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Unit 20 New Frontiers
一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意
1．software n． 软件
2．crew n. 全体机组人员
3．garment n. 衣服
4．welfare n. 福利
5．conflict n. 争执；冲突
6．digital adj. 数字式的
7．official n. 官员
8．colleague n. 同事，同僚
9．recreation n. 消遣；娱乐
10．patent n. 专利
11．boundary n. 界线；边界
12．phenomenon n. 现象
13．headline n. 大标题
14．sneeze vi. 打喷嚏
15．autonomous adj. 自主的；自治的
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．handy adj. 方便使用的
2．download vt. 下载
3．update vt. 更新
4．rescue vt. 拯救，救援
5．disconnect v. 使不连接；切断
6．original adj. 起初的；最早的
7．procedure n. 步骤；程序
8．correspond vi. 通信；符合
9．meanwhile adv. 同时
10．outcome n. 后果，结果
11．cure vt. 治愈
12．wrestle vi. 努力解决；摔跤；搏斗
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13．fade vi. 逐渐变弱
14．press vt. 按；压
15．dilemma n. 困境，进退两难的窘境
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．assist vt.帮助；协助→assistance n．帮助；协助→assistant n．助手；助理
2．technical adj.技术上的→technique n．技术
3．latter n．后者→late adj.迟的→lately adv.最近
4．starvation n．饥饿→starve v．挨饿
5．equality n．平等→equal adj.平等的v.等于→equally adv.平等地；同样地
6．assess vt.评估；评价→assessment n．评价；评估
7．donate vt.捐赠；赠送→donation n．捐赠；赠送→donator n．捐赠者
8．permanent adj.长久的，永久的→permanently adv.永久地
9．permit vt.允许，许可→permission n．允许；准许
10．poisonous adj.有毒的→poison n．毒药；毒物
11．declare vt.宣告；宣布→declaration n．宣布
12．exploration n．探测；探险→explore v．探险；考察；勘查→explorer n．探险家；勘探者
13．settler n．移民；殖民者→settle vt.定居；解决→settlement n．定居；解决
14．instructor n．指导者；教练→instruct vt.指导 →instruction n．指示，命令；用法说明
1.“时间”相关词一览
①temporary adj. 暂时的
②permanent adj. 永久的
③instant n．& adj. 紧迫(的)
④interval n. 间隔，间歇
⑤punctual adj. 守时的
⑥timely adj. 及时的
2.“通信”用语集锦
①letter n． 信件
②email n. 电子邮件
③receive v. 收到(来信)
④reply n. 回复(信件)
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⑤hear from 收到……来信
⑥write to 给……写信
3.特殊名词复数变化
①phenomenon n．(pl.phenomena) 现象
②medium n．(pl.media) 媒体
③bacterium n．(pl.bacteria) 细菌
④mouse n．(pl.mice) 老鼠
⑤datum n．(pl.data) 数据
⑥basis n．(pl.bases) 基础
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．in__advance 提前，预先
2．take__over 接收，接管
3．give__away 泄露(秘密)；赠送
4．shortly__after 不久后
5．cure__sb.of__sth. 治好某人的疾病；纠正
(某人)的(坏习惯)
6．come__into__conflict 发生冲突
7．click__into 点击进入
8．drop__off 下降
9．rather__than 而不是
10．in__conclusion 总之
11．not__to__mention 更不用说
12．figure__out 想出；理解；计算出
13．get__across 使理解，把……讲清楚
14．be__dedicated__to 致力于；献身于
15．make__up__for 弥补
1.“v.＋away”短语团聚
①drive away 赶走；驱赶
②put away 收好，放好
③turn away 转过脸去；避开
④give away 赠送；泄露；出卖
⑤break away 脱离；摆脱
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⑥die away (声音、风、光线
等)慢慢变弱
2.rather相关短语一览
①or rather 更确切地说
②would rather 宁愿
③rather than 而不是
④not...but rather... 不是……相反
(而是)……
⑤rather too 稍微，一点
3.走进“be＋adj.＋to”短语圈
①be addicted to 对……上瘾
②be accessible to 容易接近， 易到达
③be equal to 与……相等
④be familiar to 被……熟知
⑤be sensitive to 对……敏感
⑥be dedicated to 致力于；献身于
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：“by＋时间点”常与完成时连用
By__the__year__2030,__development in biochemistry and medical science will__have__made it theoretically possible for us to live for at least 150 years. 到2030年，生物化学与医学科学的发展将使人类至少活到150岁在理论上成为可能。
句型2：be doing...when...正在做……这时……
In the summer of 1905，this outspoken young man was__rocking his oneyearold baby when he was suddenly inspired. 1905年的夏天，当这个直率的年轻人正在摇晃着自己一岁大的孩子时，灵感突然就来了。
句型3：There is no doubt about/that...毫无疑问……
There__is__no__doubt__about it.
这毫无疑问。
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
1．The needle treatment dating from the ancient times has cured(治愈) many diseases.
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2．He rescued(营救) the girl regardless of his own life, which set a good example for us.
3．(2019·江苏卷)This has led companies and individuals to donate(捐款) money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities.
4．We need to hold back global warming and prepare for its outcome(后果)．
5．Besides, the timetable should be updated(更新) according to the progress of our study from time to time.
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)For just a small donation(donate) you can take a tour with our garden guide.
7．The workers are trying to apply modern techniques(technical) to this traditional program.
8．His reason had been permanently(permanent) affected by what he had witnessed.
9．I don’t encourage people to take photographs like this without permission(permit), but by law we can publish.
