2020届英语二轮复习600分冲刺：第1部分专题2七选五阅读课件 57页

题型突破 · 专项提升 第一部分 专题二　七选五阅读 试卷 年份 体裁 题材 考查类型 高考命题者说 段首句 段中句 段末句 全国卷 Ⅰ 2019 年 说明文 社会生活 2 3 0 1. 考查特点：考查以说明文为主，内容、主题多是社会生活和文化科技；题型以段中句为主，段首句和段尾句为辅。其中有考查非完整句的情况。 2018 年 记叙文 社会生活 1 2 2 2017 年 议论文 社会生活 2 2 1 全国卷 Ⅱ 2019 年 议论文 社会生活 1 4 0 2018 年 说明文 社会生活 2 2 1 2017 年 说明文 社会生活 1 4 0 试卷 年份 体裁 题材 考查类型 高考命题者说 段首句 段中句 段末句 全国卷 Ⅲ 2019 年 说明文 社会生活 1 3 1 2. 素养考查：话题多关注情感态度、心理及精神培育、生活技能等，与当代社会生活紧密相关，人文气息浓厚，引导学生关爱自我、关爱社会、热爱生活、传播正能量。 3. 命题趋势：选材注重两方面的内容：一是贴近考生、贴近生活、新颖、时代感强的材料；二是逻辑性强，结构严谨，层次分明，突出对 “ 篇章结构 ” 的整体理解，侧重考查考生的逻辑思维能力。 2018 年 说明文 文化艺术 2 2 1 2017 年 说明文 社会生活 1 3 1 通常来说，解答七选五题型，我们要遵循以下几个步骤，以求得最大正答率。 1 ． 通读全文，了解文章大意 这是一个泛读的过程，目的是了解文章大意，为以后的理解做铺垫。 2 ． 分析句型，了解语法构成 当我们了解了文章大意后，要明确每一个空是填一个完整的句子还是从句。这一点十分重要，它能够帮助我们迅速确定某些空的选项范围，比如，有一个空的结尾处是逗号，后文紧跟着一个句子，很显然这时我们需要填一个从句，可以在七个选项中找到是从句的选项，从而缩小选择范围。 3 ．明确关联关系 任何句子都是要么和上文有联系，要么和下文有联系，要么和上下文都有联系，因为一篇文章不仅仅是句子的整合，也是有含义的连贯性的，怎样确定这种关系？ (1) 根据位置：注意空缺处在文中的位置，当空缺处在段首时，应注意此段首句之后的部分，这是因为文章的每一段往往构成总分结构，这一点在说明文和议论文中尤为明显，而七选五的选材往往是说明文和议论文；当空缺处在段中时，则需要看空缺处前后的内容；当空缺处在段末时，则需要看前文的内容，因为这一句最有可能是对整段的一个总结和概括。当然，以上分析只是主流情形，也有可能出现其他情况，这时需要具体问题具体分析。 (2) 根据含义：在第一步了解大意的基础上，现在要做的是详细阅读以便明确每一个空的具体关联关系，这时要结合选项同时做 ( 注意在第二步范围缩小的基础上 ) ，常见的关联关系有：顺承、转折、因果、并列、举例。最常见的就是根据代词含义，因为如果上文出现了某个名词或概念时，后文再次提及它，往往为了避免重复，会使用代词，只是后文对前文的一个很好的提示，例如：后文出现了 it ，那前文出现的名词一定是可数名词单数或者不可数名词或者是一件事；后文出现了 this man ，那前文一定要有一句话在说这个人的情况，后文才能用 this 这个代词，等等；其次，根据形容词、副词确定关联关系也比较常见，形容词、副词往往表达了作者的感情色彩，这对于我们排除干扰选项十分关键，比如：上文所使用的形容词、副词全是褒义词汇，语调阳光积极，后文如果和前文是顺承关系，必然也应该用正能量的语调；当然，根据其他词汇确定关联关系也都有可能。 4 ．宏观把握，选择最佳答案 最后作答时，当我们对于某一个空有两个不同的答案时，我们将其分别代入，选择最佳答案，这一点很简单。 5 ． 带入通读，复查 做完题目后，我们很有必要将自己修正好的文章通读一遍，将其看作一篇行文通顺语意连贯的文章来读，这时如果感到有含义不连贯的地方，很有可能是我们填错了空，就要复查了。注意：七选五的特点在于，错一道，往往还会错另外的一道或几道，我们叫作 “ 连错 ” ，所以当你发现自己有一处填的有问题时，一定要同时检查其他空。 1 悟真题、取其精华 2 研典题、技法例析 3 随堂练、即时巩固 4 层级练、素能强化 悟真题、取其精华 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅰ) Is Fresh Air Really Good for You? We all grew up hearing people tell us to “ go out and get some fresh air. ” 1._____ According to recent studies ， the answer is a big YES ， if the air quality in your camping area is good. 2._____ If the air you're breathing is clean — which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities — then the air is filled with life － giving ， energizing oxygen.If you exercise out of doors ， your body will learn to breathe more deeply ， allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles( 肌肉 ) and your brain. E A Recently ， people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing( 治愈 ) ． 3._____ In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green ， growing things can reduce stress ， lower blood pressure ， and put people into a better mood( 情绪 ) ． Greenery is good for us.Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. 4._____ It gives us a great feeling of peace. G C 5._____ While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin ， they also give us beneficial Vitamin D ． To make sure you get enough Vitamin D — but still protect your skin — put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working ， and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D ． D A ． Fresh air cleans our lungs. B ． So what are you waiting for? C ． Being in nature refreshes us. D ． Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight. E ． But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said? F ． Just as importantly ， we tend to associate fresh air with health care. G ． All across the country ， recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens. 