【英语】2018届二轮复习高考英语阅读理解正确答案的最明显特征：同义转化学案（11页） 11页

‎2018届二轮复习高考英语阅读理解正确答案的最明显特征：同义转化 ‎ ‎ 同义转化是高考英语阅读理解正确答案的最强特征，这种同义转化关联在传统的阅读理解题型中是答对每一道题目的关键，所以考生应花相当的精力积累同义词汇、表达，对于高考阅读获取高分具有举足轻重的意义。同义转化实则是英语语篇的一种语言特征和规律即语言复现现象。它广泛地体现在英语语篇中的各个角落如语篇中的同义结构（详见本书P22页的“同义、反义结构示例”部分）、题干和原文的同义转化关系、正确答案和原文的同义转化关系。甚至书面表达部分也要用到“同义转化”，书面表达有一条重要的评分细则就是语言的多样化和丰富性，实际上就是“同义转化”的体现。以下我们专门辑录了2014年高考英语阅读理解真题原文与题干+正确选项构成同义转化关系的实例，供大家慢慢体会。（注：囿于图书篇幅限制，仅列举很小一部分以飨读者。）‎ ‎1. 原文：In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations—UNESCO and National Geographic among them—have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.（2014新课标全国卷ⅠD篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：Many scholars are making efforts to rescue disappearing languages.（2014新课标全国卷Ⅰ32）‎ 对应关系：Many scholars=scholars；making efforts to=In an effort ‎ to；rescue=prevent、documenting；disappearing languages=language loss、dying languages；are making（现在进行时）时态对应have... been documenting（现在完成进行时）‎ ‎2. 原文：The behaviour of a building’s users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). ‎ But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own—though extremely important—is not enough to achieve such reductions: the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too. （2014湖南卷C篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：As to energy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of the behaviour of building users.（2014湖南卷66）‎ 对应关系：energy use=energy use；the new research from UKERC=new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC)、this report；stresses=according to、shows；the importance= as important as；the behaviour of building users=The behaviour of a building’s users、the behaviour of the people using the building ‎3. 原文：Feedback (反馈) facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use.‎ ‎（2014湖南卷C篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：The information gap in energy use can be bridged by feedback facilities.（2014湖南卷69）‎ 对应关系：The information gap=this information gap；energy use=energy use；can be bridged by（被动）=could help bridge（主动）；feedback facilities=Feedback facilities ‎4. 原文：The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid—we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink. （2014重庆卷C篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：Walking on water hasn't become a reality mainly because humans have biological limitations.（2014重庆卷44）‎ 对应关系：Walking on water=walk on water；hasn't become a reality=prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing；humans=humans；biological limitations=biological facts ‎5. 原文：It's generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes. （2014重庆卷E篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：According to the passage, personalities and attitudes are commonly believed to determine one's behavior.（2014重庆卷52）‎ 对应关系：personalities and attitudes=their personalities and attitudes；are commonly believed to= It's generally believed that；determine one's behavior（determine暗示因果关系）=people act the way they do because of（because of暗示因果关系）‎ ‎6. 原文：All these, however, remains true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forward by finding new and more efficient ways of doing things. （2014江西卷D篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：According to Paragraph 1, progress can benefit people when they are willing to accept technology and advance steadily. （2014江西卷70）‎ 对应关系：progress=All these；benefit people=remains true ...in so far as people；when=only；they are willing to=people want to；accept technology=accept technology；advance steadily=move forward ‎7. 原文：As has been all too apparent in recent days at Balcombe, few issues cause greater concern than energy policy. （2014福建卷E篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：We can learn from the first paragraph that energy policy catches much attention of the public. （2014福建卷72）‎ 对应关系：energy policy=energy policy；catches much attention of the public=few issues cause greater concern（greater暗示比较级）‎ ‎8. 原文：Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of ‎ renewables, nuclear and carbon, and that the country is committed to meeting EU ( European Union) targets for non-carbon energy generation. （2014福建卷E篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：Supporters think that the expansion of wind power agrees with EU targets for non-carbon energy generation. （2014福建卷73）‎ 对应关系：Supporters think that=Supporters insist that；the expansion of wind power=wind；agrees with=meeting；EU targets=EU ( European Union) targets；for non-carbon energy generation=for non-carbon energy generation ‎9. 原文：The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. （2014湖北卷C篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：Dr. Carter’s findings indicate that our culture might be formed through learning from each other. （2014湖北卷62篇）‎ 对应关系：Dr. Carter’s findings=The findings；our culture=culture in societies；might be（暗示可能性语气）=may（暗示可能性语气）；be formed=the formation of；learning from each other= social learning ‎10. 原文：If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and ‎ different, even though that might be the more risky choice.