(全)高考英语语法-难点易错点归纳 21页

高考英语语法-难点易错点归纳解析 一、定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有 that,which,who（宾格 whom），所有格 whose）和 关系副词 where when why 等，关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成 分，关系代词 that，which,who,whom 等在从句中分别作主语或宾语，whose 在 从句中作定语，而关系副词 when,where,why 等在从句中作状语。 如：  I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.  解析：在句①中，表示时间的名词 the days 在从句中充当的是状语，所以用关 系副词 when 来代指，引导定语从句修饰先行词 the days； 而在句②中，表示时间的名词 the days 在从句中充当的是动词 spent 的宾语， 所以用关系代词 that 或 which 来代指。   同样，表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语，则用关系副词 where 或 why 来代指；如果在从句中作动词的宾语，则用 which 或 that 来代替。 如：  ①This is the factory where/in which I worked.（作状语）   ②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.（作宾语）   注：当先行词为 time,reason, place 时，引导词可以省略。如：  This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.  That is the reason (why) I did it.  This is the place (where) we met yesterday.   另外，定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如：  ①Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party. ②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.  解析：在句①中，先行词 foreigner 被 only 修饰，强调只有一个，所以从句中谓 语动词用单数形式，而在句② 中，who 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 the  students，为复数，所以从句谓语动词应为复数。  二 名词性从句中的易错点 （一）that 引导的定语从句与同位语从句  定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，“……的名词”，而同位语从句 是用来说明前面名词的内容。与 that 从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概 念的抽象名词， 如： fact,news,belief,truth,reply 等。 That 在定语从句中必须作成分，可用 which 或 who/whom 代替，而 that 在同位 语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。如：  Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming  Christmas.  Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.  解析：在句①中，that 引导同位语从句解释说明 promise 的内容，that 不充当任 何句子成分，只起连接作用，而在句②中，that 在其引导的定语从句中作动词 visited 的宾语，对先行词 the chicken farm 起修饰作用。  （二）名词性从句中，关于 it 作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点  1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时，为保持句子平衡，常用 it 作形式主语或形式宾 语。如： It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.（形式主语） We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式宾语）   2）谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love,  make 等接由 if 或 when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语 it. 例如： I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.   3）动词 hare, take, hide, punish, put 等,后接由 that 引导的病因从句式，往往 在从句前加形式宾语 it. 例如： ① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.  ② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.   4）短语动词 answer for, count on depend on, insist on,  see to 等后接有 that 引导的宾语从句时，必须冠以形式宾语 it. 例如：① I’m  counting on it that you will come. ② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead.  注：作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用 it.   三、代词 it、one、that 的用法与区别 One 泛指，指代前面提到的那类人或物，用于指代可数名词，相当于 a+名词单 数，其复数形式 ones 前一般要有定语，否则就要用 some.  That（those 复数）即可指代不可数名词，表特指，相当于 the+名词，后面经常 与介词修饰语连用。 It 指代上文出现的名词，表示同类同物，另外还可表示时 间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词，表示性别身份不明，可作形式主语，形式 宾语，引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配，如：get it, catch it, make it.  例如：① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢了只表，我想我 必须再买一只。（代指上文指到的同类事物，但不指同一个）  ② Where is my pen? Have you seen it? 我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了，你见了吗？（代指上文提到的同一事物） ③ The land of China is larger than that of America.  ④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one （或 two blue ones）  ⑤ He has no child, and he wants toadopt one （或 some）   四、虚拟语气 I 虚拟语气在 if 引导的条件句中的易错点。  ①if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me  from going.  ② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.  句子①②都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用，从句中都是假设过去的情况，所以 用过去完成时，但在主句中，句①依然指代过去的情况，谓语动词是 would have  done，而②中含有一个表示现在的时间状语 now, 这样就必须将其理解为假设 现在的情况，所以谓语动词必须为 would/should/might+动词原形，学生在这一 点上经常会忽略 now 的存在，从而按句①的形式填写答案。   Ⅱ虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法   1.在 it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者 It is decided  (ordered,suggested, demanded, advised……)+that 句子中，主语从句中的谓语动词 常用（should）+动词原形结构，表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被决定”等  例 如 ：  it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and  all night.  