文章大意： 主题：人与自我 ( 生活 ) ；话题：健康。本文是一篇说明文，介绍了呼吸新鲜空气和接近大自然有益于身心健康。 1 ． 解析： 关联逻辑法解题。空格前一句说我们都是听着人们说的 “ 出去呼吸点儿新鲜空气 ” 长大的，空格后一句说答案是肯定的。由此可判断 E 项 “ 但是新鲜空气真的像你妈妈总说的那样对你有好处吗？ ” 符合语境。本设空类型属于细节理解类。 2 ． 解析： 设题位置法解题。根据空格后的内容可知，如果人们呼吸的空气是干净的，那么空气中就充满了维持生命的、让人充满活力的氧气。如果在户外锻炼，人的身体会学会深呼吸，让更多的氧气进入肌肉和大脑。所以本段主要说的是呼吸新鲜空气的好处，故 A 项 “ 新鲜空气清洁我们的肺 ” 符合语境。本设空类型属于段落主题句类。 3 ． 解析： 词汇锁定法解题。空格后的 these places 与 G 项中的 recovery centers 相呼应，因此 G 项 “ 全国各地的康复中心已经开始建造康复花园 ” 符合语境。本设空类型属于细节理解类。 4 ． 解析： 关联逻辑法解题。空格前介绍了接近大自然、看绿色植物对病人的康复有益，空格后一句说 “ 它给我们一种非常好的内心平和的感觉 ” ，由此可推断出空格处应该表达置身于大自然的好处，故选 C 项 “ 置身于大自然使我们精神焕发 ” 。本设空类型为细节理解类。 5 ． 解析： 设题位置法解题。空格后一句说，虽然阳光会使我们的皮肤衰老并受到伤害，但阳光也能带来有益的维生素 D 。这应该是呼吸新鲜空气附带的好处，故 D 项 “ 呼吸新鲜空气的另一个附带好处是阳光 ” 符合语境， D 项中的 sunlight 与空格后的 the sun's rays 相呼应。本设空类型属于段落主题句类。 研典题、技法例析 1 ．挖空位置推理法 ①段首句 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅲ ， A) In an online class ， developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important._ 36.E __While I have only listed two of each ， there are obviously many other situations that can arise.Students should be able to extend the logic( 逻辑 ) of each to their particular circumstance. Do's • 37. ______Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design ， read the syllabus( 教学大纲 ) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn't hiding in plain sight. 典例 1 • Participate in discussion forums( 论坛 ) ， blogs and other open － ended forums for dialogue._ 38.A __Be sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information. Make a point ， and make it safe for others to do the same. A ． That's what they are for. B ． Turn to an online instructor for help. C ． If more information is needed ， they will ask. D ． Remember that online professors get a lot of emails. E ． Below are some common do's and don'ts for online learners. F ． Everyone has taken a not － so － great class at one time or another. G ． Ask questions ， but make sure they are good ， thoughtful questions. [ 解题思路 ] 37 空位于段首，属于段落主题句。形式上与下一段首句 Participate in discussion forums( 论坛 ) ， blogs and other open － ended forums for dialogue. 一致，即应为祈使句形式，故应考虑 B 、 D 、 G 三个选项。空格后说，与主题内容相关的问题通常会受欢迎。在询问有关课程设计的问题之前，阅读教学大纲和学习管理系统信息，以确保答案不会隐藏在眼皮底下。由此可推知，此段表达要提出好的有水平的问题，故选 _ G __ 项 “ 问问题，但要确保这些问题是好的、深思熟虑的问题 ” 。 ( 全国卷 Ⅱ) ●__ 37 __ Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers ( 肥料 ) ． 38.E .However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years. ●Recall ( 回忆 )your childhood memories Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma's rose garden and Dad's vegetable garden... 典例 2 A ． Know why you garden B ． Find a good place for your own garden C ． It's our experience of the garden that matters D ． It's delightful to see so many beautiful flowers E ． Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants F ． You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too G ． For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have [ 解题思路 ] 本题考查主题句。首先形式上要与第二个标题 “ Recall( 回忆 ) your childhood memories ” 一致，故在 A 项和 B 项之间选择。再根据本段倒数第二句 “ However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. ” 可知，本段主要讲要弄清自己为什么要种植花木。故选 _ A __ 。 ② 段中题 (2018 · 全国卷 Ⅱ 节选 ) If you are already making the time to exercise ， it is good indeed ！ With such busy lives ， it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. 36. ______ Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit. ●Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.__ 37.E __ ●Your metabolism( 新陈代谢 ) gets a head start. 