2018届二轮复习中学三种构词法探索课件（29张） 29页

2018 届二轮复习 中学三种构词法探索 1. 构词法的三种构成形式。 2. 派生、转化及合成词的灵活使用。 复习重点 基础知识   英语构词法主要有三种： 合成、转化和派生。 一、合成 合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合成一个新词。 合成形式主要有以下几种： 1. 合成名词 名词 + 名词： postman, girlfriend, flowerbed, notebook 形容词 + 名词： blackboard, supermarket, greenhouse 名词 + 动词： daybreak, sunrise, breastfeed 动词 -ing 形式 + 名词： reading room, washing machine 名词 + 动词 -ing 形式： handwriting, papermaking 动词 + 名词： pickpocket, workroom 动词 + 副词： breakup, get-together 其它形式： go-between, passer-by 2. 合成形容词 形容词 / 数词 + 名词 +ed ： warm-hearted, five-storeyed 名词 + 过去分词： home-made, hand-made 名词 + 形容词： world-famous, ice-cool 形容词 / 数词 + 名词： full-time, second-hand 形容词 + 过去分词： newborn, short-sighted 副词 + 过去分词： well-known, newly-built 其它形式： face-to-face, evergreen 3. 合成代词 代词宾格 / 物主代词 + self/selves ： herself, ourselves 某些不定代词 some, any, every, no 等 + body/one/thing ： anyone, nothing 4. 合成介词 介词 + 介词： throughout, within 5. 合成副词 副词 + 名词： indoors, overhead, upstairs 介词 + 名词： alongside, beforehand 名词 + 形容词： sky-high 副词 + 介词： nearby 其它形式： meanwhile, headfirst 6. 合成动词 副词 + 动词： overhear, overwork, underline 名词 + 动词： moonwalk, sunbathe 形容词 + 动词： whitewash, safeguard 二、转化 转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变化而由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。 1. 动词转化为名词 有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大 ，如 try, swim, shout, cry, kiss, wash, guess 等。 有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化 ，如 feed （ v . 喂养 → n . 饲料）， draw （ v . 画画，抽，拉 → n . 平局）等。 2. 形容词转化为动词、名词或副词 ① 有些形容词可以转化为动词。 如： quiet （ adj . 安静的 → v . 使安静）。 ② 有些形容词可以转化为名词。 如： quiet ( adj . 安静的，寂静的 → n . 安静，寂静 ); calm ( adj . 镇静的 → n . 泰然自若 ) 。 ③ 有些形容词可以转化为副词。 如： dear, high, low, cheap, full, near, close, long 等。 3. 一些其它情况的转化 。如： They forwarded his mail to his new address. ( adv .→ v .) The people are walking north . ( n .→ adv .) 三、派生 派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性 , 后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。 1. 常见前缀： 1 ） in-, il-, im-, ir -, un-, non- ( 表否定 ): incomplete, illegal, impossible, irregular, unwise, non-smoker 2 ） dis -, un- ( 表反向或反义 ): disconnect, untie 3 ） mis - ( 表贬义 ): misunderstand, mislead 4 ） over-, super-, under- ( 表程度 ): overweight, supermarket, undercharge 5 ） fore-, trans-, inter- ( 表位置 ): forehead, transplant, international 6 ） re-, post-, pre- ( 表次序、时间 ): rebuild, post-war, pre-school 7 ） bi-, tri-, multi-, semi- ( 表数量 ): bicycle, tricycle, multi-racial, semicircle 8 ） a-, en- ( 转化词类 ): asleep, endanger 2. 常见后缀： 1 ）名词后辍 -ery, -ry ( 表性质、场所 ): bravery, nursery -hood ( 表身份、性质 ): motherhood, brotherhood 形容词后面加 -ism ( 表主义、行为 ): socialism, criticism 名词后加 -ship ( 表状态、身份 ): friendship, membership 动词或者名词后加 -ess ( 表女性 ): waitress 动词后加 -ee ( 表动作承受者 ): employee 动词后加 -er 或 -or ( 表施事者 ): employer, actor -ist ( 表主义者、从事某种职业 ): socialist, violinist -al ( 表行为、结果 ): refusal, arrival 动词后去不发音的 -e 加 -tion 或直接加 -tion ( 表 过程、状态 ): translation, election 动词后加 ment ( 表 …… 的行为 ): arrangement, movement -ity , -ness ( 形容词转名词 ): diversity, happiness 2 ）形容词后缀 -ed ( 动词后加 ed 表具有 ): excited, amazed -ful ( 名词后加 ful 表充满 ): hopeful, thankful -ish ( 表类似 ): childish -less ( 名词后面加 less, 表没有 …… 的 ): careless, useless -like ( 表“像” ): childlike -ly ( 表特色、“每” ): motherly, daily -y ( 表具有 …… 特征 ): sandy -able, -ive ( 动词转形容词 ): changeable, attractive -al, -ial, -ical ( 名词后加 , 表具有 …… 特点，与 …… 有关 ): accidental, professorial, psychological 3 ）副词后缀 形容词或名词后加 -ly : calmly, carefully 表示地点或方位的词后加 -ward(s ) 变为副词。如： southward(s), backward(s), outward(s ) 等。 