【英语】2018届二轮复习定语从句学案（5页） 8页

‎2018届 二轮复习 定语从句 定语从句可以说是阅读题里出现最多的从句，摸清定语从句的底细，不怕阅读题看不懂了。‎ 出现定语从句，找准先行词，理解关系词的含义，定语从句在句中的成分，搞定这几个问题，定语从句可以轻松pass啦~‎ 定语从句在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。‎ 关系代词有：who,whom, whose, that, which等。‎ 关系副词有：when, where, why等。‎ 关系代词引导的定语从句 ‎ 关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 ‎ ‎1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语或宾语。‎ 例如：‎ ‎  Is he the man who/that wants to see you?‎ 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）‎ ‎  He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.‎ 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）‎ ‎    ‎ ‎2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。‎ ‎  例如：‎ ‎ They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.‎ 那人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。‎ Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.‎ 请递给我那本绿皮的书。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3）which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。‎ 例如：‎ A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.‎ 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）‎ The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which/that在句中作宾语） ‎ ‎2. 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。‎ ‎1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。‎ 例如：‎ There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.‎ 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。‎ Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.‎ 北京是我的出生地。‎ Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?‎ 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ ‎ ‎2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后代替when, where, why和“介+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。‎ 例如：‎ His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.‎ 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。‎ He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。‎ ‎3. 判断关系代词与关系副词 ‎ 方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。‎ 例如：‎ This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.‎ 这是我去年呆过的山村。‎ I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.‎ 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。‎ 判断改错：‎ ‎（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year. ‎ ‎（对）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.‎ ‎（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.‎ ‎（对）I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.‎ 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。‎ ‎ ‎ 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词或关系副词。‎ 例1. Is this museum ____ you visited a few days ago?‎ ‎ A. where  B. that  C. on which  D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.‎ ‎ A. where  B. that  C. on which  D. the one 答案：例1 D；例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is ____ you visited a few days ago.‎ 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.‎ 在例1中，从句中所缺部分为宾语，而主句中又缺表语，所以只有the one可以作主句的表语，而关系代词作从句的宾语可以省略，所以选D。‎ 而例2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用关系副词where，又可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。‎ ‎ ‎ 关系词的选择 依据在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。‎ ‎4. 限制性和非限制性定语从句 ‎ ‎1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。‎ 例如：‎ ‎ This is the house which we bought last month.‎ ‎ 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）‎ The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.‎ 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2）当先行词是专有名词或有物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。‎ 例如：‎ Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.‎ 查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。‎ My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.‎ 我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。‎ This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.‎ 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。‎ 例如：‎ He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.‎ 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。‎ Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.‎ 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。‎ 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 ‎ ‎5.“介词+关系词”  结构 ‎(1) 介词后面的关系词不能省略；‎ ‎(2) that前不能有介词；‎ ‎(3) 关系副词when，where，why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此，常常可以和“介词|+which”结构交替使用。‎ 例如：‎ ‎　 This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago.‎ ‎    这是我两年前住过的房子。‎ ‎　 Do you remember the day when (on which) you joined our club?‎ ‎    还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？‎ ‎6. as和which引导的非限定性定语从句 ‎ 由as和which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句。as一般放在句首，which在句中。‎ 例如：‎ As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.‎ 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。‎ The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.‎ 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们很重要。‎ ‎ 注意：as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可；‎ ‎7. 关系代词that的用法 ‎ ‎(1) 不用that的情况：‎ ‎　　●引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：‎ ‎　　 The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.（错）‎ ‎  ●介词后不能用that。例如：‎ ‎　　 We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。‎ ‎　　 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. ‎ ‎(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况：‎ ‎  ●在不定代词，如anything，nothing，the one，all，much，few，any，little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。例如：‎ All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。‎ ‎  ●先行词有the only，the very修饰时，只用that。例如：‎ He is the only person that attended the meeting. 他是唯一参加这个会议的人。‎ ‎  ●先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时，只用that。例如：‎ This is the most exciting film I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最令人兴奋的电影。‎ ‎  ●先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：‎ They talked of things and persons that they remembered. 他们谈论着他们记得的人和事。‎