it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.  2. suggest, insist 后面指宾语从句时需注意的地方   1）①suggest 当“建议”“提出”讲时，其后宾语从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词 原形” 例如：He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建议 立即动工。  类似的动词还有 insist 坚持，demand 要求，desire 要求、请求，request 请求， require 要求、需要，order 命令，propose 建议，command 命令，ask 要求，advise 建议，prefer 宁愿等。 这些动词变被动语态（如：It is suggested + that 主语从 句）形式后，主语从句谓语动词仍用“（should）+动词原形” 这些动词变名词（如 suggestion）后，其后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语部分仍用“(should)+动词 原形”  ②suggest 当“提出（某看法），暗示，启发”讲时，其后宾语从句的动词不用虚 拟语气。  例如： The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member  警察局提出窃贼可能是一名家庭成员。  Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。  Although he didn’t suggest that we __ the decision to swim across the river,  but his look suggested that our decision __wrong.虽然他没提出我们应该终止 游过这条河的决定，但他的表情表明我们的决定是错误的。  A：stop; wasB: should stop; be C: stopped ;wasD: stopped; should be  在这个句子中，前一个 suggest 当“建议”“提出”讲，而后一个作“表明”讲，所以答 案为“A”   2）①insist 作“坚决要求…该…；坚持认为…定要…”讲时，其后宾语从句的谓语动 词用“(should)+动词原形”  例如：I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我坚持认为你应该准时到 那里去  ②insist 作“坚持（意见，看法）；坚持说，确信”讲时，其后从句不用虚拟语气。 如：He suggested (that) he heard someone in the next room. 他坚持说他听 到隔壁屋子里有人。    五.反意疑问句中的易错点 1.在一般疑问句中，无论肯定的问或是否定的问，如果回答为肯定则用 yes，反 之则用 no.特别注意如果出现省略则看下文所暗示的意义。  ①—Are you a new comer?  —Yes, I came here only yesterday.  ②—Isn’t Tom a good student?  —Yes, he is excellent.  ③—Don’t you think the composition good?  —No, It can’t be any worse.  注意：在②③句中，当回答的意思与问句相一致时，则用 No，译为“是的”，当 回答的意思与问句相反时，则用 Yes，译为“不”   2.情态动词 must  ① I must leave now, mustn’t I ?  ② He must be in the classroom, isn’t ?（表推测）  ③ He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he ? （表现在的结果）  He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon,didn’t he? （ 表 过 去）  当句子中有表示猜测的情态动词时，其反意疑问句的构成不能再用原句中的情态 动词，而应根据原句在去掉情态动词的情况下的主谓关系来确定其反问形式。   六、非谓语动词中的易错点 非谓语与其逻辑主语（即动作的执行者或承受者）之间有三种关系，如为主谓关 系，则用现在分词或不定式的主动式；如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词 的被动（强调动作正在进行）或不定式的被动式（动作将进行）；如既无主动也 无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构（即非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语） Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing 指说话者的动作，故只用主动 式。 如：  Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing  the exam.  解析：从这个句子可以看出，句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语 he 一致，并且是主 谓关系，所以用了现在的分词作状语，同时，分词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓 语动词动作之前，故采用了现代分词的完成式。 In order to improve English , ________.  A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.  B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.  C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.  D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.  解析：根据不定式短语我们可以推知，句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物，所以， 应该排除 CD，再就是应该是 Jenny 提高自己的英语，而不是她爸爸，故答案先 B.  ———，we decided to go out for a walk.  A. It is fine B. It fine  C. Being fine D.It being fine  解析：主句主语 we 与动词短语 be fine 之间既无主动关系与无被动关系，所以 要加上自己的逻辑主语 It，由于不存在主、被动关系，故不能选 C 项，而应该选 D 项。  ————more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B.To  give C.Giving D. Having giving  解析：give 与主句的主语之间是被动关系，故选 A.如为主动关系则选 C.  附赠- 100 个中国成语的英文版 爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog. 百闻不如一见 One look is worth a thousand words. 比上不足，比下有余 To fall short of the best, but be better than the worst. 笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start. 不遗余力 Spare no effort; go all out; do one's best. 不打不成交 No discord, no concord. 拆东墙补西墙 Rob Peter to pay Paul. 辞旧迎新 Bid farewell to the old and usher in the new. 大事化小，小事化了 Try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all. 大开眼界 Broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener. 国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace. 过犹不及 Going beyond the limit is as bad as falling short; excess is just as bad as deficiency; too much is as bad as too little. 好了伤疤忘了疼 Once on shore, one prays no more. 好事不出门，坏事传千里 Bad news travels fast. 和气生财 Harmony brings wealth; friendliness is conducive to business success. 活到老学到老 Never too old to learn. 既往不咎 Let bygones be bygones. 金无足赤，人无完人 There are spots even on the sun. 金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home. 