10．The assistant(assist) took the book and checked the price on the back cover.
Ⅱ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空
1．He has written a novel consisting of two parts lately and today he was late for work and left the latter part at home.(late)
2．Many people have donated to the poor boy before and now some more people will make a donation to him again.With the donated money, he will live better.(donate)
3．These explorers are exploring the area for oil now and their exploration began two years ago.(explore)
4．In winter, many animals will starve to death if they can’t find enough food. Last year, about 200 animals died of starvation in this area.(starve)
5．The assistant will come to your assistance soon and he will assist you with all the work.(assist)
Ⅲ.选词成篇
nothing like; carry out; wrestle with; by mistake; take over; give away; in advance
Li Jun 1.took__over a big company from his father several years ago. Now he is 2.carrying__out a project to 3.wrestle__with some difficulties he has caused 4.by__mistake. In order not to 5.give__away the secret, he held a meeting to make
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a plan 6.in__advance. He is 7.nothing__like what he was before.
figure out; get across; rather than; make up for; in addition; due to; in conclusion
After an exam, our English teacher often asks us to 8.figure__out the reasons for our mistakes 9.rather__than forces us to copy the questions as other teachers. 10.In__addition,__he often asks us to correct the mistakes 11.due__to carelessness or other reasons. Then we are asked to make plans to 12.make__up__for our mistakes. 13.In__conclusion,__he will use his own ways to 14.get the related knowledge across to us.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．你收到这封信时，我已经离开这个国家了。
By the time this letter reaches you, I will__have__left the country.
2．我正在做作业，灯突然灭了。
I was__doing my homework when the light went out.
3．(2018·江苏卷)毫无疑问，完全靠消费排名是不明智的。
There__is__no__doubt__that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption.
assist vt.帮助；协助；援助
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The guide managed to assist the tourists to__find(find) somewhere to live during the Russia World Cup.
②With the assistance(assist) of his teacher, he gradually adjusted to the school life.
③(全国卷Ⅱ)His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant(assist) in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④为了帮助学生学好汉语，我们学校决定给你们中文班捐赠一批图书。
To__assist__the__students__to__learn/in__learning__Chinese__better,__our school has decided to donate some books to your Chinese class.
(1)assist sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事
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assist sb. in/with sth. 帮助某人某事
assist sb. in doing sth. 帮助某人做某事
(2)assistance n． 帮助；协助
come to one’s assistance 援助某人
with the assistance/help of 在……的帮助下
(3)assistant n. 助手，助理
[佳句背诵] Local villagers were assisting the doctors with the people wounded in the bus crash.
当地村民正在帮助医生照料在公共汽车事故中受伤的人们。
rescue n．& vt.营救；救援
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Hundreds of people are still in the water, waiting to__be__rescued(rescue)．
②The child who fell into the river would have died if the young man hadn’t come to his rescue.
③You rescued me from an embarrassing situation.
[能力提升]——词汇升级
(普通表达)He died trying to save his children from the burning building yesterday.
④(高级表达)He died trying to rescue his children from the burning building yesterday.
⑤(高级表达)He died trying to come__to__his__children’s__rescue from the burning building yesterday.
(1)rescue...from... 从……救出……
(2)come/go to sb.’s rescue 援救某人
[佳句背诵] ①The car was buried by the landslide, the rescue team came to its rescue.
这辆车因山崩被埋在地下，救援队前来救援。
②Love means being willing to lay down your life to rescue that person from death.
爱是你愿意牺牲自己的性命来拯救那人脱离死亡。
donate v．捐赠；赠送
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(天津卷)Now I am writing an email to tell you something about our
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donated(donate) books.
②Besides, we made a donation(donate) of 120，000 yuan to you, expecting that it can help you get through the difficulties.
[能力提升]——句式升级
③(普通表达)The old man donated a lot of money to the school. It enabled the students to return to their classroom.
(高级表达)The old man donated a lot of money to the school, enabling__the__students__to__return__to__their__classroom. (分词作状语)
(1)donate...to sb./sth. 把……捐赠给某人或某物
(2)donation n. 捐赠；捐献
make a donation to... 向……捐赠
(3)donated adj. 捐赠的
[佳句背诵] Luckily, many people and organizations donated a lot of money to help them receive college education smoothly. 幸运的是，许多人和组织捐赠了很多钱来帮助他们顺利地接受大学教育。
meanwhile adv.同时 n．期间
[能力提升]——完成句子
①医生很快就来，在此期间，你努力放松一下。
The doctor will be here soon.In__the__meanwhile,__try and relax.
②我专注地听一些事实细节。同时，我要根据他的回答准备下一个问题。
I concentrated on listening for detailed facts.Meanwhile,__I__had__to__prepare__the__next__question depending on what he said.
③我上大学去了，与此同时，我所有的朋友都找到了收入不错的工作。
I went to college. Meanwhile,__all__my__friends__got__wellpaid__jobs.
meanwhile＝meantime＝at the same time
同时；期间
in the meanwhile/meantime 在此期间；与此同时
[佳句背诵] Meanwhile，they exchange ideas and feelings with each other，through which they probably acquire more knowledge.
同时，他们彼此交换意见和感受，通过这种方式他们可能获得更多的知识。 (重庆卷)
cure v．治愈；治疗 n．治愈；治疗
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[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(湖北卷)Many bad habits can be especially difficult to__cure(cure) because they are likely to have been formed at a very young age.
②a.—Has the doctor cured the old woman of her illness?
