be titled _________. g. The passage deals with _________. 3 h. What’s the subject discussed in the text? (2)推理判断题：此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握，通常有以下出题方式： a. 回答对 why 和 how 的提问。 b. According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong? c. From the text, we can infer that _________. d. Where can this text be selected from? e. What can you imagine will be dealt with/written in the following passage? f. 以短语 according to the writer of the text 或 in the writer’s opinion 等引出的其他问题。 (3)词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学 过的词义，三是某个代词 it 或 them 在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。 【应试策略】 议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略 解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑： 作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调 的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的 是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相 当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。 这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特 征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解 答特征方面考虑。 考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中 心的就是答案。 解题方法： 1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。 2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。 考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理 理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。 3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语 篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。 4 考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。 二、解题技巧 历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大 题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和 推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅 读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来： 1. 主旨大意型 干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。 干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。 干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。 正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。 主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题 目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运 用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。 选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。 常见的提问方式有： 1. What is the main / general idea of this text? 2. What is mainly discussed in this passage? 3. What is the text mainly about? 4. This text mainly tells us _________. 5. This passage mainly deals with _________. 6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________. 7. The topic of this passage is _________. 标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用 词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有： 1. What would be the best title for the text? 2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text? 3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________. 5 不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇 的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3 个干扰项的内容一般在文 章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。 2. 事实细节型 细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理 解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文 章，就能得分，属于低层次题。 做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应 的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干 和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理 等，从而找出正确答案。 (1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。 文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等 细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。 提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。 在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式： ①Which of the following statements is true? ②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? ③The author (or the passage) states that __________. ④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________? (2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。 阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则： ①包含项原则 在答案选项分析中，假如对 A 选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项 A 与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项 A 往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答 案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。 ②正反项原则 所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。 所以，假如四选项中 A、B 互为正反项，那我们通常先排除 C、D 项，正确答案一般在 A、B 项当中。 6 ③委婉项原则 所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。 这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to 等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往 不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already 等等。 ④同形项原则 命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能 力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。 ⑤常识项原则 议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。 ⑥因果项原则 阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选 项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启 示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的 其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。 解题方法：原文定位法。 查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与 who, what, when, where 问题有关的细节上。 (2)细心! 3. 词义猜测型 阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考 查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或 短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。 除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如 but，however，otherwise 等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以 表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。 根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟 词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。 (1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。 7 (2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。 (3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词 it，that，he，him 或 them 可以指上文提到的人或物，其 中 it 和 that 还可以指一件事。 (4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如 but，however，otherwise 等可以看到前后句在意 义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。 (5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也 可以找出原因。 (6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。 (7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。 常见的问题形式有： (1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by … (2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests… (3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /means… (4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to … 常用应对方法： 同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此 可以推测词义。 反义法：如 hot and cold, give and receive 等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起 着互为线索的作用。 释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。 此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。 做题要领 (1)从文中找线索或信息词； (2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思； (3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。学& (4)要特别注意熟词新意！ 4. 