38. ____ If you work out in the mornings ， then you will be getting the calorie ( 卡路里 ) burning benefits for the whole day ， not in your sleep. 典例 1 A ． You will stick to your diet. B ． Your quality of sleep improves. C ． You prefer healthy food to fast food. D ． There is no reason you should exercise in the morning. E ． You can keep your head clear for 4 － 10 hours after exercise. F ． After you exercise ， you continue to burn calories throughout the day. G ． If you are planning to do exercise regularly ， or you're doing it now ， then listen up! [ 解题思路 ] 第 36 题，设空处位于段中，属于段中题。此句为过渡句，承上启下。根据下文的 “ Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit. ” 可知，此处要表示 “ 假如你计划定期锻炼，或者现在正在锻炼的话，那么听好了 ” ，故选 _ G __ 项。第 38 题，设空处位于段中，属于段中题。这一段说的是晨练有助于人体的新陈代谢，能让你一整天都感受到晨练消耗卡路里带来的好处。 F 项 “ 晨练之后你还会在一天时间里继续消耗卡路里 ” 中的关键词 “ throughout the day ” 与文中的 “ the whole day ” 呼应。故选 _ F __ 。 (2017 · 北京卷 ) Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 74. ______ The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 percent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping. D ． The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories. E ． That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning. 典例 2 F ． “ Sleep is the price we pay for learning ， ” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea. G ． Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice. [ 解题思路 ] 该段首句说 “ 现在我们有最直接的证据证明他的假设是对的 ” ，那接下来应该具体描述该证据。此外，该空后面一句话解释了实验的结果和意义。综合看来，只有 _ G __ 项符合语境，指出了研究团队、实验对象及实验内容。 (2017 · 全国卷 Ⅲ) Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you've tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40. ______ If not, take another look at other methods you could try. E ． If the steps you take are working, keep it up. F ． Stick to your set bedtime and wake － up time, no matter the day. G ． Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the caf é to get coffee. [ 解题思路 ] 由空格后句子中 If not 可锁定答案。句意 “ 如果你采取的措施有效，就继续坚持，如果无效，就看看其他你可以尝试的方法 ” 。故选 _ E __ 。 典例 3 (2018 · 全国卷 Ⅰ) Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas ， dinner tables or bookshelves. 39. ______.They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones ， and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space. A ． This can affect your work. B ． So how should you motivate yourself? C ． However ， this should not discourage you. D ． So why should we try to set specific goals? E ． They can change according to circumstances. F ． Motivation is what you need most to do a good job. G ． Without motivation ， you can neither set a goal nor reach it. 典例 4 [ 解题思路 ] 设空处在段中，所填句子应是过渡句。该空前一句主要内容是 “ medium color choices ” ，是 G 项中 “ small ones ” 的升级。该空后一句介绍了两种方式的颜色选择，与 G 项中的 “ two major ways ” 相呼应，故选 _ G __ 。 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅱ 片段 ) You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation.This is quite important ， because it is directly related to your commitment.There are times when your heart is not in your work. 38. ______So ， slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment.Clarity( 清晰 ) of thoughts can help you move forward. Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives ， keeping in mind your beliefs ， values and strengths.Remember that goals are flexible. 39. ______ They also need to be measurable.You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals. 典例 5 Your personal circumstances are equally important.For example ， you may want to be a pilot but can't become one because your eyesight is not good enough. 