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2018届二轮复习 高考英语阅读理解长难句的六大特点及突破策略
一、 处理长难句的原则方法
如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的单句,可这样处理:跳读修饰成分,迅速找出主谓结构。这样一来,我们便可以将长句化为短句,将难句化为易句。具体步骤是:先跳读修饰成分或附加成分,找出句子的主干并理解其意义;然后再分段理解修饰成分或附加成分。
如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的并列句,可这样处理:先找出其中的并列连词,然后再根据并列连词的意思理清句子前后是顺连关系还是反连关系,是因果关系还是转折关系等,最后再根据不同的语境关系正确理解句意。
如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句,可这样处理:先分清主句与从句,然后弄清从句的性质,即弄清它是什么从句——名词性从句,还是状语从句,或是定语从句。注意,弄清从句性质对于理解复合句的意思至关重要。
另外,有一点要提醒同学们,在处理长难句时,如果既能正确理解句意,又能将其准确地译成中文,那是最好了。但是,对于有些长难句,要在较短时间内(如在参加考试时)将其译成中文比较困难,此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了,如果硬要勉为其难地译成中文,不仅会浪费时间,而且在许多情况也没有必要。
二、经典高考真题实例分析
下面这篇文章共有194个单词,却只有9个句子,平均每个句子大约有22个单词,是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。文章内容如下:
Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.
Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.
2. 跳读非谓语动词短语:我们来看第一段第三句。首先跳过前面的非谓语动词短语,找出主干:the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred (该岛是英国领土,人口大约几千)。然后再来理解前面的非谓语动词短语:Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810(这个岛屿是在1506年被一个名叫Tristan da Cunha的葡萄牙海军上将发现的,1810年开始有人居住)。
通过这样分解难度,我们读得轻松,理解得准确。
3. 跳读分隔现象:请看文章第二段,这一段有35个单词,却只有一句话。因为该段既包括了分隔现象,又包含了定语从句,又有一个同位语,而且该句还是一个倒装句。如果从前到后按照顺序来理解,未免有点繁杂,抓不住重点。所以首先要跳过两个分隔符号之间的
内容,同时也要暂时搁置后面的非限制性定语从句,找出主干并把主干重新倒置过来变成正常语序:Easter Island is coming in a close second(Easter Island是紧跟第二的最偏僻的岛屿);然后再理解分隔符号之间的内容和后面的定语从句等附加成分:Easter Island 常常被误认为是最偏僻的岛屿,它在最临近的岛屿(Pitcairn Island)东面1,260英里,在南美西面2,300英里。
4. 跳读定语从句:定语从句在阅读理解中是很常见的,有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句用来限定所修饰的词,与之关系非常密切,阅读时要特别注意两者的密切联系,跳过限制性定语从句找到主句后要马上回头理解它的含义,确定它与先行词的修饰关系。如文章第三段的第一个句子里就有一个限制性定语从句:who were lost at sea. 阅读时一定要注意它与people的密切联系:不是别人而是在大海里迷路的人五世纪左右在那里定居。
而非限制性定语从句与所修饰的词关系不是很密切,主要起补充说明作用,它可能出现在主句中间,也可能出现在句尾。如果它出现在句中,阅读时可以跳过去然后再来理解,也可以一起顺便读过去。如果非限制性定语从句出现在句尾,那阅读时很方便,看完主句后附带着看一下就可以了,因为它只是对先行词的补充说明。如这一段的最后一句:for which the island is most famous. 看完主句我们得知该岛与外界隔绝了一千多年,使得岛上的人们有充足的时间来修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然后再附带得知该岛以这些石雕而闻名。
三、针对性训练题
以下段落均选自近几年的高考英语阅读理解文章,均有一定难度,请你用以上方法试一试:
1. Decision thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET2016 C 篇)
2. Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day.(NMET2015 D篇)
3. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.(NMET2014C篇)
4. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.(NMET2015B篇)
5. Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep
on the sofa.(NMET2016C篇)
1. 先看破折号前面的Decision thinking is not unlike poker,这个句子虽不长,但有点难度,尤其是其中的not unlike这个双重否定的结构,其实它的意思就是like,句意为“做决策其实就像(like)打扑克牌”。破折号后面的内容包括有一个not only...but also... 结构,且句中反复出现what...think这样的词语,就像是绕口令似的,对于语感
不是很好,而且又不会分析句子同学来说很有点难度,这句话的意思是:起作用的不但是你怎么想的,而且还包括别人对你的想法是怎么看的以及你对别人的看法是如何考虑的。
2. 句子的主干部分为Dad had forgotten...,其中的in a hurry to get...为介词短语,在此说明had forgotten的原因;破折号后的内容a mistake...为解释其前内容的同位语。全句大意为:爸爸急匆匆地在天黑之前赶回家,以便他能出去跑步,但却忘记系安全带——这是75%的美国人每天犯的一个错误。
3. 这个句子的主干部分是the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds。句首的过去分词短语first put forward by…用作状语,表示时间;主句后的including…为介词短语,用以补充说明the finest mathematical minds;而including…短语中又包括有两个由who引导的定语从句,修饰名词短语a French woman scientist。此句句意为:这个定理最先由17世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出,它曾使一批极其优秀的数学大师为难,其中包括一位法国女科学家,她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大进展,她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。