推理判断型 做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意 8 图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题 方式有： (1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________. (2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________. (3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)? (4)What is the tone (语气) of the author? (5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage? (6)The passage is intended to _________. (7)Where would this passage most probably appear? 题组一（2018 年高考真题） Passage1(2018·新课标 II 卷，D) We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂ In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂ Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond 9 with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says. 32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A. Addiction to smartphones. B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C. Absence of communication between strangers. D. Impatience with slow service. 33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people. C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals. 34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence. C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence Passage2(2018·新课标 III 卷，D) Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor). For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting 10 on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch. We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us. 32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough. C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more. 33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects? A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for a poor girl C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother 34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd? A. To try out an idea B. To show a parent's love C. To train his attention D. To help him start a hobby 35. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving Passage3(2018·北京卷，D) Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure 11 that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任 与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A. help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs 48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A. Safety. B. Side effects. C. Affordability. D. Management. 49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed. B. Replaced. C. Shared. D. Reduced. 12 50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic. Passage4(2018·天津卷，D) Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions. Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits. The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first. Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing. The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations. Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life. 51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more _____________. A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them 52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3? A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time. 13 C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly. 53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they ____________. A. are very patient in their observation B. are really fascinated by nature C. care only about the names of birds D. question the accuracy of the field guides 54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey? A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them. B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time. C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them. D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination. 55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________. A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life C. open our mind to new things and ideas D. try our best to protect nature 题组二（2017 年高考真题） Passage1(2017·天津卷，D) I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let’s take a look at three types of ＂ waits＂. The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. ＂Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.＂ I have my doubts that anyone has actually 14 followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience. Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen. Turning one’s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn’t come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody. We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you’re standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don’t be desperate. You’re probably just as busy as the next guy. 51. While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to ___________. A. keep ourselves busy B. get absent-minded C. grow anxious D. stay focused 52. What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait? A. The Forced Wait requires some self-control. B. The Forced Wait makes people passive. C. The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions. D. The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain. 53. What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait? A. It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait. B. It doesn’t always bring the desired result. C. It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait. D. It doesn’t give people faith and hope. 54. What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting? A. Take it seriously. B. Don’t rely on others. C. Do something else. D. Don’t lose heart. 55. The author supports his view by _________. A. exploring various causes of ＂waits＂ B. describing detailed processes of ＂waits＂ 15 C. analyzing different categories of ＂waits＂ D. revealing frustrating consequences of ＂waits＂ Passage2(2017·浙江卷，B ) Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school. How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV. ＂More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,＂ says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm. Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results. 25. What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on? A. American kids’ sleeping habits. B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases. C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D. Learning problems and lack of sleep. 26. How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day? A. 7 hours. B. 8 hours. C. 10 hours. D. 18 hours. 27. Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon? A. They are affected by certain body chemicals. B. They tend to do things that excite them. C. They follow their parents’ examples. 16 D. They don’t need to go to school early. 题组三（2016 年高考真题） Passage 1(2016·浙江，A) ＂Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori. With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.