2020届江苏省高三英语二轮复习：书面表达专题如何写主题句、拓展句及结论句（共69张PPT）课件 69页

书面表达中如何写主题句、拓展句及结论句 高三英语二轮复习 读写任务写作特点 读写任务分为 两 部分，第一部分为 概要 ，第二部分要求考生根据要求写 120 词的作文。 审 题 1. 首先确定第二部分的写作内容有几个。 2. 然后确定段落数 , 一般是一个内容一个段落。 3. 认真研读写作内容 , 组织好写作思路 , 避免审题不清。 The Structure of a Paragraph 一个段落只表达一个主题思想（主题句） , 一个段落内的其它句子（扩展句）必须从属于这一思想，一个段落有时还有一个结尾句与主题句相呼应，这就是 段落的统一性 (The Unity of a Paragraph) 。 不同的主题思想应放在不同的段落中表达，否则容易枝杈横生，使人不得要领。 例如： 主题句： Beijing is famous for its temperate climate, its large population, and its rapid industrial development. 该主题句有三个不同的观点揉在一起，如果作为一个段落的主题句则不符合要求，该主题句可分解为三个主题句，由三个段落分别来完成 . My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA （ Young men’s Christian Association 基督教青年会） for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame （身躯） again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Every day I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby. 请看下面的段落有什么问题： 主题句 脱离主题 主题 句是一个段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含两个基本内容： 1 ）本段要讨论的中心人物或事物 —— 即 主题词 ； 2 ）作者对这个中心人物或事物的态度、观点或见解 —— 即扩展范围或 关键词 。 1. 段落的 主题句 In fact, hunger is the world’s number one health risk, killing more people than any disease. Young mobile adults give many different reasons for swapping their home towns for big cities. Sleep may well be the third essential component of a long and healthy life. There is a big difference between “being a writer” and writing . Some topic sentences Topic + controlling idea ( 主题 + 主题思想） 主题：该段落所谈论的问题是什么？ 主题思想：作者对这一问题所持的具体观点 主题句应该向读者明示该段所涉及的内容，使读者对阅读内容有一个明确的期待。 主题句既不能过于概括，也不能过于具体。主题句过于概括（即过于笼统或题目太大），很难用几句话说清楚，通常会因为得不到应有的充实而显得空泛无力，从而造成不能有效地表达主题思想。主题句过于具体（即缺乏概括性的观点），则无法展开段落，作者的思想就没有发挥的余地，容易造成对一个意思的重复描述。 例如 主题句： “ American food is terrible ” 和 “ Pollution is a serious problem” 就过于概括 ； 而 主题句： “ He speaks English” 和 “ I bought a car last week” 就过于具体。 1.______ At first, the leaves on the trees turn yellow and red. One day, they have turn brown and fall to the ground. Night falls a bit earlier each day. Then, one morning, every thing is covered by a soft blanket of snow. When people go outside, their hands feel cold and numb. Winter has come! a. Autumn passes too quickly. b. Autumn leaves are beautiful. 选出下列两段的主题句 2. _____ If one wishes to become a scientist, such as a physicist, biologist or chemical engineer, he or she may study physics, botany, biochemistry and mathematics. However, if a student only pays attention only to these subjects, he or she will develop analytical skills, but not creative skills. Many jobs require creative skills, and arts students have more creative skills than those who focus on science. To me, this is evidence of the importance of teaching the arts in our schools. a. School should teach maths and science. b. Arts education is a necessary part of school . 主题句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主题句放在句首是一种好的写作方法，可以时刻提醒作者不要跑题，而且便于读者阅读理解。主题句放在句中，对段落的组织较困难，一般用在记叙和描述文体中。主题句放在句尾通常是段落的开始列举事例或事实，最后总结归纳，引出段落的主题思想。有时作者为强调起见，在段落的开头点明了主题，结尾又会重复主题，不过不是简单的重复，而是在意思上与开头相呼应，或者对段落内容进行总结 。 主题句的位置 : 请找出段落的主题句 Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiment show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? Albert Einstein, one of the world’s greatest scientists, failed in his university entrance exam on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of America’s famous writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, was very poor in English during middle school. These few examples show that school does not always predict failure in life. Karaok , which was invented by a Japanese, one of the greatest wonders of modern technology. Needless to say, Karaok is a good way of rest. You can learn a new song easily. It’s also a good way to make your friends happy. Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star. However, everything has two sides, so does Karaok. It’s noisy to your neighbors. Besides, if you sing badly, they will feel uncomfortable. In fact, you are sure to make a sound pollution . 写好主题句的重要性 写作 （满分 25 分） 分值 评分标准 20-25 包含题目所给全部或绝大部分的内容要点。 主题明确， 内容丰富 。 词汇丰富，用词得当。能有效运用合适的语言结构，而且没有（或极少）语法错误。 篇章结构的连贯性较好。 . 直接回答要点 Model: 阐述你对网络投票的看法 (2016 年江苏高考） In my opinion, online voting is an inseparate part of modern life and should be welcomed. 常用词组： In my opinion / as for me / as far as I am concerned 模式 1 主题句的几种模式 写作要点是询问考生的 看法 时，对提问直接作出回答 。 From my perspective, the significance of school discipline cannot be stressed too much. 谈谈你如何看待教育惩戒 (2020 年南京盐城一模写作 ) school discipline Practice 表明立场 Model: 在上述场合，你是否倾向于穿中国传统服装？ ( 2019 年江苏高考 读写任务 要点 2) I would be happy to wear traditional Chinese clothes at the welcome ceremony. 明确表示对某观点支持、赞同或反对。 模式 2. I prefer the school uniform to the traditional dress at the welcome ceremony next month. I disagree with the idea that … I am opposed to the idea that … I disapprove of the idea that … In some way, I agree with… but … What the writer said sounds reasonable, but … The expressions of supporting and objecting I agree with the statement that … I am in favor of … I approve of the idea that… I appreciate that I agree with what the writer said/says. I believe that … 表示支持或赞同的句型： 表示反对或不赞同的句型： I tend to take the “ against ” side for two reasons. Generally, I am in favor of the inclusion. 支持或反对汉语词典收录英语词汇 (2014 年江苏高考 读写 任务 ) Practice 重述要点 Model ： 在生活中谅解他人有何重要意义 . From the story I learn that understanding and forgiving others plays an important role in our life. 不 直接回答写作要点，而是 翻译 要点作为段落主题句。 have a close relation /connection play an important role/part have a bad/good influence/effect do harm to 词组积累 be different from 模式 3. There is no denying that campus bullying not only brings harm to society, but also has negative impacts on the victimized students. 校园欺凌的危害 . (2020 年无锡一模写作要点 2) Practice 总述原因 Model: 结合上述信息，简要分析导致交通问题的 主要原因 （ 2015 年江苏高考写作要点 2 ） Quite a few things give rise to the traffic problem. Useful expressions for reasons: 模式 4. … 的原因显而易见 … 的原因有多种 … 的原因如下 句型提示 There are several reasons that contribute to… The reasons for this are obvious … reasons for … are as follows The reason why … is that … Several reasons account for/ give rise to … There are some reasons accounting for the great change of college graduates' options. 简要分析大学生毕业后考研和就业人数变化的原因 . (2020 年南通一模写作要点 2) Practice 引出建议、方法、措施、步骤等 Model: 你对改变校园欺凌现象的建议 （ 2020 无锡一模） Immediate and effective measures should be made to deal with the problem of school bullying . 模式 5. 常用句型： We should take some effective measures. We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties. We should solve the problems that we are faced with. It is necessary that proper actions/ steps should be taken to end the phenomenon. In order for the regulation to be conducted effectively, many joint efforts need to be made. 请你对教育惩戒规则的实施提出合理建议 (2020 年南京盐城一模写作 ) Practice 引出经历 简述你经历过的一次困难或考验。 