4. 句子的主干部分为it is difficult to measure...,其中句首的it为形式主语,其后的不定式为真正的主语;句中although引导的为让步状语从句,并且这个状语从句中又包括有一个who引导的定语从句,而正是在这个定语从句中又内含一个when引导的时间状语从句,其中的the printers start working overtime为其前时间状语从句的主句——你看这个句子有多复杂;句子最后一部分由that is引出,用以对前面的内容起解释和说明作用。全句大意为:由于因特网的使用,要计算所使用纸张的数量不是很容易的,尽管几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你,当引进电子邮件后,打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说,近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。
5. 句子的主干部分为it wasn’t unusual to hear…。句首的whereas为从属连词,意为“尽管”,在此引导一个让步状语从句。其中主句当中有四个语言难点尤其值得注意:一是句首的it为形式主语,句子真正的主语是其后的不定式to hear…;二是not unusual这一双重否定结构,其实它的意思是就是usual;三是not…until….结构,其中的not不是句中的第一个not而不是第二个not(即didn’t know中的not);四是until后的现在分词短语asking…,它在此用作状语,表示伴随情况。句意为:尽管一个女人最亲密的女性朋友可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败婚姻的人,然而听见一个男人说,直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上,他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕,这却是很平常的。
【二】
阅读理解长难句有以下六大特点:
1、 主语拉长
一般来讲,汉语主语比较简短。相比之下,英语中主语一旦拉长,就会增加读者的理解难度。解决方法:有效分解主谓成分,断开之后各个击破。例如:
The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have also attracted more people to the region. (2015.6)
首先,把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子:
(1)The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林,使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地
(2)have also attracted more people to the region. 吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。
其次,句子整合翻译:
溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林,这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地,而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。
2、 分词短语打头,句子呈现三段(或三段以上)的长句式
分词短语(包括现在分词和过去分词)做状语,这一句式比较常见,读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系,所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分,理解上就更为困难。
解决方法:理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系;而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。
例如:
Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvanis, the Conservancy’s Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection. (2015.6)
翻译:在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋上百年历史的校舍,大自然保护协会的成员巴德-库克就在这里办公,他与当地人民和商业领导合作,以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。
☆注意:介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。例如:
In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. (2016.1)
翻译:有一段时间,美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意,许多人于是转向日本,想从中寻求可能的解决办法,因为日本不仅经济实力强,而且学术成就也很高。
☆特别注意不定式to位于句首表目的,一定是考试重点。例如:
原文:To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. (2017.1)
翻译:为了使孩子能在一年级和以后有良好的表现,日本的学校并不教授阅读、写作、和算数,而是教孩子们诸如毅力、注意力和群体合作能力等技巧。
考题:In Japan’s preshcool education, the focus is on
A. preparing children academically B. developing children’s artistic interests
C. tapping children’s potential D. shaping children’s character
3、 多个谓语动词连用
简单句之所以简单是因为成分单一便于读者理解。而四级阅读理解中,出题人为增加阅读难度,就会把几个谓语动词放在一个句子当中。但是无论局势如何变化,英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树,只能有一个主干起支撑作用,其他起辅助作用。
解决方法:遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。剔除细枝末节之后,句子也就好理解了。例如:
Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts. (2015.1)
解析:此句是由but引导的并列句。前面一句话容易理解,谓语动词是spell,关键看后一句话。but引导的句子黑体下划线是主语,该句子真正谓语动词是may make,如下面所示:
but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.