脚踏实地 Be down-to-earth. 脚踩两只船 Sit on the fence; be a fence-sitter; have a foot in either camp. 君子之交淡如水 A hedge between keeps friendship green. 已成定局 Cut and dried. 礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope. 马到成功 Achieve immediate victory; win instant success. 名利双收 Gain both fame and wealth. 茅塞顿开 Be suddenly enlightened. 没有规矩，不成方圆 Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away. 谋事在人，成事在天 Man proposes; God disposes. 弄巧成拙 Make a fool of oneself in trying to be smart. 赔了夫人又折兵 Suffer a double loss; lose the bait along with the fish. 抛砖引玉 A modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a mackerel. 破釜沉舟 Cut off all means of retreat； burn one's own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end. 抢得先机 Take the preemptive opportunities. 巧妇难为无米之炊 One can't make bricks without straw. 千里之行始于足下 A thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step. 前事不忘，后事之师 Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future. 前怕狼，后怕虎 Fear wolves ahead and tigers behind; hesitate in doing something. 强龙难压地头蛇 The mighty dragon is no match for the native serpent. 瑞雪兆丰年 A fall of seasonal snow gives promise of a fruitful year. 人逢喜事精神爽 People are in high spirits when involved in happy events. 世上无难事，只怕有心人 Where there is a will, there is a way. 世外桃源 A retreat away from the turmoil of the world. 人之初，性本善 Humans are born good. 上有天堂，下有苏杭 Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth 塞翁失马，焉知非福 A blessing in disguise; Every cloud has a silver lining. 三十而立 A man should be independent at the age of thirty. /At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself. 水涨船高 A ship rises with the tide 时不我待 Time and tide wait for no man. 杀鸡用牛刀 Use a steam-hammer to crack nuts. 实事求是 Seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts. 说曹操，曹操到 Speak of the devil. 实话实说 Speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is. 实践是检验真理的唯一标准 Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. 韬光养晦 Hide one's capacities and bide one's time. 糖衣炮弹 Sugar-coated bullets. 天有不测风云 Anything unexpected may happen. a bolt from the blue. 团结就是力量 Unity is strength. 跳进黄河洗不清 Even if one jumped into the Yellow River, one can not wash oneself clean - there's nothing one can do to clear one's name 歪风邪气 Unhealthy trends and vulgar practices. 物以类聚，人以群分 Birds of a feather flock together. 望子成龙 Hold high hopes for one's child. 唯利是图 Seek nothing but profits; be blind to all but one's own interests. 无中生有 A sheer fabrication out of nothing; fabricate rumors out of thin air. 无风不起浪 There are no waves without wind. Nothing comes of nothing. 徇私枉法 Twist the law to suit one's own purpose. 新官上任三把火 A new broom sweeps clean. 蓄势待发 Accumulate strength for a take-off. 心想事成 May all your wish come true. 心照不宣 Have a tacit understanding; thoroughly understand each other, without having exchanged a word of explanation. 先入为主 First impressions are firmly entrenched. 先下手为强 He who strikes first gains the advantage. The best defense is offense. 热锅上的蚂蚁 Ants on a hot pan 现身说法 Warn people by taking oneself as an example. 息事宁人 Pour oil on troubled waters; patch up a quarrel and reconcile the parties concerned. 循序渐进 Proceed in an orderly way and step by step; advance gradually in due order. 严以律己，宽以待人 Be strict with oneself and lenient with others. 有情人终成眷属 Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well. 有钱能使鬼推磨 Money makes the mare go./ Money talks. 有识之士 A man of insight. 有勇无谋 Bold but not crafty. 有缘千里来相会 Separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination. 与时俱进 Keep pace with the times. 以人为本 People-oriented. 因材施教 Teach students according to their aptitude. 欲穷千里目，更上一层楼 To ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther. 欲速则不达 Haste makes waste. More haste, less speed. 优胜劣汰 Survival of the fittest. 英雄所见略同 Great minds think alike. 冤家宜解不宜结 Better make friends than make enemies. 冤假错案 Cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases. 一言既出，驷马难追 A promise is a promise. A real man never goes back on his words. 招财进宝 Bring in wealth and treasure. 债台高筑 Become debt-ridden. 众矢之的 Target of public criticism. 纸上谈兵 Be an armchair strategist. 纸包不住火 You can't wrap fire in paper. What's done by night appears by day. 左右为难 Caught in a dilemma; between the devil and the deep blue sea.