2020届英语二轮复习600分冲刺：第1部分专题1阅读理解考点3　主旨大意题课件 49页

题型突破·专项提升 第一部分 专题一　阅读理解 考点3　主旨大意题 1 悟 真 题 、 取 其 精 华 2 研 典 题 、 技 法 例 析 3 随 堂 练 、 即 时 巩 固 4 层 级 练 、 素 能 强 化 悟真题、取其精华 • A • (2019·全国卷Ⅰ，D) • During the rosy years of elementary school(小学)，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens，and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes，breaking rules and playing jokes on others，among whom I soon found myself. • Popularity is a well－explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables' plays－well －with－others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships，jump－start interpersonal skills and，when tapped early，are employed ever after in life and work.Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. • Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed， Dr.Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school，as well as those least liked in elementary school ，are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.” • In one study，Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents，scoring the least liked， the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究)．“We found that the least well－liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.” • Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing， kindness，openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. • In analyzing his and other research，Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes，but it is also responsible for those outcomes，too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said. • 文章大意：主题：人与社会(人际沟通)；话题：青少年心 理健康。本文是一篇议论文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论 青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程 度这一青少年心理健康话题。 该语篇视角独特，积极倡导 和谐的人际关系和人文情怀。 • 1．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school？_____ • A．Unkind. B．Lonely. • C．Generous. D．Cool. • 解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词early years of elementary school可定位到第一段第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes...”，根据句意和sharing一词可推知，作者 上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选C项。注意不要 受本段后几句话尤其是最后一句话的影响而错选A项，因 为那是作者青少年时期的情况。 C • 2．What is the second paragraph mainly about？ _____ • A．The classification of the popular. • B．The characteristics of adolescents. • C．The importance of interpersonal skills. • D．The causes of dishonorable behavior. • 解析：段落大意题。根据第二段内容以及第二句的句式特 点(句中有冒号)，可暂时断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而 第三句和第四句分别用The likables'...和Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence...引出后文 内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追 求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词 sort...into...(把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼 应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。 A • 3．What did Dr.Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?_____ • A．They appeared to be aggressive. • B．They tended to be more adaptable. • C．They enjoyed the highest status. • D．They performed well academically. • 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中的It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment可知，Dr.Prinstein的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的 孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable与第四段中的 adjustment相呼应。 B • 4．What is the best title for the text？_____ • A．Be Nice—You Won't Finish Last • B．The Higher the Status，the Better • C．Be the Best—You Can Make It • D．More Self－Control，Less Aggressiveness • 解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢 与积极的人生结果有关，因此A项作为标题最合适。注意 A项中的be nice与likability，popularity，kindness等词相 呼应。be Nice—You Won't Finish Last.从意义上类似于汉 语的“与人为善，于己为善”。这里的finish本义是“获得 (名次)；排名”。 A • B • (2019·浙江卷，C) • California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s， according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)． • The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests，the new study finds.No area was spared or unaffected，from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles.In the Sierra high country，the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent； in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. • Many factors contributed to the decline，said Patrick McIntyre，an ecologist who was the lead author of the study.Woodcutters targeted big trees.Housing development pushed into the woods.Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)． • But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010，McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. • The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed，taking into account such things as rainfall，air temperature， dampness of soil，and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)． • Since the 1930s，McIntyre said，the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures，which cause trees to lose more water to the air，and earlier snowmelt，which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. • 文章大意：主题：人与自然(环境保护)；话题：气候变化 与大树变少。本文是一篇调查报告。调查表明加利福尼亚 州的大树变少了，而气候变化是其中的一个主要因素。 • 5．What is the second paragraph mainly about？ _____ • A．The seriousness of big－tree loss in California. • B．The increasing variety of California big trees. • C．The distribution of big trees in California forests. • D．The influence of farming on big trees in California. • 解析：主旨大意题。第二段中通过列举一系列数字表明加 利福尼亚州的大树减少的严重性，故A项正确。 A • 6．Which of the following is well－intentioned but may be bad for big trees？_____ • A．Ecological studies of forests. B．Banning woodcutting. • C．Limiting housing development. D．Fire control measures. • 解析：推理判断题。文章第三段提到了造成加利福尼亚州 的大树减少的三个因素：woodcutters，housing development与aggressive wildfire control。前两个因素直 接与大树的减少有关，如果能控制住，大树就不会减少； 而第三个因素——控制野火的措施使得加利福尼亚州的森林 里满是跟大树争夺资源的小树，初衷是为了控制野火，这 是好的，实则对大树不利，故D项正确(好心办坏事)。 D • 7．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre？_____ • A．Inadequate snowmelt. • B．A longer dry season. • C．A warmer climate. • D．Dampness of the air. • 解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“...the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures...”可知，水不足的主要原因就是气温 升高(rising temperatures)，即更加温暖的气候，故C项正 确。 C • 8．What can be a suitable title for the text？_____ • A．California's Forests：Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? • B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon • C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? • D．Patrick McIntyre：Grow More Big Trees in California • 解析：标题归纳题。本文是一篇调查报告，第一段就点出 主题：California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s。后面具体分析了加利福尼亚州大树的现状、造成 大树减少的原因等，A项作为标题最合适。 A • (1)主旨大意题。考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解， 它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨 大意有一个较为清晰的印象。 • (2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能 力，难度较大。 • (3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文 章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里 行间进行推断。 考 纲 解 读 • Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式： • (1)What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text? • (2) The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is _________. • (3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________. • (4)What is mainly discussed in the text? • (5)What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? • (6)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text? • (7)The passage mainly focuses on _________. 考 查 特 点 • Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度 • (1)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意； • (2)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。 • [选项特征] 最佳选项 干扰选项 1.涵盖性强， 覆盖全文或 全段。 2.确定的范围 恰当，既不 太大，也不 太小。 3.精确性强， 不会改变语 言表意的程 度及色彩。 1.