It reminds me of my own experience when … 常用句型： It reminds me of the time when … It reminds me of an accident which happened several days ago. After reading the story above, I recall the experience of my friend who… The story above reminds me of one of my experiences… 用来引出记叙文的具体事例。 模式 6. It reminds me of my own experience of being forgiven. 叙述一次你宽恕他人或被他人宽恕的经历； Practice 回答要点 段落主题句的模式 Conclusion 表明立场 重述要点 总述原因 引出建议、方法、措施、步骤 引出经历 段落 必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是 段落的完整性 (The Integrity of a Paragraph) 。扩展句和主题句之间，一要形成意义的相关性 —— 即所有的扩展句都必须是主题句的延伸或证明，对主题句起支持的作用；二要具有逻辑的合理性 —— 即句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅，这就是 段落的连贯性 (The Coherence of a Paragraph) 。 段落的扩展 句 单一性 : 一个段落只说明一个问题 , 讲述一件事 , 扩展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句 , 不偏离中心思想 . ③ 找出一个违背单一性的句子 . ①China has made great progress in reducing its population growth. ②China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. ③It is wrong of the western governments to find fault with its policies of elimination of poverty. ④China now urges each family to have no more than one child. ⑤And it hopes to reach zero population growth, the number of birth equaling the number of death, by the year 2000. 连贯性 : 在 一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且逻辑顺序排列正确，但是如果缺乏句与句之间的恰当的过渡，整个段落的连贯性仍会受到影响。一般使用合适的过渡词语来加强句与句之间的衔接或连贯。一个段落通常由 “启”、“承”、“转”、“合” 这样的一些环节构成，也就是说要正确使用启、承、转、合的词或词组，这样的段落才会既有统一性、完整性，又有连贯性。下面是一些常用的“启、承、转、合”过渡词语： 1 . “启” 即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句 at first 首先 at present 当今 currently 最近；现在 first 首先；第一 firstly 首先 first of all 首先 generally 一般说来 generally speaking in the beginning 首先 in the first place 首先 it is clear that… 显然 it is self-evident that… 不言而喻 Lately 最近 Presently 此刻；现在 Recently 最近 to begin with… 首先 there is no doubt that… 毫无疑问 there is some evidence that… 现有证据表明 to start with… 首先 2 . “承” 即承接，用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句 also 又；并且 as a matter of fact 事实上 at the same time 同时 besides 另外；此外 certainly 必然地；肯定 consequently 结果；因此 especially 特别是 for example 例如 for instance 例如 from now on 从此 Furthermore 此外；而且 in addition 此外 in addition to 除 … 之外 in effect 事实上 in fact 事实上 in other words 换言之 in particular 特别是 in the same way 同样地 indeed 确实 likewise 同样地 moreover 此外；而且 more than that 再者；更重要的是 no doubt 无疑 or 即；也就是说 namely 即；也就是说 Particularly 特别是 second 第二 secondly 第二 truly 事实上；其实是 that is,… 即；也就是说 that is to say,… 即；也就是说 there are many reasons why… …… 的原因有许多 third 第三 thirdly 第三 the most important 再者；更重要的是 take…for example 以 …… 为例 what’s more 再者；更重要的是 what’s more important 再者；更重要的是 although 虽然 as opposed to 与 …… 相反 but 但是 conversely 相反地 Despite 尽管 fortunately 幸运地 however 无论如何；然而 in opposition to 与 …… 相反 in other words 换言之 in spite of 尽管 instead of 相反 luckily 幸运地 3. 转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折 Nevertheless 然而；不过 on the contrary 相反地 on the other hand 另一方面 otherwise 不同样地 unfortunately 不幸地 unlike 不同于 regardless of 不管；不顾 the differences are as follows 区别如下 whereas 然而 While 然而；另一方面 yet 然而；但是 accordingly 于是 Although 总之 as a consequence 因此 as a result 结果 at last 最后 at length 最后 briefly 简言之 consequently 因此 finally 最后 hence 因此 in all 总之 in a word 简言之 in brief 简言之 in conclusion 最后；总之 4. “合”即合拢，总结，表示段落的结束 in consequence 结果 in short 简言之 in sum 总之 in summary 总之 last 最后一点 lastly 最后一点 in the last place 最后 Shortly 简言之 so 因此 therefore 