4 ）动词后缀 -en, -ify, -ize : widen, simplify, beautify, symbolize I. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于 3 个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. While there are 68. ________ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be 70. ________ (patience). (2014 年新课标全国卷 I 第三部分 ) 真题再现 patient amazing 2. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and 43. ______________ (disappoint).  (2014 年新课标全国卷 II 第二部分 ) disappointed  3. Jonny : Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and 62. ______ (soft). Try to keep your body straight. Move slowly, then be sure to keep your balance and don’t let your body shake. Peter:  I cannot control my body well. My legs become 63. ________ (pain).  (2014 年辽宁卷第三部分 ) painful  softly 4. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their  63  (able) to “air condition” a house ...     （ 2015 新课标全国卷 II 第三部分） ability 5. Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61. ________ (attract). （ 2016 新课 标全国卷 I ） 6. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of 42. ____________ (achieve). （ 2016 新课标 全国卷 II ） attraction achievement II. 根据下列各句句意和空白之后的汉语提示 词，写出对应单词的正确、完整形式，每 空只写一词。 1. I’m happy that my 80-year-old grandma has learned how to ________  ( 下载 ) from the Internet.  (2014 年陕西卷单词拼写 ) 2. They failed to reach a settlement, because they _________ ( 不同意 ) too much with each other.  (2014 年陕西卷单词拼写 ) disagreed download  专项练习 根据括号内的提示写出所缺单词的正确形式 。 A 1. I don’t think we’ll go down to the beach today. It’s too ________ (cloud). 2. It took us quite a long time to get to the Art Gallery. It was a(n ) _________ ( 三小时的 ) journey. 3. We decided to take the flat because it was quite large and the rent was very __________ (reason). cloudy three-hour reasonable 4. This bike is ____________ ( 二手的 ) but it’s still in good condition. 5. Drug ________ (addict) is a problem causing great concern. 6. My brother is really ____________ ( 辛 勤工作的 ). He often works in his office far into the night. 7. After losing her job she was ___________ (employ) for a month. 8. I’m not sure at all. I really can’t say with _________ (certain). second-hand addiction hard-working unemployed certainty B Eve: I think it necessary to have some cultural 1. ______________ (communicate) between children in different countries. Ben: I couldn’t agree more. It is 2. ___________ (mean). Not only can it broaden our 3. ______________ ( 多种文化的 ) knowledge and enrich our lives, it can also enable us to develop unlimited love and 4. ________ (friend) with others from various social 5. ____________ ( 背景 ). communication meaningful multicultural friendship backgrounds C Although my sister and I have a(n ) 1. ________ (differ) mother, we are 2. ________ (certain) alike. This is not just a matter of 3. ___________ (appear) though we are small with curly hair and have a tendency to overeat and put on weight. The resemblance goes much further than that. Throughout our 4. _________ (child) we were brought up to be very adaptable and our 5. _______ (able) to accept change is another characteristic we share. certainly appearance different childhood ability Another would be 6. ________ (shy). We all hate parties where you have to walk into a(n) 7. ________ (room) of strange faces. We are all interested in wearing 8. __________ (fashion) clothes and we often share our clothes. 9. _____________ (fortune), this causes arguments. We really should come to a(n ) 10. __________ (agree) about who can borrow what from whom. shyness fashionable agreement roomful unfortunately