高考英语二轮复习专题2概要写作讲练 9页

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 1 专题二 概要写作 概要写作作为浙江英语高考新题型，就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大 意，也称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述 出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、 词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。 这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生 用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是 基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。 [选材特点] 1．所需阅读的短文词数在 350 以内； 2．所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。 [评分参考] 阅卷时主要考虑以下内容： 1．对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 2．应用语法结构和词汇的准确性； 3．上下文的连贯性； 4．对各要点表达的独立性情况。 注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词 汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次 将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。 [写作步骤] 1．仔细阅读原文，掌握文章的主旨大意。在阅读过程中，要注意搜寻要点，如议论文 中的论点、论据，记叙文中的发展、高潮、结局等。 2．列出文章的要点和各段落的主题句。可以用下划线标记，也可做笔记，将要点逐一 列出。 3．分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述，并注意在结构上的顺序。 4．写出初稿。根据列出的要点和对原文的理解，用自己的语言组织内容，尝试写出概 要。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 2 5．修改、定稿。认真阅读初稿，对照原文，检查是否漏掉重要内容。检查并确定拼写、 语法、标点正确无误。检查是否符合规定的词数要求。 [方法技巧] 在掌握一定的解题步骤后，为了顺利完成概要写作，学生在写作时还需要注意以下方法 技巧。 1．要点齐全。概要写作主要考查学生概括文章主旨大意和准确获取关键信息的能力， 关键信息获取不准确往往导致所写概要要点不齐全。要点全面是评分的重要方面，因此学生 要训练自己的语篇能力和阅读能力，既把握文本的整体和部分又把握它们之间的逻辑关系。 2．精练简洁。精练指的是概括的内容要高度浓缩。学生可以利用概括的方法对文本内 容进行提炼，用删略的方法去换不重要或者不必要的细节。简洁指的是所使用的语言简练。 学生可以用抽象的、概括性的语言代替具体形象的语言。 3．灵活转换。语言转换就是用不同的词或句式来表达与原有表达内容相同的意义，且 重新表达后能做到简单易懂。灵活转换包括语言换说和句子重构。语言换说可以通过同义、 近义和反义变换来替换需要被替换的词汇；句子重构可以改变原有句子中个别词和词组在句 子中充当的语法成分或变换句式来实现。 [概要写作四项原则] 1．概要写作时，一定要使用第三人称。 2．概要写作时，一定不可加入自己的观点。 3．概要写作时，一定不可对原文内容加以评论。 4．概要写作时，一定不要引入与原文内容无关的信息。 [写作要求] 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However， there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry Ⅳ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 3 Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking， cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：Clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist (免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground. 【经典范文】 People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点 1)For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点 2)However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点 3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点 4) 【范文点拨】 (一)要点分析 1．文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”换句话说：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.” 再 结 合 下 文 谈 到 的 主 题 可 知 “Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.”范文中的要点 1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精练。 2．第二段主要谈到了在 16 世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.”可知，直到 18 世纪之前，人们都认为 dirt 是很 “友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点 2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.” 很好地总结了这些要点。 3 ． 第 三 段 用 “Though” 引 出 人 们 对 dirt 观 点 的 转 变 “...since the 18th 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 4 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本 段最后一部分“Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea...”可得出要点 3“However， people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.” 4．文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于 dirt 的态度还是有所不同，“On the contrary”引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为 dirt 有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点得到 了一些支持。范文中的要点 4“Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。 (二)要点连接 文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连 接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分结构，要点 2 和要点 3 在观点上截 然相反，因此，两者之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了“However”恰到好处。要点 3 和要点 4 在观点上又存在不同，因此，范文用了连接词“Yet”。 A (2016·衢州二中期中检测) 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 Are you shy? If you are，you are not alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days， shyness is becoming more and more common.Now，scientists are trying to understand shyness.They have some interesting ideas about why people are shy. Is it possible to be born shy? Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly，these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result， scientists think that some shyness is genetic. Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.At the same time，children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.Growing up alone，they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families. You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries.They found surprising differences.In Japan，most 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 5 people said they were shy.But in Israel，only one of three people said so.What explains the difference? One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feel bad about themselves.They blame themselves for their failure.In Israel，the opposite is true.Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons，such as family，teachers， friends，or bad luck.In Israel，freedom of opinion and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy. For shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，speak in class，and even get a good job.But scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation.And don't forget—if you are shy，you are not the only one. 【写作指导】 本题要求学生给本篇说明文写概要。这篇文章的主题段是第一段，主要告诉人们害羞是 一种普遍的现象。因此，在概括时要把文章主题段的中心词(shy，common，why)用自己的话 概括出来。为了避免雷同，用自己的话概括时要注意同义词的转换，如原文中的 why 可用 the reason 转述。其次，学生还应注意不能遗漏要点，即害羞的原因，不同国家间的原因 是不一样的以及专家给出的克服害羞的建议等。最后，注意词数在 60 词左右，恰当使用过 渡词与亮点句型，以使行文连贯。 【参考范文】 Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.(要 点 1) They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth place.For instance，younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy; Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.(要 点 2) To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.