＂ Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip( 闲 话 ). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group. An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain. If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂ in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优 越感). Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook. The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have. 41. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________. A. introduce a topic B. present an argument C. describe the characters D. clarify his writing purpose 17 42. An important negative effect of gossip is that it __________. A. breaks up relationships B. embarrasses the listener C. spreads information around D. causes unpleasant experiences 43. In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________. A. gives them a feeling of pleasure B. helps them to make more friends C. makes them better at telling stories D. enables them to meet important people 44. Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can __________. A. provide students with written rules B. help people watch their own behaviors C. force schools to improve student handbooks D. attract the police’s attention to group behaviors 45. What advice does the author give in the passage? A. Never become a gossiper. B. Stay away from gossipers. C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies. D. Think twice before you gossip. Passage 2 (2016·新课标全国卷 III，D) Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. ＂ The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media, ＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more 18 likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others. Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂ 32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to? A. News reports. B. Research papers. C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations. 33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer? A. They’re socially inactive. B. They’re good at telling stories. C. They’re inconsiderate of others. D. They’re careful with their words. 34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research? A. Sports news. B. Science articles. C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews. 35. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide. B. Online News Attracts More People. C. Reading Habits Change with the Times. D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks. Passage 3(2016•北京卷) Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide 19 the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on＂ new ways of thinking about oneself bother intellectually(在 思维方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined( 规 定 ) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery. 67. What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A. Sympathetic. B. Disapproving. C. Supportive. D. Neutral. 68. The underlined word ＂passage＂ in Paragraph 2 means _________. A. change B. choice C. text D. extension 69. According to the author, what role should college play? A. To develop a shared identity among students. B. To define and regulate students’ social behavior. C. To provide a safe world without tension for students. 20 D. To foster students’ intellectual and personal development. 70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? A. B. C. D. I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion Passage 4(2016•四川卷，B) If you could have one superpower, what would it be? Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life. Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world. They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others. We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older. But why not start now? Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead. 24. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Your life style. B. Your life value. 21 C. Your trouble in life. D. Your life experience. 25. Why does the author say they are inspired every day? A. They possess different kinds of superpowers. B. They have got the power to change the world. C. Some people around them are making the world better. D. There are many powerful people in their life and work. 26. What does the author stress in Paragraph 5? A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause. B. Rising above self and acting to help others. C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity. D. Trying your best to help the poor. 27. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better. B. Much more progress will be made in the near future. C. The work on health is the most valuable experience. D. People’s efforts have been materially rewarded. 题组四（名校模拟题） Passage 1(黑龙江省哈尔滨市第三中学 2019 届高三第二次调研考试) Someone sent me an email urging me to acquire a lot more resources, suggesting could do so much more good if I had an 8 or 9 figure net income of 6 like I’ve been doing for years.He claimed to have acquired a great deal of wealth himself and found it highly beneficial to fueling his path with a heart. As I consider his suggestion, I find myself not having much clarity(清晰的思维)as to what I'd do with I million or 10 million more money flowing through my life. I put so much attention on creativity, fulfillment, exploration, relationships, etc. that I find it difficult to intelligently imagine how more financial resources could provide extra fuel for that, except in small ways or in ways that aren’t particularly meaningful to me. Lately I've been considering what it would be like to deliberately reduce my income for a while and see if I could live on much less ， just for the experience. What if I capped my net personal income at $10,000 per year, for instance? That isn’t such a big deal to me, though, since I already went through a period of low income like that during the 1990s,and I learned that I could still do what I love regardless of income. 22 I've never worked in a business environment-the only job I've ever had was working for $6/hour in a video game store while I was in college. So I’ve never seen how larger operations allocate resources. That's probably why I haven’t pushed myself to acquire more. As I mentioned in my book. Money and Your Path With a Heart，my main financial goal in life was to make money irrelevant in my life. I’m not interested in building an empire. What interests me is exploring personal growth and sharing what I learn along the way. In some ways I feel that acquiring and acquiring and allocating more resources could become a big distraction. I’m already doing what I want to be doing, so why rick distracting myself to acquire more resources, especially when I lack the idea about how I should treat such resources? I like having freedom and flexibility，and I don't really see how more resources would meaningfully improve that. 1.Why did the man email the author? A. To ask the author to fuel his path. B. To lend some money to the author. C. To share his opinion about wealth. D. To urge the author to earn more money. 