因此 thus 因此 to sum up 总之 to summarize 总之 例如： Many students have difficulty taking test. As a result , they get poor grades on their quizzes. They must, therefore, work harder in class to communicate their understanding of the course. In addition, they usually devote great periods of time to writing assignments in the hope that these assignments will raise their averages. Finally, many offer to do extra assignments during vocations in an effort to raise their grades. The effects of doing poorly on even one quiz can be stressful to most students. 在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合适的过渡词语使得文章衔接自然、字句通顺、内容连贯。 习作中拓展局存在的主 要 问 题 考生思路混乱，或者说根本没有任何头绪，特别是一些模糊要点，如读了文章后的感受；谈谈 ×× 的重要性等，考生们总是想一句写一句，东拉西扯，写着写着恐怕连他自己都觉得好笑，或是几句话就写得山穷水尽了，想写长也无能为力。 以 一篇 读写 任务为例，要求以约 120 个词用英语给你妈妈回信，内容包括： （ 1 ）你读信后的感受；（ 2 ）你是否赞成你妈妈的观点，并陈述理由；（ 3 ）你对妈妈的承诺 。试看一个考生的 第一个要点 是怎样写的： After reading your letter , I feel very sorry and I don’t know it made you so worried . 从这位同学的写作内容来看，思想贫乏。 为什么很抱歉？为什么使母亲担心？ 实际上可继续展开一句，但他却没继续发挥。 再 看另一位考生的表达： （主题句） I was deeply moved by your sincere words and my gratitude for you is beyond words. （原因） You love me from the bottom of your heart and care about me so much that you point out my mistakes straightly without hesitation to help me tell which is the most important thing to do . 这位同学首先表达了其感受，点明了主题： “我被母亲的话深深的打动了，对母亲的感激无以言表” ，接着表达 感动的原因 来拓展话题，思路清晰，内容充实，容易得到评卷老师的偏爱。 如何写扩展句 拓展句子的 常用法 有 : 列举式 / 递进式 说明原因 / 结果 正反式 相关式 / 细化主题 叙述他人经历 …… 如（ 1 ）：谈论个人对网上购物的看法。 On one hand, online shopping has its advantages. Firstly , it is much cheaper. As far as I ’ m concerned, online stores offer lower prices to the customers and some don ’ t charge delivery fee if we buy more than one. Secondly , it is more convenient as customers needn ’ t walk store after store for what they like. And it ’ s easier for them to compare products online. On the other hand… 1 、列举式 / 递进式 列举式 一方面利用正反式谈论其优点和缺点，另一方面利用列举式分别谈其优点或缺点。例如详写其优点： Practice 谈论“互联网对人们生活 带来的影响 ” 递进式 可以从提供最新信息 ; 改变交流方式 ; 网上购物 , 方便快捷几个方面来扩展思路。 （拓展句） It not only provides people with amounts of latest information, but also changes the way people communicate with each other. Besides , the Internet enables people to go shopping at home easily and conveniently. ( 主题句 ） The Internet plays a vital role in our daily life . 2.说明原因或结果 如（ 1 ）你读完这个故事（目标的重要性）的感受 。 （ 主题句 - 感受 ） I was deeply inspired by such a story, ( 拓展句 - 原因 ) as it makes me realize the power of a goal in shaping one ’ s success and gives me strength to pursue my goal, despite the hardships I am to go through . 你 对国家 “ 禁止商场免费提供塑料袋 ” 的看法 。 （ 拓展句 - 结果 ）With this ban, shopping customers would gradually form a habit of bringing environmentally friendly bags with them so that the consumption of plastic bags would be greatly reduced. Practice ( 主题句 - 看法 ） It is necessary for government to forbid shops from offering free plastic bags. 如 ： 就 “诚信的重要性”的主题发表看法，要点（ 1 ）你读后的感受； （ 主题句 - 感受 ） After reading the story ,I feel it is important to be honest. ( 拓展句 ) It ’ s obvious that an honest person will definitely win the respect from others, which is of great importance in our study and daily life, let it alone in the business world. However , a dishonest person will lose his fame and trust from others sooner or later. No matter how intelligent he is, dishonesty will ruin his future. 3、正反式 勇于 认错和道歉的重要性 。 ( 正面 ) On the contrary , if we admit mistakes and apologize sincerely, others will be likely to forgive us ,which makes us closer to each other. ( 拓展句） ( 反面） As they say, denying a fault doubles it. If we refuse to admit our mistakes when we are wrong, we will not be accepted and forgiven by others. Practice ( 主题句 — 重述要点） Since nobody is perfect and everybody may make mistakes , it is of great importance for us to deal with mistakes properly whenever we are mistaken. 如 (1) ：就“如何减少交通事故”的主题谈论人们应该如何避免 交通事故 4、相关式/细化 主题 : 所谓 相关式是指围绕决定事物的相关因素谈论问题的方法。 我们就可以围绕造成交通事故的相关因素如司机和行人来谈论如何避免。 What can we do to avoid traffic accidents? ① As to drivers: a) keep their emotions under control; b) respect others ② As to walkers/pedestrians and cyclists: a) strictly obey the traffic rules; b) value their own lives （ 拓展句 ）（ 细化 ） Those who usually cheat in exams will never treat study seriously again because they believe they will always get good marks without working hard. Those who never cheat in exams will consider it ’ s unfair for them, thinking studying hard is not necessary. 你对考试作弊的看法。 Practice （ 主题 - 明示观点 ） In my opinion, this phenomenon will have a very bad effect on middle school students ’ study habit. 考题中，我们经常遇到 举事例 的要点，虽然同学们都能将思路展开，把故事的经过表述清楚，但往住 缺乏生动性 ，因此，同学们可有意识地多一些人物的心理活动的描写及情感态度表达，不仅能增添字数，而且能达到锦上添花的效果，如： 1. So upset was I that I was unwilling to make an apology . 2. Fortunately, with the help of him, I gradually realized the importance of being honest. 3. Much to my delight, due to my honesty, one year later, I became one of the popular students in my class. 温馨提示： 3. 段落的结论句 结论句并非必不可少 , 但它能起到 以下 的 作用 : (1)   表示 段落的结束 (2 ) 总结要点 , 与 主题句 相呼应 (3 ) 供读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有个深刻的印象或进行思考 用于文章的结论句 1. If one can really put the three points into action (practice), … 如果能实践这三点 , …… 练习：如果能实践这三点 , 他肯定能过上幸福的生活。 If one can really put the three points into action (practice), he will surely be able to live a happy life. 2. In this way, I believe (that) … 如此 , 我相信 …… 练习：如此 , 我相信大家或许能够像我一样 , 享受乘坐公共汽车的乐趣。 In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me . 3. Only with combined efforts, can we … 唯有通力合作 , 我们才能 …… 练习：唯有通力合作 , 我们才能期望我们的家乡不久会有新的面貌。 Only with combined efforts, can we expect our hometown take on a new look in due course. 4. For these reasons, I … 基于这些理由 , 我 …… For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in China is wise. 练习：基于这些理由 , 我认为在中国接受大学教育是明智的。 5. In conclusion, …=To sum up, … 总而言之 , …… In conclusio n , a good citizen should observe traffic regulations. 练习：总而言之 , 好公民应该遵守交通规则。 6. We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)… 因此 , 我们可以得出如下个 结论 We, therefore, can come to the conclusion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty. 练习：因此 , 我们可以得出如下个结论 , 坚持不懈可以克服任何困难。 7. If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that) … 如果我们能做到如上所述 , 毫无疑问地 …… If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English. 练习：如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地 , 我们就能精通英语。 8. Therefore, we should realize (that)… 所以 , 我们应该意识到 …… Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we can not do without a dictionary 练习： 所以 , 我们应该意识到学英文不能没有词典。 课堂小结 : 1. 各段开展要遵循先定主题句 , 然后拓展句 , 最后结论句 ( 结论句多数出现在最后一段 ) 的规律。 2. 拓展句要 以读的任务 为标准，学会灵活运用文章给出内容，总之要懂得“聪明的拿，聪明的用”。同时拓展句子可结合多种方法，使得文章层次分明，更加生动。文章最后一段不要忘了结论句。 总之 , 构思清晰才能 有的放矢。 在写作时除了锤炼自己的语言之外，组织好自己的写作思路，令到自己有话可言，而且是言之有理，言之有序，一定能取得令自己意想不到的高分！