—No, he had__treated(treat) her but didn’t cure her.
b．(北京卷)Besides, empathy can be a cure for loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and fear.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③在父母和老师的帮助下，我纠正了一些坏的学习习惯，在学习上取得了进步。
With the help of my parents and teachers, I cured__myself__of__some__bad__learning__habits and made progress in my study.
(1)cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的疾病；消除某人
的忧虑
a cure for... ……的治疗方法；……的解
决方法
(2)treat v. 治疗(强调过程)
treat sb. for... 给某人治……病
[名师点津] 与cure结构相似的词汇：
rob sb.of sth. 抢劫某人某物
inform sb.of sth. 通知某人某事
remind sb.of sth. 使某人想起某事
rid sb. of sth. 使某人摆脱某物
convince sb. of sth. 使某人确信某事
permit n．[C]通行证；许可证；执照 v．许可，允许，准许
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(天津卷)Mobile phone conversations are not permitted(permit) anywhere in the library.
②a.(安徽卷)Read the daily newspapers, magazines and other books, but you are not permitted__to__take(take) them out.
b．The visitors are reminded that the museum doesn’t permit smoking(smoke)．
③(2019·北京卷)With her dad’s permission(permit), she spent the next two years researching online.
[能力提升]——句式升级
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④(普通表达)If time permits, I expect you to pay a visit to our school.
(高级表达)Time__permitting,__I expect you to pay a visit to our school. (独立主格结构)(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
(1)permit＋n./pron./doing 允许……
permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事
(2)permission n. [U]许可，允许
ask for permission 请求许可
with/without sb.’s permission 得到某人的允许/未经某人的许可
[佳句背诵] With your permission, I will have the project carried out as soon as possible.
如果你答应的话，我将尽快展开这项计划。
[名师点津] permit既可以用于permit doing sth.，也可用于permit sb.to do sth.。有相同用法的动词还有advise, allow, forbid等。
declare vt.宣布；声明；表明；宣称
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business.
②In 1972, President Richard Nixon declared the third Sunday of June every year to__be(be) Father’s Day in America.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③In September 1939, Britain declared__war__on__Germany(向德国宣战) after Germany invaded Poland.
declare sb./sth. to be 宣布某人/某事……
declare for/against 宣布赞成/反对……
declare war (on/against) (向……)宣战
declare sth. open/closed 宣布某事开始/结束
[佳句背诵] Li Ping, my best friend, should declare against my suggestion at the meeting. 我最好的朋友李萍竟然在会议上宣布反对我的建议。
in advance 预先；提前；在前头
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(北京卷)To catch the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
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②With the help of the advanced(advance) technology, we can complete the task in advance.
③(北京卷)Since then, I have taken courses like Data Science and Advanced(advance) Mathematics.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④在学年开始前几个星期学校就向家长寄了课外阅读书目。
Parents are sent a reading list a few weeks in__advance__of__the__start__of__the__school__year by the school.
⑤这个小组的研究大大增进了我们对艾滋病病毒的了解。
The group’s research has done much to advance__our__knowledge__of HIV.
(1)in advance of 在……前面；比……进步；超过
make advances (in) (在……方面)进步； 进展
(2)advance n. 前进；进步；进展
v. 行进；发展；促进
advanced adj. 高级的；先进的
[佳句背诵] ①If there is any change about the time of the meeting, please inform us in advance.
开会时间如果有变化，请提前通知我们。
②While humans make advances in some areas, they are always threatening the existence of natural resources.
人类虽然在某些方面有所进展，却也不断地威胁天然资源的保存。
take over 接收，接管；接任
[基础练习]——用take的相关短语填空
①For example, playing football and watching TV take__up much of my spare time.
②He knew the files could be of great help to whoever took__over the job.
③Shortly after suffering from a big flood and losing everything, the village takes__on a new look.
④We eventually took__off at 11 o’clock and arrived in Paris at 1：30.
⑤Do you have any idea about how much nutrition you are taking__in while eating green grapes？
take in 吸收，收容(某人)；了解；领悟；欺骗
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take off 成功；脱掉(衣服)；(飞机)起飞；减价
take on 雇用；聘用；呈现；承担
take up 拿起；开始从事；继续；占据时间/空间
[佳句背诵]
It is reported that Mr.Smith is going to take over that investment company.
据报道，史密斯先生将接管那家投资公司。
lead to 引起，导致；通向
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·江苏卷)Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to a waste of limited resources.
②A lack of confidence can lead to your losing(lose) the chance to go abroad for further education.
③I’m wondering what has led you to__believe(believe) that not all roads lead to Rome.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升级
④(普通表达)The girl led__the__way(领路), so we had no difficulty finding the house.
⑤(高级表达)With__the__girl__leading__the__way,__we had no difficulty finding the house.(with＋宾语＋宾补)
(1)lead sb.to＋n. 带领某人到……；使某人
得出(观点)
lead sb.to do sth. 使某人做某事
(2)lead a．..life 过着……的生活
lead the way 引路，带路
[名师点津]
lead to中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或v.ing 形式。表示“导致”的词汇还有：cause, result in, bring about。
[词块助记]
lead a happy/hard/comfortable/simple life过着幸福的/艰苦的/舒适的/简朴的生活
“by＋时间点”常与完成时连用
(教材P20)By the year 2030，development in biochemistry and medical science will
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have made it theoretically possible for us to live for at least 150 years. 到2030年，生物化学与医学科学的发展将使人类至少活到150岁在理论上成为可能。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①By the end of next month, he will have__finished(finish) reading about 100 books.
②By the end of last term, the students had(have) visited more than ten temples.