(要点 3) 【导学号：85602002】 B 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 In 1971 we were living in Wichita，Kansas—Lincoln was about seven，Brendan was 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 6 three and Kristen was a baby.Mom was staying with us during the holidays.On Christmas Eve I stayed up very late.I was totally alone with my thoughts，alternating between joy and sorrow，and I got to thinking about my paper route(往返送报)，that tree， what my mother had said to me and how Dad had tried to make things better. I heard a noise in the kitchen and discovered that it was Mom.She couldn't sleep either and had gotten up to make herself a cup of hot tea—which was her treatment for just about everything.As she waited for the water to boil，she walked into the living room and discovered me there.She saw my open Bible and asked me what I was reading.When I told her，she asked if I would read it to her and I did. When the kettle began to whistle，she went and made her tea.She came back， and we started to talk.I told her how happy I was that she was with us for Christmas and how I wished that Dad could have lived to see his grandchildren and to enjoy this time because he always loved Christmas so.It got very quiet for a moment and then she said，“Do you remember that time on Twelve Mile Road when you bought that tree with your paper route money？” “Yes，” I said.“I've just been thinking about it you know.” She hesitated for a long moment，as though she were on the verge of something that was bottled up so deeply inside her soul that it might take surgery to get it out.Finally，great tears started down her face and she cried，“Oh，son，please forgive me.” “That time and that Christmas have been a burden on my heart for twentyfive years.I wish your dad were here so I could tell him how sorry I am for what I said.” 【写作指导】 本文是一篇记叙文。写好记叙文的概要需找到以下两个问题的答案：(1)谁做了什么？ (2)结果如何？如果是夹叙夹议文，还要加上这个故事给我们的启示或教育意义。就本文而 言，本文的要点应该从作者和母亲聊天的时间、内容和结果这几个方面来概括，然后用自己 的语言将其串联起来。 【参考范文】 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 7 The passage tells us one of the author's talks with his mother.(要点 1) One Christmas Eve，(要点 2) both the author and his mother couldn't fall asleep because they remembered something happened 25 years ago when the author bought a tree with his paper route money.(要点 3) His mother remembered what she said that day to his father and felt sorry for that.(要点 4) C (2016·台州市六校质检) 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush.It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry.However，it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush.When people do their jobs or take actions in a hurry，they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later.As the saying goes，“Haste makes waste.”We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly.We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly. Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better.For example， taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane.However，taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends.Besides，it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way.On the contrary，being in a hurry will make us lose chances in enjoying our life. Finally，slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us.As is known to all，taking actions in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress.People think if they are not in a hurry，they will become a loser and that annoys them.Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally.According to some studies， people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases，tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense，even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter. In short，working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced.However，much stress can't bring enjoyment，friends and health， which are much more important than money and other material advantages.Therefore， take your time and live your life at a slower pace. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 8 【写作指导】 本文是一篇议论文。本文的要点应主要包括以下内容：一是解释作者的观点：生活节奏 慢要比生活节奏快好，有三个原因；二是将上述提到的三个原因当作三个要点分别阐述：一 是做事情匆忙会增加犯错的可能性；二是匆匆忙忙的生活无法让人享受生活的乐趣；三是做 事情匆忙会增加人的压力，这对人的健康有害；最后一个要点是进行总结：简而言之，生活 节奏慢要比生活节奏快好。 【参考范文】 To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry.There are three reasons for this.(要点 1) Firstly，doing things in a hurry will raise the possibility of making mistakes.(要点 2) Secondly，being in a hurry will not give people enough time to enjoy their life.(要点 3) Thirdly，doing things in a hurry raises people's pressure and therefore is bad for their health.(要点 4) In brief， it is better for people to live life at a slower pace than to live life in a hurry.(要 点 5) D 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 Winter sports can help you burn calories，increase your cardiovascular fitness， and strengthen muscles.Being outdoors and getting exercise are great for your mental health.Exercise boosts mood，and sunlight seems to help beat back the winter blues.So slap on some sunblock and go. Winter is a great time to experiment with new sports.If you like to walk，keep walking—on snowshoes.If you want to try an endurance sport，go for crosscountry skiing.And snowboarding is just plain fun.Runners can also train during the winter， although be ware of wet or slippery roads.Or slip on a pair of snowshoes.One of the easiest sports around，snowshoeing can be excellent coldweather crosstraining for runners and cyclists—or anyone wanting to take a wintry walk in the woods. Whatever sport you choose，don't rely on a friend for instruction.You wouldn't let an amateur perform brain surgery on you；why let one teach you to ski or skate？ That's what instructors are for—to help newcomers start out right.Instructors can 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 9 give you advice about equipment，techniques，safety，and dealing with injuries if they do happen to you. It's tempting for an eager athlete to advance too quickly through learning the ropes.Resist the temptation.If you want to progress，invest your time in learning the basics thoroughly.Everything else you do as a skier，boarder，or skater will be built on these first skills. Play safely by figuring out what special equipment and safety gear you'll need.Planning an afternoon of snowshoeing or crosscountry skiing？Pack water， snacks，fruit，and extra socks.If you're going out for a long time，keep your water bottle insulated from the cold so it doesn't freeze. Don't head out onto the slopes or into remote country areas alone.Always go with a buddy and tell a friend what time you plan on returning.If you get in trouble and don't show up when you are supposed to，your friend has your back. 【写作指导】 通读全文可知，本文是一篇说明文。文章第一段提出主题，即冬季体育运动的作用；第 二段介绍了几种冬季体育运动；第三、四段介绍了冬季体育运动的技能和注意事项；最后两 段阐述了如何安全地进行冬季体育锻炼。写作时，学生应当全面呈现这些要点，确保不遗漏。 【参考范文】 Winter sports can not only strengthen your physical body，but also benefit your mental health.(要点 1) While there are many new sports in winter you can experiment with，(要点 2) you should know some basic skills，(要点 3) and don't rely on a friend for instruction.(要点 4) To play safely，you should figure out the special equipment and safety gear you'll need，(要点 5) and shouldn't go out alone to faraway places.(要 点 6) 【导学号：85602003】