40. ______ You should reassess your goals ， and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal. A ． This can affect your work. B ． So how should you motivate yourself? C ． However ， this should not discourage you. D ． So why should we try to set specific goals? E ． They can change according to circumstances. F ． Motivation is what you need most to do a good job. G ． Without motivation ， you can neither set a goal nor reach it. [ 解题思路 ] 这 3 道题设空处位于段中，属于段中题。第 38 题，空前说，有时候你的心思不在工作上，这样会导致 “ 影响你的工作 ” 的结果，故选 _ A __ 。前后构成因果关系。第 39 题，空后说，它们也需要可衡量，故该空选 _ E __ ，它们可以根据情况而改变。前后构成并列关系。第 40 题，空前一句说你可能想当飞行员，但因为视力不好，你的目标不能实现。空后一句说你得把自己当飞行员的目标换一下，重新设定一个目标，选项 _ C __ “ 然而，这不应该使你气馁 ” 与之对应。前后属于转折关系。 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅲ 片段 ) • Don't openly express annoyance at a professor or class. 40. ______When a student attacks a professor on the social media ， the language used actually says more about the student.If there is truly a concern about a professor's professionalism or ability ， be sure to use online course evaluations to calmly offer your comments. A ． That's what they are for. B ． Turn to an online instructor for help. C ． If more information is needed ， they will ask. D ． Remember that online professors get a lot of emails. 典例 6 E ． Below are some common do's and don'ts for online learners. F ． Everyone has taken a not － so － great class at one time or another. G ． Ask questions ， but make sure they are good ， thoughtful questions. [ 解题思路 ] 空格前说，不要公开表达对授课老师或课程的不满，空格后提及，如果授课老师的专业水平或能力确实令人担忧，一定要使用在线课程评价来冷静地发表你的意见，因此 _ F __ 项 “ 每个人都曾经有过不太好的上课经历 ” 符合语境。前后构成解释例证关系。 ③ 段尾句 (2018 · 全国卷 Ⅰ) The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls ， ceilings ， and floors.Whether you're looking at wallpaper or paint ， the time ， effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40. ______. D ． Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with E ． It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces F ． So it pays to be sure ， because you want to get it right the first time G ． Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways 典例 1 [ 解题思路 ] 该空位于段尾，应属于总结句。根据空前的 “ the time ， effort and relative expense put into it are significant ” 可知，大型物品的颜色选择所需要的时间、精力、费用很大，这恰与 _ F __ 项构成因果关系。 (2017 · 全国卷 Ⅰ) If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill － cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me. 36. ______ The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer... I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun － filled holiday in the wilderness... ...We have done a lot of it since.... _ 40.E __ It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature.I recommend that you find your way in style. 典例 2 A ． This time there was no tent. B ． Things are going to be improved. C ． The trip they took me on was a rough one. D ． I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however. E ． I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping. F ． After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping. G ． There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall. [ 解题思路 ] 该空位于段尾，属于承上启下句。首句 “ 如果三年前有人告诉我我会花大部分的周末时间去野营，我将会开怀大笑 ” 使用了虚拟语气，预示了后面的转折关系。接着讲述了作者过去对野营的看法。由下文可知作者起初和后来对野营的态度不一样。 D 项表示 “ 但是，从那时起我就学习了很多关于野营的知识 ” ， however 与上文构成转折关系，因此是最佳选项。此题的关键是 however 这个逻辑关系词，承上启下，为下文内容作铺垫。故选 _ D __ 。 2 ．词汇复现法 复现，是为保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述。复现关系，主要是指原词复现、同源词复现、同义词 / 近义词、反义词复现等。 