③By the time you practice medicine, I will__have__been(be) a doctor for twenty years.
By the year 2030是“by＋时间点”构成的介词短语，表示“到……时候”。这一结构通常在完成时态的句子中作时间状语，分为两种情况：
(1)by＋表示将来的时间点，句子谓语动词常用将来完成时，表示到将来某一时间已经完成的动作。
(2)by＋表示过去的时间点，句子谓语动词常用过去完成时，表示到过去某一时间已经完成的动作。
without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句
(教材P25)Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology, whether lucky or planned, the world as we know it today would have been a completely different place.
没有科技上的这些尖端突破，无论是好运带来的还是按计划取得的，我们今天的世界将完全是另外一个样子。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①a.(2019·江苏卷)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we would__have__had(have) a good time together.
b．(2017·天津卷)—Do you have Betty’s phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I wouldn’t __have__been(be) able to reach her yesterday.
②a.(2018·北京卷)Without his support, we wouldn’t be where we are now.
b．(江苏卷) Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison.
[能力提升]——句式升级
③(普通表达)I couldn’t finish the work in time if you didn’t help me.
(高级表达)I__could__not__have__finished__the__work__in__time__without__your__help.
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(without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句)
(1)在without引导的含蓄虚拟结构中，如果是与过去事实相反的假设，则主句谓语动词用would/could/might＋have done；与现在事实相反的假设，则主句谓语动词用would/could/might＋do。
(2)含蓄虚拟条件句还可以用but for, otherwise, or, but等词(或词组)来引导。
[佳句背诵] Additionally, without your help, I would not have been a top student in English and would not have won the English Speech Contest.
另外，如果没有你的帮助，我就不会成为英语的尖子生，也不会赢得英语演讲比赛。(2019·浙江卷6月)
[名师点津] otherwise, or构成的含蓄虚拟语气模式为“真实情况＋otherwise/or＋虚拟情况”；而but构成的含蓄虚拟语气模式为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。
维度一 在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1．(2018·北京卷)Shortly(short) after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied.
2．The new books donated(donate) by some kind people arrived at the village school yesterday.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work，recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning(poison)．
4．The instructions(instruct) on the bottle are hard for him to understand.
5．We have found large reserves of oil in the new exploration(explore) areas.
维度二 在空白处填入1个适当的单词
1．He found the book was of great assistance.
2．In fact，we have found out that what he says doesn’t correspond with what he does.
3．The boys were playing football on the playground when it began to rain heavily.
4．Without your help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much.
5．It seems to me that creativity is central to how we make advances in the
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scientific research.
维度三 语境品词(写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义)
1．After learning that the boys had been lost for almost 20 hours, the police sent out a rescue team to look for them.营救
2. (2018·江苏卷)In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town.捐赠；赠送
3．No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission.许可，允许
4．(全国卷Ⅰ)A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.帮助
5．(2019·北京卷)Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance. 引起；导致
提能一 语段填空(短文中黑体部分为本单元核心知识点，请补全短文，并背诵体会黑体部分用法)
Due to the fact that David gave away some secrets of Mary, they got split. No matter 1.what he did, she was disconnected. David couldn’t feel any 2.worse(bad). One of the 3.colleagues(colleague) decided to assist David with the matter. Meanwhile she hoped to cure him 4.of his bad habits. However, David 5.came(come) into conflict with her before the issue was mentioned. To get out of 6.the dilemma, she 7.was__instructed(instruct) to talk with him in advance. During the conversation, in the 8.presence(present) of Mary, David looked 9.worn(wear) out and admitted he was wrong 10.initially(initial). In conclusion, he learnt that being too outspoken sometimes cost something.
提能二 话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)
①王先生在一家公司上班，这家公司不久将被一家外国公司接管。
Mr. Wang works in a company and it__will__soon__be__taken__over__by__a__foreign__company．
②他处于两难的境地，不知道是走还是留。
He is in__a__dilemma and wonders whether__he__should__leave__or__stay．
③他试着弄清楚目前的形势，但是仍有许多问题有待解决。
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He tries__figuring__out__the__present__situations,__but there are a lot of questions which__remain__to__be__settled．
④他意识到现在到了他做出决定的时候了，否则可能造成难以弥补的损失。
He is__aware__that__it__is__high__time__to__make__a__decision,__otherwise it may bring out a loss that__won’t__be__made__up__for．
2．升级平淡句
⑤用非限制性定语从句升级句①
Mr.__Wang__works__in__a__company,__which__will__soon__be__taken__over__by__a__foreign__company.
⑥用现在分词作状语升级句②
He__is__in__a__dilemma,__wondering__whether__he__should__leave__or__stay.
3．衔接成美文
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One possible version：
Mr. Wang works in a company, which will soon be taken over by a foreign company. He is in a dilemma, wondering whether he should leave or stay. He tries figuring out the present situations, but there are a lot of questions which remain to be settled. He is aware that it is high time to make a decision, otherwise it may bring out a loss that won’t be made up for.
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课时练1 2篇阅读＋1篇完形＋1篇应用文写作
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·大连一模)Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse(月食)—on the roof of their house.
Now a seventh grader at East Prairie Elementary School, Dobek recently won the national Discovery Education Lockheed Martin Beyond Challenge by designing a space station for travelling to Mars.
She says that night watching the lunar eclipse started a strong desire in her that has yet to run out of fuel. So when her teacher Andrea Smeeton received information about the national challenge, Smeeton said she immediately had one student in mind.