2.Which of the following can describe the author's personality? A. Optimistic and devoted. B. Independent and cooperative. C. Unfortunate but positive. D. Wealthy but hardhearted. 3.What does the underlined word “capped” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Limited B. Spent C. Increased D. Distributed 4.The following are true EXCEPTA________. A. the author might be a professional writer B. the author is good at designing video games C. the author is interested in exploring his personal growth D. the author might be a person who likes sharing his knowledge Passage 2(福建省莆田第九中学 2019 届高三调研考试) More and more comments sections are being shut down online. Autumn Phillips had had enough. On Aug. 19, the executive editor of the Quad- City Times in Iowa, and Illinois, US visited her website, qctimes.com, and saw a story about a man who had been shot to death. When she got to the readers’ comments sections at the end, she was shocked by what she saw. Below the story was a growing number of comments—a racist remark about democratic votes, a negative comment about police …So Phillips decided to do something she had been thinking about for a long time: she shut down the comments sections. 23 Phillips was not alone in making such a move. Last week, NPR announced k too was closing its online comments sections. The decisions don’t mean that the news outlets are no longer interested in what their audiences are thinking. Both stressed their eagerness to hear from readers and listeners on social networks. But both agreed that comments had deviated from their original intention. And so they had. In early days of digital journalism, comments were seen as a key part of this new media, a wonderful opportunity for strengthening the dialogue between news producers and their audiences. It was a welcome change, given that for long many news organizations were far too separated from their readers. Much more back and forth conversation seemed like healthy and welcome evolution. Sadly, that’s not the way things turned out. Rather than a place for exchanging ideas, comments sections became the home of ugly name-calling, racism and anti-women language. Besides their poisonous quality, comments seem out of place today. “Since we made the announcement, I’ve received an outpouring of responses from our readers,” she says. “I’ve heard from parents whose children were hurt by our online comments. I’ve heard from people who said they wouldn’t send in letters to the editor because they were attacked so fiercely by comments, and wasn’t worth it.” 1.Why did Autumn Phillips shut down the comments sections? A. They were put to wrong use. B. Her website was attacked heavily. C. They exposed many illegal issues. D. She was angry about readers’ comments. 2.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 indicate about comments? A. They were out of date. B. They had gone against their original intentions. C. They were full of sensitive information. D. They couldn’t interest the audience. 3.What was the welcome change in the early digital journalism? A. Readers, having more access to news. B. Readers’ making less negative comments. C. Readers’ freedom to express their thoughts. D. Readers’ active involvement in the news industry. 4.How do many readers feel about Autumn Phillips, move according to the last paragraph? A. Cautious. B. Hopeful. 24 C. Surprised. D. Supportive. Passage 3(2017 届天津市和平区高三三模 ) There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, so it’s not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us go through difficult times in out lives. Putting a smile on someone’s face when you know they are feeling depressed, as the saying goes, makes me feel good and warms my heart. How would you feel if you could not joke around with wife, husband, child, co-worker, neighbor, close friend, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is a common manner to speak to others that are around you. I know of a few people that don’t have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their faces. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke? Laughing is essential to keep your stress levels under control. Without humor, we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness and bring a little light into our lives. Therefore, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together. 1.According to the passage, humor is necessary and essential because ______. A.it can pick up people’s spirit B.it can help people get on well with others C.it can help get rid of the cruelty in the world D.it makes people more confident 2.The author answers the questioning the second paragraph with _______. A. facts and descriptions B. evidence and argument C. examples and conclusion D. stories and persuasion 3.The underlined phrase ＂busting a gut＂ in the third paragraph can replaced by ________. A. keeping silent B. speaking loud C. laughing hard D. explaining carefully 25 4.In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to ________. A. talk about his own understanding of humor B. encourage people to be humorous in daily life C. introduce a practical way to get through daily life D. convince people of the power of being optimistic about life 5.What is the author’s attitude towards the present world? A. Indifferent B. Positive C. Satisfied D. Critical Passage 4(2017 届河北省衡水中学高三下学期第三次摸底考试 ) Parents play an important role in determining the educational success of their children. Their expectations for how well their children do at school and the environment at home are important determinants of achievement. Family influence is great in helping a child to realize academic accomplishment. Children who live in homes in which the parents are academically successful, once they become parents, often feel that their job is to prepare their children to do likewise in school. They take their kids on vacation, but they spend time learning about local history at museums. They also may ensure that their kids have time to study and understand the importance of school attendance. School is a priority for these families, and children who live in them grow up with a focus on learning. Parents who have high academic expectations and those who adopt a more authoritarian parenting style for their children often have children who do well in school. However, it can be dangerous to set expectations too high, such that a child feels overly pressured to perform. These types of expectations should be balanced with those that relate directly to the child, so that they will be able to personally set and reach goals, work hard and to enjoy being curious. Parents who support their children in their academic work also positively influence their performance. This takes different forms for families. Some parents might help with homework, or volunteer at school. Others provide a quiet study space, a consistent bedtime or a positive example of hard work and discipline. How parents show support for their child's academic career varies by family and by culture. No matter how it is shown, it is a vital part of a child's academic success to know their parents are behind their efforts. A love of reading in a household can also positively affect a child's academic attainment. Learning new vocabulary, and how to predict, understand and respond to a text are just some of the skills children can learn at home that are important in an academic environment. Reading books, newspapers, magazines and websites with 26 children on a regular basis sets them up for success at school. 