翻译:喉咙发痒、鼻塞、浑身酸痛都令人痛苦,但是能够确定造成这种痛苦的根源是普通感冒还是流感,对这种痛苦能折磨你多就会起关键作用。
4、举例作为插入语(显著词such as; for example; including etc.)
插入语主要起补充或说明的作用,我们在进行快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略,即忽略不看。但是,笔者在这里要提出的一点是,如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时,如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式,则答案往往就在此处。例如:
原文:Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
考题: Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of
A. instrumental support B. informational support
C. social companionship D. the strengthening of self-respect
(1)Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. (2015.1)
翻译:普通感冒患者的一些典型症状,如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉咙发痒,发作比较缓慢,成人和青少年患者一般不会有发热症状。
(2)And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms. (2015.1)
翻译:一般来说,流感症状包括发烧、发冷、喉咙发痒、浑身疼痛,比普通感冒的症状来得突然和猛烈。
☆注意:举例有时可以换成短语,如介词短语、不定式短语等等;还可以换成有两个破折号引起的插入语成分。例如:
It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and deaf culture—is having lunch at a café near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2014.6)
时间过了37年。现在Stoloe致力于撰写和编辑关于美国手语和聋哑人文化的书籍和杂志,以及制作相关的录像材料
5、并列句连用使得句子变长(主谓宾都可以并列)
并列句是四级阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子,通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子
解决方法:破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系,补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如:
To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding landmines. (2016.6)
翻译:对政府来说,更糟糕的是,不久得知的消息是,王妃的安哥拉之行得到过外事办的批准,并且她事实上非常了解安哥拉的形势和英国政府关于地雷的政策。
相当于拆分成三个句子:
(1) To make matters worse for the government
(2) It soon emerged that the Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office.
(3) It soon emerged that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding landmines.