“I knew she would love the challenge and that she would go way beyond in her search，” Smeeton said. “She immediately started researching bone density(密度) of astronauts and how to have food on Mars.”
“My design will ensure the safety of the astronauts but also make sure their comfort is out of this world，” Dobek says.
Dobek’s design calls for building the MSS or Mars Storage Station to put the supplies in. It also includes the SGF or SelfGrowing Farm, and she details how it would work with the elements on Mars.
Then there is physical and leisure activity for the astronauts under Dobek’s design. A simulator(模拟装置) allows astronauts to choose their exercise machine and virtual reality environment. Rooms have circular ceilings so astronauts will be able to watch downloaded shows and even see places on Earth, such as their homes.
“I want to tell other kids to follow their passions，” Dobek said. “Whatever they want to do, they should push for it and always try their best.”
【解题导语】 本文主要介绍了小学生Emilia Dobek设计太空站，并赢得挑战的相关内容。
1．Dobek first became interested in space when ________．
A．she was still a seventh grader
B．she studied at a junior high school
C．she lived on the top of their house
D．she watched an eclipse of the moon
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D 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse(月食)—on the roof of their house.”可知，Dobek对太空感兴趣是从她三年级时的一个晚上观看一次月食开始的。
2．Smeeton recommended that Dobek take the challenge because ________．
A．she knew Dobek liked challenges in life
B．she had no other students interested in Mars
C．Dobek knew how to research bone density of astronauts
D．she was sure that Dobek would have outstanding performance
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段Smeeton的话可推知，她对Dobek很了解，对其可以接受这项挑战并出色完成充满信心。
3．What does Dobek focus on when designing the space station?
A．The environment on Mars.
B．The safety of the supplies.
C．The activities for astronauts.
D．The comfort of the astronauts.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的“make sure their comfort is out of this world”并结合对倒数第二段的整体理解可推知，Dobek的设计包含身体和休闲活动，让宇航员在太空中也能感到舒适。
B
(2020·兰州高三诊断)A new chapter opened in mankind’s exploration of the moon on Thursday morning as the first probe(航天探测器) to land on the moon’s far side reached its destination after a 26day journey. The Chang’e 4 lunar probe, representing China’s latest step in lunar investigation, landed at 10：26 am at the Von Kármán crater and then sent back three photos of the landing site shot by cameras on the probe’s lander(着陆器), marking the world’s first images taken on the surface of the far side.
One of the photos, published by the China National Space Administration, shows the place where Chang’e 4’s rover, which was named Yutu 2 on Thursday night, will be heading to explore and survey. Thus began the first long journey to the side of the moon that faces away from the Earth. It is meant to fulfill scientists’ longheld desire to closely observe the lesser known region.
Tidal(潮汐的)forces on Earth slow the moon’s rotation to the point that the same side always faces Earth. The other side, most of which is never visible from
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Earth, is the far side of the moon. While it has been photographed by spacecraft, starting with a Soviet probe in 1959, no probe had ever made a soft landing there, so scientists had not been able to conduct surfacelevel observations and surveys of the region.
Wu Weiren, chief designer of China’s lunar program, said in Beijing on Thursday that the landing “was perfect”. He called the event “an important milestone for China’s space exploration”， adding that it has made a good start for future lunar exploration efforts.
With its investigation of the far side, particularly the Von Kármán crater, the Chang’e 4 mission will enable scientists to find out what they haven’t known about the moon and deepen their knowledge of its early history and of the solar system.
【解题导语】 嫦娥四号探测器在月球背面着陆，这标志着中国探月工程的巨大进步，同时也为人类了解月球的背面提供了信息。
4．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The basic data of the Chang’e 4 lunar probe.
B．The Chang’e 4’s worldfirst landing on the moon’s far side.
C．The Chang’e 4’s 26day visit to the far side of the moon.
D．The description of the photos taken on the surface of the moon’s far side.
B 解析：段落大意题。根据第一段第一句“A new chapter opened in mankind’s exploration of the moon on Thursday morning as the first probe(航天探测器) to land on the moon’s far side reached its destination after a 26day journey.”可知，本段主要介绍了嫦娥四号实现了人类首次在月球背面着陆。故选B。
5．What does the underlined word “it” in the third paragraph refer to?
A．The lander.
B．The rover.
C．The far side of the moon.
D．The Chang’e 4 lunar probe.
C 解析：代词指代题。根据第三段的第二句“The other side, most of which is never visible from Earth, is the far side of the moon.”以及画线词所在句中的“While it has been photographed by spacecraft”可知，it在这里指代“the far side of the moon”，故选C。
6．What can we infer from this text?
A．It is only on the moon that people can explore the deep space.
B．The scientific information obtained by Chang’e 4 will be new to the world.
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C．It is the first time for people to see the pictures of the far side of the moon.
D．Chinese space technology is more advanced than that of any other country’s.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句中的“marking the world’s first images taken on the surface of the far side”可知，嫦娥四号月球探测器发回的照片是世界上首次在月球背面拍摄的，由此可推知，B项正确。
7．In which section of a website can we probably read this text?
A．Tourism.
B．Health Care.
C．Science and Technology.
D．Art and Entertainment.
C 解析：文章出处题。本文为新闻报道，介绍了嫦娥四号探测器首次在月球背面着陆，这标志着中国探月工程的巨大进步，由此可推知，本文可能出自一个网站的科技版面。故选C。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2020·商丘高三模拟)Earlier that evening, my mother called, telling me that my brother died in a car crash. I stumbled(跌跌撞撞地走) around the house __1__ what to put into the suitcases. My husband, Larry, and I had been __2__ for moving to New Mexico. The house was in (a) total __3__．
I tried to hold my tears. I __4__picked things up and put them down. I couldn’t __5__. What I’d heard on the phone echoed through my head.