1.According to the text, parents have an important effect on children's . A. family life B. next generation C. academic achievement D. expectations of their jobs 2.What may a family with academically successful parents put first? A. Family travel. B. Attending school. C. Historic knowledge. D. Going to museums. 3.How may academically successful parents influence their children's academic achievement? A. They can offer help to their children in different ways. B. They may ask teachers to their houses to teach. C. They put great pressure on their children. D. They ask their children to solve problems alone. 4.What could be the best title for the text? A. How to improve the relation in a family B. Benefits of academically successful parents C. What parents can do to help their children D. Family influence on children's academic achievement 题组一 Passage1 【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默 抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少 的部分，而且也有很多好处。 33.B 【解析】推理判断题。题干问得是对于 Carducci 来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最 后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with 27 them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断 C 符合题意。A 项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B 项意为：与他人有关的。C 项意为：专注于一个话题。D 项意为：做 商业交易。故选 B 项。学& 34.D 【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知， 那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D 项符合题意。A 项 意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B 项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C 项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重 要。D 项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选 D 项。 35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之 间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论， 闲聊都有什么样的好处。A 项意为：谈话很重要。B 项意为：闲聊的方法。C 项意为：闲聊的好处。 D 项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选 C 项。 Passage 2 【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐 的做法。 32.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less 可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选 A。 34.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句 My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.表明，跟 Shepherd 玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选 A。 35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子 how to live more with less，而二三段 是作者的尝试，故 C 作标题适合。 Passage 3 【文章大意】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。 47.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段 While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可 知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便 28 宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选 A。 48.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段 But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们 的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话 The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是 对这种转变的管理规范，故选 D。 49.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第四段 The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶 车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Employed 被应用；B. Replaced 被取代；C. Shared 被分享；D. Reduced 被减少。故选 A。 Passage 4 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉 我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。 51.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段 Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子 的一天充满了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选 D。 52.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小 溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为 了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选 A。 53.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句 Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选 C。 54.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段 I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选 29 B。 55.A 【解析】推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人， 带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选 A。 题组二 Passage1 【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来 等待而且说明作者自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。 52.A 【解析】根据第三段内容，尤其是 This one requires a bit of discipline. 及 After all, Forced Waiting requires patience. 可知选 A。 53.B 【解析】根据第四段的句子 Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.可知选 B。 54.D 【解析】根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰心、绝望。故 选 D。 55.C 【解析】通读全文可以知道，作者通过二、三、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断出作者是通 过分析不同种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选 C。 Passage2 【文章大意】本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在 不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多 的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。 25.A 【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有 51%的 10 到 18 岁的孩子上 床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了 60%的 7 到 12 岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着， 所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选 A。 26.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段＂For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal＂可知 11 岁正在上 学的小孩子的理想睡眠时间是 10 个小时，故选 C。 27.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make 30 it hard for them to calm down and sleep＂可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让 他们兴奋的活动，故选 B。 【名师点睛】 本文属于议论类短文，所考查的三道题均为细节题中的直接理解题。细节事实理解题主要考查考生对 文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理 解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属 于低层次题。 在阅读中可以使用定位法与跳读法解决直接理解题。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原 文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后和选项进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答 案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落， 然后进行分析和推理等找出正确答案。 以本文 26 题为例，我们根据题干中＂How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day＂(11 岁的 孩子每天需要多少小时的睡眠时间)直接定位到第二段第四句 For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的)，由此可知上学的孩子的理想睡眠时间是 10 个小时，故选择 C 项。 