过于笼统， 不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内 容。 2.以偏概全， 主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章 中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或 以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 3.移花接木， 偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放 在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。 4.无中生有， 生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经 过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的 内容毫无联系。 研典题、技法例析 • 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的 首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速 找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： • 1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact ，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 • 2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章 主旨。 • 3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的 词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 • 4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 • (2018·全国卷Ⅰ，C) • Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter－gatherers，small，tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. 典 例 • Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. • At present，the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages，often spoken by many people，while hot， wet zones have lots，often spoken by small numbers. •Europe has only around 200 languages；the Americas about 1,000；Africa 2,400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200，of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that. • Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick，at random，Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers)，Chiapaneco in Mexico (150) ，Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one，with a question－mark)： none of these seems to have much chance of survival. • ◆What is the main idea of the text? • A．New languages will be created. • B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages. • C．Human development results in fewer languages. • D．Geography determines language evolution. • [解题思路] • 这是一篇说明文，本题考查全文的主旨大意。通读全文可 以发现，首段的第一句中but后的内容既是该并列句的重 点，也是整个段落的主旨所在。其后两段以时间为序，以 Soon afterwards...In recent centuries...in the past few decades...At present...几个时间点为线索讲述了随着人类 活动变化语言的演变和减少的现象。最后一段总结上文， 指出现在有超过400种语言即将消亡，语言种类将变得更 少。综合全文可知，文章主要讲述随着人类社会的发展， 语言的种类越来越少。本文并未提及新的语言将会被创造， 可排除A项；也未提及人们的生活方式反映在语言上，可 排除B项；本文并未说明地理环境决定语言的进化与发展， 可排除D项。故选_C__。 • (二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题 • 1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选 项能准确概括主旨； • 2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们 写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和文章对照，一一排 除不符选项； • 3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词 的变化、结构、概括性等。 • (2018·全国卷Ⅰ·B) • Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning，but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. • In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home， preparing meals for sons，Sam,14，Finn,13，and Jack,11. 典 例 • “We love Mexican churros，so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份)，but Matt makes them for 26p a portion，because they are flour，water， sugar and oil.Everybody can buy takeaway food，but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.” • The eight－part series (系列节目)，Save Money：Good Food，follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money： Good Health，which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. • With food our biggest weekly household expense， Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes. • ◆What can be a suitable title for the text? • A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart • B．Balancing Our Daily Diet • C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef • D．Cooking Well for Less • [解题思路] • 本题考查最佳标题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了 Susanna Reid主持的电视节目Save Money：Good Food 。仔细研读每一段的主题句(第一段中showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget，第二段中的offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day和最后一段中的The team transforms...with less expensive but still tasty recipes)可知，Save Money： Good Food这个节目旨在帮助普通家庭用更少的钱做出美 味可口的饭菜。从文学色彩来分析，Cooking Well for Less这个标题使用了Well和Less进行对比，它们含义上的 矛盾可以吸引读者的注意，使读者产生阅读文章的兴趣， 比平铺直叙地告知文章大意的陈述句更有文学艺术性，故 为最佳答案。故选_D__。 • (2019·全国卷Ⅲ，B) • For Western designers，China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. • “It's no secret that China has always been a source (来源) of inspiration for designers，”says Amanda Hill， chief creative officer at A＋E Networks，a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows. 典 例 • Earlier this year，the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China－ inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art，with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries.The exhibition had record attendance，showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences. • “China is impossible to overlook，”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world，which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.” •Of course，not only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang，Alexander Wang，Jason Wu are taking on Galliano，Albaz，Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales，”adds Hill. • For Hill，it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.“The most famous designers are Chinese，so are the models，and so are the consumers，”she says.“China is no longer just another market；in many senses it has become the market.If you talk about fashion today，you are talking about China—its influences，its direction，its breathtaking clothes，and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.” • ◆What can be a suitable title for the text? • A．Young Models Selling Dreams to the World • B．A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York • C．Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics • D．Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends • [解题思路] • 通读全文可知，文章的第一段就点明了主题：对于西方设 计师来说，长期以来中国及其丰富的文化一直是西方创作 者的灵感来源。接下来Amanda Hill对中国文化和中国美 学对国际时尚的影响进行了评价，由此可知，中国文化推 动了国际时尚潮流，故_D__项作为文章的标题最合适。A 项(向世界推销梦想的年轻模特)与文章内容不符；B项(在 纽约举办的一次中国艺术展)以偏概全；C项(东西方美学 的差异)范畴过大。 • (4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可 以很明显地看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致， 正确答案就呼之欲出了； • (5)如要按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨 论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是 平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显 的并列关系； • (6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段 大意。 • 方法2：揣摩段落大意 • 有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗 示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣 摩段落大意。 • (2019·江苏卷，B片段) • In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before：he couldn't find the park's volcano.It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features.But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere. 典 例 • Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro， which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high.Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building.These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere. • ◆What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? • A．The shapes of volcanoes. B．The impacts of volcanoes. • C．The activities of volcanoes. D．The heights of volcanoes. • [解题思路] • 根据第二段内容尤其是其中的“Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of Fuji or Kilimanjaro”和“a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building...a vast hole”可知，该段主要介绍了两种类型火山的形成过 程，一种是形成圆锥体形状的火山，富士山和乞力马扎罗 山就是其典型代表；另外一种是通过爆裂岩浆而形成巨大 裂口的火山，而黄石国家公园恰恰就是这一种，所以本段 主要讲述了火山的形态，故选_A__项。 随堂练、即时巩固 层级练、素能强化