Larry phoned a few friends. __6__， someone asked to speak to me. “If there is anything I can do, let me know.” “Thank you，” I replied. I didn’t know what to __7__．
The doorbell rang and I rose slowly for the __8__. It was Donna.
“I’ve come to __9__ your shoes，” she said. __10__， I asked her to repeat. “When my father died, it took me __11__ to get the shoes cleaned and __12__ for my father’s __13__，” she said. I hadn’t even thought about shoes.
Shoes were gathered. Donna __14__ herself on the floor and got to work. The love in the act __15__ my tears. Watching her __16__on one task helped me pull my __17__ into order. Laundry first, I told myself. One by one, the jobs fell into place.
Now whenever I hear of an acquaintance’s __18__ of a loved one, I think of one __19__ task that suits that person’s __20__. If the person asks, “How did you know
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I needed that？” I’d reply, “Because someone did that.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者在失去亲人后心理状态很不好，由于受到了别人的帮助而恢复了正常之后，她也用同样的方式帮助失去亲人的熟人。
1．A.forgetting B．imagining
C．wondering D．searching
C 解析：根据空前的“I stumbled(跌跌撞撞地走)”和下文中的“I tried to hold my tears.”以及文章开头第一句话可推知，作者听到亲人去世的噩耗时，有些不知所措，虽然是在收拾行李，却不知道该把什么放进手提箱里。wonder “感到疑惑，想知道”。
2．A.hoping B．packing
C．leaving D．planning
B 解析：根据本句中的“for moving to New Mexico”可推知，作者为搬家到新墨西哥州而打包(packing)。
3．A.damage B．failure
C．despair D．mess
D 解析：根据上文可知，作者和丈夫一直在为搬家而收拾行李，由此可推知，当时作者的家里应该很杂乱(mess)。
4．A.aimlessly B．helplessly
C．quickly D．decisively
A 解析：根据上句“I tried to hold my tears.”和本句中的“picked things up and put them down”可推知，作者因为听到弟弟去世的噩耗而悲伤不已，乱了方寸。aimlessly “无目的地，无计划地”符合语境。
5．A.hurry B．decide
C．focus D．move
C 解析：根据语境可知，作者当时的心理状态非常不好，不能集中精力做事情。focus “集中(注意力、精力于)”符合语境。
6．A.Constantly B．Luckily
C．Suddenly D．Happily
A 解析：根据上句“Larry phoned a few friends.”可推知，作者的丈夫将作者失去弟弟的事情告诉了一些朋友，他们接着就不断地(Constantly)打电话说愿意提供帮助。
7．A.call for B．ask for
C．talk about D．get across
B 解析：根据语境可知，作者当时并不知道需要朋友们提供什么样的帮助。call for “呼吁”；ask for “要求，请求”；talk about “谈论”；get across “解释清楚”。
8．A.telephone B．noise
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C．person D．door
D 解析：根据本句中的“The doorbell rang”可知，作者站起来去开门(door)。
9．A.borrow B．remove
C．clean D．repair
C 解析：根据下文中的“to get the shoes cleaned”可推知，Donna是来帮助作者清理(clean)鞋的。
10．A.Touched B．Shocked
C．Confused D．Amused
C 解析：根据本句中的“I asked her to repeat”可推知，作者当时对Donna说的来帮她清理鞋子感到困惑(Confused)。touched “受感动的”；shocked “震惊的”；amused “逗乐的”。
11．A.minutes B．hours
C．weeks D．decades
B 解析：根据本句中的“When my father died”和“to get the shoes cleaned and ______ for my father’s ______”可推知，Donna是说她为了参加父亲的葬礼(funeral)花几个小时(hours)去清理鞋子并把它们擦亮(shined)。
12．A.washed B．coped
C．selected D．shined
D
13．A.satisfaction B．funeral
C．smiles D．wishes
B
14．A.laid B．stood
C．rested D．settled
D 解析：根据上句“Shoes were gathered.”和语境可推知，当鞋被聚集到一起之后，Donna坐在地板上开始清理鞋。
15．A.released B．held
C．stopped D．caused
A 解析：根据上文中的“I tried to hold my tears.”和语境可知，Donna用行动所展示的关爱让作者感动得流泪。release “释放”。
16．A.keeping B．concentrating
C．insisting D．depending
B 解析：根据上文“Donna ______ herself on the floor and got to work.”可知，当时Donna在专心地清理鞋。keep on “继续，反复做”；concentrate on
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“集中(注意力)于”；insist on “坚持”；depend on “依靠”。
17．A.thoughts B．rooms
C．sadness D．luggage
A 解析：根据上文可知，作者当时因为亲人的突然离世而乱了思绪，而看到Donna专心地帮她清理鞋让她的思绪(thoughts)恢复到了有序状态。
18．A.feeling B．meeting
C．loss D．story
C 解析：由上文提到作者的弟弟突然离世可知，此处表示每当“我”听说熟人的亲人去世(loss)……
19．A.specific B．normal
C．strange D．perfect
A 解析：根据上文中的“Watching her ______on one task”可知，“我”会想一件能满足那个失去亲人的熟人需要(need)的具体的(specific)工作。
20．A.idea B．personality
C．identity D．need
D
Ⅲ.应用文写作
假定你是李华，元旦在即，你们班要举行元旦晚会，特邀你们的外教老师Paul参加。请给他写一封邮件，内容包括：
1．时间和地点；
2．节目介绍；
3．希望他表演节目。
注意：
1．词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Paul，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
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Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear__Paul，
As New Year is coming, I’m honored to invite you to attend our New Year’s party on behalf of my class, which will be held at 7：30 next Friday night in our classroom.
