2020-2021学年高三英语语法一轮复习：语法基本知识 4页

2020-2021 学年高三英语语法一轮复习：语法基本知识 一、词性分类和句子成分 1. 词性 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 1 名词 noun/n. 例如：student 学生 2 代词 pronoun/pron. 例如：you 你 3 形容词 adjective/adj. 例如：happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb/adv. 例如：quickly 迅速地 5 动词 verb/v. 例如：cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral/num. 例如：three 三 7 冠词 article/art. 例如：a 一个 8 介词 preposition/prep. 例如：at 在... 9 连词 conjunction/conj. 例如：and 和 10 感叹词 interjection/interj. 例如：oh 哦 前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词 2. 句子成分 （1）主语：执行句子的行为或动作的主体 I love you. It is important for me. To be a teacher is my dream. Doing exercise benefits your health. What we need is water. The blind can’t see anything. （2）谓语：谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”do what,“是什 么”what is this 或是“怎 么样”how。谓语动词有行为动词，系动词，情态动词和助 动词，行为动词包括及物动词和 不及物动词。 I went to school by bus when I was a child. The vase was broken. I would be able to fly in the air. （3）宾语：动作的承受者。 The room needs cleaning. We know that the earth goes around the sun. she cleared her throat. （4）表语：用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态，放在系动词之后。 系动词 be The dress is red. seem, appear It seems to be wrong. keep, stay, remain She keeps studying hard. become, get, go, turn Leaves turn yellow in fall. look, sound, taste, smell, feel The song sounds sweet. （5）定语：用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 There is a beautiful lady. Do you find anything interesting? （6）状语：动词的八个状态：时间、地点、原因、状态、目的、结果、方式、程度， 修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成份叫状语。 I went to shopping mall by car. Last week, I went to the theater. Only in this way can we solve the problem. They jumped up with joy. They talked happily. （7）宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的意义、状态等 They call me Jack. I found the book interesting. （8）同位语：一个名词(或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明，这个 名 词（或其它形 式）。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers'. （9）插入语：在一个句子中间插入一个成分，它不作句子的何种成分，也不和句子的何 种成分发生结 构关系，同时既不起连接作用，也不表示语气。 This problem, I think, can be solved in this way. 3. 五大基本句型 （1）主谓：I came. （2）主谓宾：I miss you much. （3）主系表：She is charming. （4）主谓宾宾：He bought me a book. （5）主谓宾宾补：They call me Irene. 【精讲精练】 1. 用横线划出下列句子的谓语动词 （1）The cake tastes delicious. （2）Our English teacher is thirty years old. （3）I felt cold. （4）The potatoes went bad in the fields. 2. 判断下列句子属于五种基本句型的哪种 （1）The cat meowed pitifully. （2）The cat caught a mouse. （3）The cat looked elegant. （4）He fed the cat canned food. （5）He called the cat “Fatty.” 【过关检测】（ 10mins） 1. 挑出下列句中的宾语 （1）I pick up a flower for her. （2）You will find the museum on the left. （3）I married Kristi. 2. 挑出下列句中的定语 （1）I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! （2）What is your given name? （3）There was a better chance. （4）Several states are moving to tighten laws. （5）The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 3. 判断下列句子属于五种基本句型的哪种 （1）Girls love flowers. （2）Taiwan is an economic powerhouse. （3）A snake crawls on its belly. （4）They found the new house very comfortable. （5）Their friend sold them the house.