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅱ) Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question ： “ Should I jump ？ ” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. 36. ______ Like the child on the diving board ， you will stay undecided. _ 37.B __More than that ， how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal ？ First ， you need to evaluate yourself ， your values ， your strengths ， your weaknesses ， your achievements ， your desires ， etc. Only then should you set your goals. 典例 1 A ． This can affect your work. B ． So how should you motivate yourself? C ． However ， this should not discourage you. D ． So why should we try to set specific goals? E ． They can change according to circumstances. F ． Motivation is what you need most to do a good job. G ． Without motivation ， you can neither set a goal nor reach it. [ 解题思路 ] 词汇锁定法解题。空格前有 motivation and goal setting ，而且说它们是同一枚硬币的两面，缺一不可，由此可知此处讲动力与设定目标的关系，故 _ G __ 项 “ 没有动力，你既不能设定目标也不能实现它 ” 符合语境。 (2017 · 全国卷 Ⅰ) I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun － filled holiday in the wilderness. 38. ______ Instead, we had a pop － up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature － loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life. A ． This time there was no tent. B ． Things are going to be improved. C ． The trip they took me on was a rough one. 典例 2 D ． I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however. E ． I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping. F ． After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping. G ． There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall. [ 解题思路 ] 解此题可运用词汇同现法。该空前面的部分说明了作者被说服参加另一次野营活动，而空后则说这次野营活动有舒服的床和空调，因此空处的论述应该是在 “ 住宿 ” 这一范畴内，几个选项中只有 _ A __ 项合适。 3 ．代词线索法 英语文章中代词出现的频率极高，代词一般用来指代前面提及的名词，考生如果能巧妙地利用这样的指代关系或根据代词的单复数就可以准确而快速地解题。 (2018 · 全国卷 Ⅰ) Over the years ， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37. ______ ， they can get a little complex.But good news is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home ： the small ones ， the medium ones ， and the large ones. A ． While all of them are useful B ． Whatever you're looking for C ． If you're experimenting with a color 典 例 D ． Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with E ． It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces F ． So it pays to be sure ， because you want to get it right the first time G ． Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways [ 解题思路 ] 解此题可运用代词线索法。空格后的 they 指代上文中的 techniques ，且与 A 项中的 all of them 相呼应，代入 A 项 “ 尽管它们都很有用 ” ，符合语境，故选 _ A __ 。 4 ．逻辑关系线索法 一篇文章往往是一个有机的整体，各部分之间存在着一定的联系。从逻辑意义上来看，句子与句子之间常常有并列、顺承、递进、转折、总分、解释、因果、过渡、例证等关系，有时甚至包含不止一种这样的关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握文章脉络，弄清其中的逻辑关系。如果文中或选项中出现了逻辑关系词，考生就可以利用其来进行推理判断；如果文中或选项中未出现逻辑关系词，这就需要考生全面理解文章大意，根据上下文语境弄清文章内在的逻辑关系，作出正确的判断。 Building Trust in a Relationship Again ●You didn't lose “ everything ” ． Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life.__ 40 __ Instead, it's a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness. C ． Stop regarding yourself as the victim. D ． Remember that you can expect the best in return. 典 例 E ． They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again. F ． This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships. G ． Seeing the positive side of things doesn't mean you're ignoring what happened. [ 解题思路 ] 本文介绍的是重建信任的建议。这里副词 “ Instead ” 表示转折。后面的意思是说，宽恕别人、给自己留有积极成长的空间是健康的方式，因此，可推测这里应是 “ 看到事物积极的一面并不意味着你无视已经发生的事 ” 。故选 _ G __ 。 随堂练、即时巩固 层级练、素能强化