At the party, we students will display talents for singing, dancing, magic shows, etc. You can enjoy beautiful songs both in Chinese and English, cross talk, as well as Chinese folk dances, which are your favorite. Knowing you’re good at singing, we’re all looking forward to your wonderful performance then.
We can’t wait to see you!
Yours，
Li__Hua
课时练2 2篇阅读＋1篇七选五＋
1篇语法填空
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·北京海淀区高三质检) In the story of The Crow and the Pitcher from Aesop’s Fables, a thirsty crow(乌鸦) drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.
Now scientists have evidence to back up that story. Crows actually do understand how to make water displacement(排水量) work to their advantage, experiments show. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.
Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, presented six crows with tubes containing water. Inside the tubes, a worm or a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crows. In front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.
However, the__birds__handled__awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. Dropping objects into a narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. The
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crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.
Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.
【解题导语】 本文主要介绍了科学家通过实验对乌鸦智商进行的研究。
1．How did the crows get the snack in Sarah’s experiment?
A．By breaking the tube.
B．By dropping in erasers.
C．By standing on the wood.
D．By removing the wood.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.”可知，乌鸦能够把橡皮擦扔到管里，使水位升高，然后吃到零食。所以选B项。
2．What does the author mean by “the birds handled awkwardly” in Paragraph 4?
A．They were unable to tell different shapes.
B．They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.
C．They were not aware of the snack at first sight.
D．They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.
D 解析：推理判断题。从第四段可知，实验中的乌鸦在面对粗细不同的管子时，虽然只需往细管里投两次物体就可以够到零食，而需往粗管里投大约七次物体才能够到零食，但是乌鸦往往先去粗管那边，而没有选择更容易获得零食的细管。由此可推知，画线部分是说它们通常没有选择更容易的方式得到零食。
3．What does the text mainly focus on?
A．Stories of Aesop’s Fables.
B．The development of crows.
C．Crows’ intelligence.
D．Humananimal communication.
C 解析：主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.”以及下文中的实验可知，整篇文章都是围绕乌鸦的智商问题来展开的。
4．What do we know about crows in the passage?
A．Crows are almost as clever as firstgraders in some respects.
B．Crows understand water displacement completely.
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C．Chimps and children are much smarter than crows.
D．The story of The Crow and the Pitcher lacks evidence.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.”可知，乌鸦在一些方面几乎跟一年级学生一样聪明。
B
(2020·郑州第一次质量预测)If you’ve ever had a dog, you know just how deep a connection you can develop with “man’s best friend”. But a dog’s life is much shorter than humans, about 12 to 15 years long, which means every dog owner has to go through the heartbreaking moment when their loving pet passes away.
Why not make a clone of that dog then? This is the solution offered by a South Korean company, Sooam Biotech Research Foundation. The company has already successfully cloned at least 400 dogs, mostly for US customers, ever since it pioneered the technique in 2005. Now, Sooam Biotech has introduced its business to UK dog owners as well, offering them dogs that look just like their lost ones.
To clone a dog, researchers first need to take a skin cell from a living dog or one that has just died. Meanwhile, another dog is selected to supply an egg. Researchers then replace the DNA in the egg with that from the skin cell and implant the egg into the womb(子宫) of a female dog. The egg grows into a puppy over the following two months.
The whole process takes a very short time, but it comes at a shockingly high price—around ￡ 63，000. But if you can’t afford it now, you can also save the cell in a laboratory and access it at a later date.
However, magical as cloning might sound, there is no guarantee that the cloned dog will be a perfect copy of the original one. Just like identical twins of humans, they share the exactly same DNA but there will still be small differences between them. “The spots on a Dalmatian(斑点狗) clone will be different, for example，” Insung Hwang, head of Sooam Biotech, told The Guardian.
Dog owners will also have to accept the fact that personality is not “cloneable”. Apart from genes, personality is also determined by upbringing and environment, which are both random elements that cloning technologies simply cannot overcome, Professor Tom Kirkwood at Newcastle University, UK, told The Telegraph.
Perhaps bringing our dogs back by cloning is not the best way to remember them
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after all. Kirkwood, a dog owner himself, pointed out, “An important aspect of our relationship with them is coming to terms with the pain of letting go.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了克隆狗技术。
5．What service does Sooam Biotech Research Foundation offer?
A．Making copies of pet dogs.
B．Giving pet dogs identical twins.
C．Helping dogs give birth to more puppies.
D．Helping dog owners love their dogs more.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Now, Sooam Biotech has introduced its business to UK dog owners as well, offering them dogs that look just like their lost ones.”可知，这家公司所提供的服务就是克隆已逝的宠物狗，故选A。
6．Which order is correct in the dog cloning process?
a．An egg is taken from another dog.
b．A skin cell is taken from the pet dog.
c．The egg grows into a puppy in two months.
d．The egg is placed in the womb of a female dog.
e．The DNA in the egg is replaced by the DNA from the skin cell.
A．a→d→b→e→c. B．a→e→b→d→c.
C．b→a→d→e→c. D．b→a→e→d→c.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据对第三段的整体理解可知，实验的第一步是从狗身上提取皮肤细胞，另一只被选择的狗提供一个卵子，将卵子中的DNA替换成皮肤细胞中的DNA之后，将卵子植入一只母狗的子宫，最后卵子在接下来的两个月中生长为一只小狗，故选D。
7．What can we learn about dog cloning from the passage?