6、多重复合句叠加
所谓多重复合句叠加,就是说一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式(并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等)。
解决方法:分清主从句,理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。通常采用图表法。例如:
(1)Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. (2017.1)
结构图:
★①——☆①
○——○——
★②——☆②
说明:
○——○=then there is the general, all covering apology
★①=which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act
★②= and which the person should promise never to do again
☆①= that was particularly hurtful or insulting
☆②= Who is apologizing
显然,原句子是由有there be引导做主句,后面跟了两个which 引导的定语从句,两者是并列的。比较特殊的是which定语从句中有各自有一个定语从句,像是一个连环套。
分解为以下几个句子:
1.Then there is the general, all covering apology
2.Which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act
3.That was particularly hurtful or insulting
4.And which the person
5.Who is apologizing
6.Should promise never to do again
翻译:
1.然后就有了一种一般意义的、无所不包的道歉
2.这种道歉避免了一种指明特别行为的必要性
3.特别是让人伤心或者令人委屈的行为
4.这种道歉使得人们
5.道歉的人们
6.承诺以后不再犯类似的行为
句子整合翻译:然后还有一种泛泛的无所不包的道歉,这种道歉避免了一种指明特别让人伤心、特别令人委屈的、道歉者应该保证以后不会再犯的具体行为。
所谓语法,就是句子中词与词的关系,即符合那个语言词语关系的规律。对于中国的英语学习者来说,学习语法的主要问题不仅仅是一个接受的过程,也是一个反思的过程,因为在很多情况下,我们会感到英语与汉语存在着种种矛盾,或者感到英语的词语关系不合乎道理,如果我们能超出不同的语言层次,再看不同语言的语法时,便会感到:世界上任何一种语言的语法都无所谓是否合理,只是人们俗成的规则而已。因此,语法不是法律,而是人们根据语言使用习惯总结出的规律,所以当语法语言实际运用相矛盾时,一定要服从语言的实际运用。
【三】
英语学习的每个过程都离不开词汇和语法。英语的长难句有没有让你望而却步,明明貌似每个单词的意思都知道就是不理解整句话的意思。这还是语法不过关惹的麻烦。
长难句是英语中最大的挑战之一。长难句结构复杂、内容丰富,一个句子可能包含多个语法知识,对于考生的英语功底要求很高。如果考生想在阅读理解、翻译、作文中拿到高分,长难句的好功底必不可少。我们举一个长难句的实例,具体如下:
Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.
这个长难句的结构比较复杂,我们可以将其分解成多个结构简单的短句,如下所示:
Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas.
He was accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls.
He set off down the main street of the city.
He rode a baby elephant.
The elephant was called Jumbo.
从上面可以看到,分解出的几个句子其结构是相当基础的,包含的都是基础语法。所以要想很好地分析理解长难句,高中时必须打下良好的基础语法功底。如果考生对于长难句分析感到困难的话,建议同学们先买一本语法书恶补一下基础语法。语法学习是比较枯燥无味的,一味死记硬背语法规则往往事倍功半,而且非常容易遗忘。在这里给大家分享一位跨考教育魔鬼集训营优秀学员经验,在掌握一个语法的时候,并不去记忆这个语法的规则,而是“背诵”
这个语法的例句,然后反复阅读这些例句,以至于在大脑皮层中形成这种语法的感觉。这种感觉能让你以直觉判断出哪些句子的语法是正确的,哪些是错误的,这个过程完全是一种感觉,一种直觉。
如要掌握主语从句的语法,下面是几个例句:
What you need is more practice.
Whatever was said has left us much to think.
Whoever wants it may have it.
这些句子都包含主语从句的语法规则,你可以从报刊、电影、词典等各种渠道搜集到这样的例句。你要制定计划,每天都要坚持阅读这些例句,以至于这些例句能够在你的大脑皮层中留下深刻地印象。
语法是死的,人是活的,大量的练习能够保证语法成为你的感觉,在你写作、阅读和说话中无意识地发挥作用。
基础的知识,可能没有多少捷径可言,如果你的时间充足,不妨多下点功夫在这上面,因为这些时间,你总是要花的。
附录:
英语语法只有一条。英语的句子基本构成是主谓宾结构。据此,五大基本句型的组合可以说出无数的句子。
1. 主谓句型:
Would you still work suppose you won 20 million in the lottery?
2. 主谓宾句型:
An Australian firm unveiled an electronic shark repellent unit.
3. 主谓双宾语句型:
Such an arrangement will spare the CEOs a lot of time.
4. 主谓宾补句型:
At the conference, the representatives from the developing countries tried to make their voice heard.
5. 主系表句型:
I am proud of the people working in the after-sale department.
大家在备考雅思语法的时候,在熟练掌握基本句型的基础上,可以逐渐学些非谓语动词,介词短语和复合句的使用(所有的复合句都是建立在五大基本句型之上),再辅之时态语态的配合,这样,语法的框架就搭建起来了,多加实际的应用也就熟练了。