题组三 Passage 1 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。 43.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的 The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us 可知人们散播传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选 A。 44.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第六段中的 Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group 可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选 B。 45.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的 The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have 可知作者 的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选 D。 Passage 2 31 【文章大意】人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂。类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体，在网络普 及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。 32.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media＂可知，像＂it bleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选 A。 34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选 B。 35.D 【解析】标题选择题。根据第一段中的＂By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.＂可知，好消息在网 络上传播得更快，影响更深远，说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选 D。 Passage 3 【文章大意】大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重 要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。 67.B 【解析】观点态度题。根据第一段＂The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However...＂可知，作者认为，大学不应该 成为孩子们依赖的＂家＂，说明作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选 B。 68.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据＂from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility＂可 知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选 A。 69.D 【解析】推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除 A；根据第四段＂If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing...＂可知，作者 不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除 B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除 C； 大学应该是获得知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选 D。 70.C 【解析】篇章结构题。根据第四段＂Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.＂中的＂ equally important＂和第五段的＂Moreover＂可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选 C。 Passage 4 【文章大意】本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，那 32 么穷人的生活将会变得更好。 24.B 【解析】词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听 起来很荒唐，但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选 B。 26.B 【解析】推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。 故选 B。 27.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年 里继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选 A。学& 题组四 Passage 1 【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了若拥有百倍于现在的资源，你会如何提升个人生活？ 1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的 Someone sent me an email urging me to acquire a lot more resources, suggesting could do so much more good if I had an 8 or 9 figure net income of 6 like I’ve been doing for years.可知，有人给我发了封邮件，力劝我获得更多财富资源，故选 D。 2.A 【解析】推理判断题。第三段谈到最近我一直在考虑，如果有意减少个人收入一段时间，会是什么样 子。我只想经历这种体验。看自己能否在收入少的情况下好好生活。比如把个人年收入减少到 1 万美 元，自己将如何生活。不过这对我来说也不算什么问题。因为在上世纪 90 年代，我有过一段这种低收 入生活时期，而且我已经学到，不管收入如何，仍旧可以做自己喜爱的事情。由此可推断出作者是一 位乐观且专注的人，故选 A。 3.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中的 That isn’t such a big deal to me, though, since I already went through a period of low income like that during the 1990s（在上世纪 90 年代，我有过一段这种低收入生活时期）， 由此推断出 What if I capped my net personal income at $10,000 per year,for instance?意思是把个人年收入 减少到 1 万美元。“capped”意思是限定，A. Limited 限定；B. Spent 花费；C. Increased 增长；D. Distributed 分布，故选 A。 4.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段 As I mentioned in my book.可推知作者可能是一名作家，故 A 选 项正确；根据最后一段 What interests me is exploring personal growth and sharing what I learn along the way.可知真正令作者感兴趣的是探索个人成长，并与人一路分享自己所学，由此可知 C 和 D 正确，故 33 选 B。 Passage 2 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述的是“越来越多的评论部分在网上被关闭。” 2.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中 The decisions don’t mean that the news outlets are no longer interested in what their audiences are thinking. Both stressed their eagerness to hear from readers and listeners on social networks. But both agreed that comments had deviated from their original intention. 这些决定并不意味着新闻 媒体不再对他们的听众的想法感兴趣。两人都强调，他们渴望在社交网络上听到读者和听众的声音。 但双方都认为，评论偏离了他们最初的意图。由此推知划线句子的意思是“他们违背了他们最初的意 图。”故选 B。 3.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中 In early days of digital journalism, comments were seen as a key part of this new media, a wonderful opportunity for strengthening the dialogue between news producers and their audiences. It was a welcome change, given that for long many news organizations were far too separated from their readers.可知，在早期的数字新闻中，读者积极参与新闻行业是受欢迎的改变。故选 D。 4.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“I’ve heard from parents whose children were hurt by our online comments. I’ve heard from people who said they wouldn’t send in letters to the editor because they were attacked so fiercely by comments, and wasn’t worth it.”可知，根据最后一段许多读者对 Autumn Phillips 是 支持的。故选 D。 Passage3 【文章大意】文章说明了在今天的世界仍然存在着残酷的战争、战斗和悲伤。我们不仅仅需要更有必 要有幽默感帮助我们克服困难时期。 1.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段中＂Laughing is essential to keep your stress levels under control. Without humor, we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy.＂可知，笑是控制压力的关键。没有幽默感就会导致很多心 理问题。故选 A。 2.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段中内容可知，作者经常和周围的人开玩笑，说笑话，认为这 34 不仅缓解了任何情况下的压力，而且也是与周围的人交谈的一种常见方式。作者描写第二段用了举 例和总结的方式。故选 C。 4.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段＂Therefore, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together.＂可知，＂我＂相信我们提高情绪最好的＂药物＂ 是聚在一起讲一些笑话，一起开怀大笑。故选 B。 5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段中＂There is too much sadness and bring a little light into our lives.＂可知，如今的世界有太多的悲伤。所以，作者对目前的世界持有批判的态度。故选 D。 Passage4 【文章大意】本文叙述了家庭影响在帮助孩子获得学业成功方面起着重要的作用。学业成功的家长重 视孩子的教育，但是不要设置过高的目标，在学业上支持孩子的父母也影响这他们的表现，家庭的阅读爱 好也积极地影响着一个孩子的学术素养。 1.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句 Family influence is great in helping a child to realize academic accomplishment.可知，家庭影响有助于孩子学业的成功。故选 C。 2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 School is a priority for these families, and children who live in them grow up with a focus on learning.可知，对于这些家庭来说，学校是一个优先考虑的问题，而 生活在这样的家庭了中的孩子长大后就会专注于学习。故选 B。 3.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段二、三两句 They take their kids on vacation, but they spend time learning about local history at museums. They also may ensure that their kids have time to study and understand the importance of school attendance.可知，学业成功的父母带孩子去度假，花费时间去博 物馆了解历史，确保孩子有时间学习，理解上学的重要性。因此推断学业成功的父母用不同的方法 帮助孩子。故选 A。 4.D 【解析】标题判断题。纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述家庭对孩子学习的重大影响，学业成功的父母 重视学习，从各个方面给孩子提供帮助，支持孩子学习，家庭的阅读爱好也对孩子的学习起着积极 地作用。因此推断 D 项＂家庭对孩子学业成功的影响＂为最佳标题。故选 D。