A．It has not been put into practice until recently.
B．It is very popular among US and UK pet owners.
C．It might not give the owners an exactly same dog.
D．It is very expensive and usually takes half a year to complete.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“However, magical as cloning might sound, there is no guarantee that the cloned dog will be a perfect copy of the original one.”可知，克隆狗和原来的狗可能并非完全一样，故选C。
8．What does Kirkwood think of dog cloning?
A．He disagrees with it.
B．He supports it.
C．He is curious about it.
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D．He thinks it unbelievable.
A 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段Kirkwood说的话“An important aspect of our relationship with them is coming to terms with the pain of letting go.”可知，他认为人类和宠物狗之间的关系的一个重要方面是要接受失去它们的痛苦。由此可推知，Kirkwood并不赞成克隆狗，故选A。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2020·平顶山名校模拟)It is not as simple as opening the door and hitting the track in winter. There are a few things you can do to ensure you are getting the most out of your run and, importantly, not doing more harm than good.
Warm up, cool down
1．________. Your muscles need some time to warm up when it’s cold, so take it easy when you set off and do a few stretches once you’re finished.
Drink water
You might not feel hot, but that’s because sweat evaporates(蒸发) more quickly into the chilly, dry air. So be sure to drink water before, during and after coldweather workouts. 2.________. A belt bottle conveniently attaches to your waist so you don’t have to carry it and can have a drink whenever you feel like it.
3．________
Running in cotton is a bad idea. Wear thin, breathable layers of synthetic(合成的) clothing that help protect you from the wind and snow, but still let out heat and moisture. Thirty percent of your body heat escapes through your hands and forty percent through your head. Wear a hat, or beanie(无檐小便帽), and gloves so your circulatory system can distribute warm blood to the rest of your body. 4.________．
Run into the wind
5．________. Obviously, it will be an easier passage home with some extra help from Mother Nature. But, more importantly, you won’t have the wind in your face for the second half of your run, when you are more likely to be sweating and catch a chill.
A．Dress right
B．Keep warm
C．Don’t go too fast, too soon
D．Start and finish in the same way
E．Don’t wait to drink water until you feel thirsty
F．Head out into the wind and come home with it at your back
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G．On really cold days, wear a mask or scarf over your mouth to protect your face
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了冬季室外跑步的一些注意事项，包括做好热身运动、注意饮水以及穿合适的衣物等。
1．C 解析：根据该段小标题Warm up, cool down以及空后的“Your muscles need some time to warm up”可知，C项符合语境。
2．E 解析：根据段落小标题Drink water并结合空前一句“So be sure to drink water before, during and after coldweather workouts.”可知，E项“不要等到你感到口渴的时候才喝水”符合语境，衔接上文。
3．A 解析：根据空处所在位置以及文章结构可知，空处为段落小标题；通读该段可知，本段主要是讲跑步时的穿着，故选A项。
4．G 解析：空处所在段讲的是冬季室外跑步的着装要求，故G项与此处匹配。
5．F 解析：根据本段的小标题Run into the wind并结合空后一句可知，跑步回家时顺着风，让风在背后推着你走，故F项符合语境。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·陕西部分学校摸底检测) Many of my friends like fall and take it as their favorite season. Last weekend, I went outdoors and soon 1.____________(find) a deeper appreciation for this season.
The change of leaf colors is a common reason given 2.____________ the love of fall. Each tree reacts 3.____________(different) to the change of the season. Some shed their leaves in hopes of reproducing; however, other 4.____________(tree) remain green for as long as possible to gain additional energy from the sun to survive the winter. This effect 5.____________(call) the flightorfight response.
Fall is a time of 6.____________(reflect) and preparation for the year ahead. I have found a meaning of fall for me. I’m 7.____________ 18yearold boy in the final year of high school and my life is a work in progress. There are times I want to give up, but then I look around me and realize life keeps 8.____________(move). The natural cycle of life is beautiful and doesn’t stop growing so I have to learn to keep up.
The meaning of fall is different for each person. I encourage you 9.____________(go) out to follow some path or sidewalk and discover 10.____________ fall means to you.
【解题导语】 作者喜欢秋天这个季节，它是作者反思和准备未来的时刻，让作者保持前进。
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1．found 解析：考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“Last weekend”和“went outdoors”可知，此处叙述发生在过去的事，故填found。
2．for 解析：考查介词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处用固定搭配the reason for...意为“……的原因”，故填介词for。
3．differently 解析：考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处用副词修饰动词reacts，故填differently。
4．trees 解析：考查名词的单复数。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处other修饰名词复数，且谓语动词为复数，故填trees。
5．is called 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，call和主语This effect是被动关系，且此处描述的是一种客观情况，应用一般现在时的被动语态，故填is called。
6．reflection 解析：考查词性转换。of是介词，后面接名词、代词或者动名词作宾语，再结合空后的preparation可知，此处应填reflection。
7．an 解析：考查冠词。此处泛指一个18岁的男孩，且所修饰单词的发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。
8．moving 解析：考查非谓语动词。keep doing sth.意为“一直做某事，继续做某事”，为固定用法，故填moving。
9．to go 解析：考查非谓语动词。encourage sb.to do sth.意为“鼓励某人做某事”，为固定用法，故填to go。
10．what 解析：考查宾语从句。根据语境且分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作宾语，表示“什么”，故填what。
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