（2014安徽卷D篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：By “move things forward ” in the last paragraph, the author probably means “choose new architectural styles”. （2014安徽卷70）‎ 对应关系：choose new architectural styles=argue against copying previous architectural styles、choose something fresh and different ‎11. 原文：As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean.（2014广东卷D篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：Ebbesmeyer is most famous for phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea. （2014广东卷44）‎ 对应关系：Ebbesmeyer is most famous for=Ebbesmeyer has become known as；phoning about= call with questions about；any doubtful objects=any unusual objects；on the sea=found floating in the ocean ‎12. 原文：It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the trees, flowers, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world.（2014天津卷D篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that walking in nature helps enrich one’s mind. （2014天津卷53）‎ 对应关系：Henry Thoreau=Henry Thoreau；walking in ‎ nature=going on foot、walking；helps enrich one’s mind=showed mankind the richness、learn...‎ ‎13. 原文：To reach our goal of losing weight—the output, we need to control what we eat—the input (输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. （2014北京卷C篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because it is focused too much on the result. （2014北京卷63）‎ 对应关系：setting weight loss as a goal=To reach our goal of losing weight；a mistake=a bad way to construct goals；is focused too much on the result（too much暗示比较级）=we tend to care about the output but not to control the input（but not to暗示比较级）‎ ‎14. 原文： In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their co-operation and support, passing around necessary nutrition "depending on who needs it".（2014辽宁卷C篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：The underlined sentence "the opposite is true" in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees depend on each other. （2014辽宁卷29）‎ 对应关系：the opposite is true=the opposite is true；trees depend on each other=trees survive through their co-operation and support=passing around necessary nutrition "depending on who ‎ needs it"‎ ‎15. 原文：But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued. （2014四川卷A篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：The volunteers’ primary responsibility is to help people with learning disabilities to realize their own importance. （2014四川卷33）‎ 对应关系：The volunteers’ primary responsibility=your primary concern；is to=is to；people with learning disabilities=them；realize their own importance=know they are valued ‎16. 原文：Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost, which simply refers to whether someone’s time or money could be better spent on something else. （2014江苏卷B篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：According to the passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to weighing the choice of opportunities. （2014江苏卷58）‎ 对应关系：the concept of “opportunity cost”=the concept of opportunity cost；is applied to=refers to；weighing the choice of opportunities（weighing暗示比较级）=whether... could be better...（be better暗示比较级）‎ ‎17. 原文：In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels (决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger ‎ resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another. （2014江苏卷C篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger is socially and culturally shaped. （2014江苏卷61）‎ 对应关系：The “duels” example=duels；the expression of anger=physical expressions of anger；socially and culturally shaped=are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated ‎18. 原文：Some nights, in order to taste my victory more completely, I cheated. I would stop at the most exciting part of a story by Jack London or Bret Harte, and without warning tell them that that was as far as I had gone in the book and it would have to be continued the following evening. It was not true, of course; but I had to make certain of my new-found power and position. （2014浙江卷D篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：Sometimes the writer stopped at the most exciting part of a story to experience more joy of achievement. （2014浙江卷59）‎ 对应关系：Sometimes=Some nights；the writer stopped=I would stop；at the most exciting part of a story=at the most exciting part of a story；experience more joy of achievement（more暗示比较级）=taste my victory more completely（more暗示比较级）、make ‎ certain of my new-found power and position ‎19. 原文：For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young.（2014上海卷A篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：A plover protects its young from a predator by pretending to be injured. （2014上海卷66）‎ 对应关系：A plover=a bird called the plover；protects its young=protect its young；pretending to be injured=pretends to be hurt ‎20. 原文：Why do we put our children through this annual suffering? Some may say competition is character building; or it’s taking part, not winning, that’s important; or that it is a tradition of school life. （2014陕西卷D篇）‎ 题干+正确选项：Sports day is still an annul event in this school probably because it is a tradition of the school.（2014陕西卷58）‎ 对应关系：Sports day=this annual suffering；an annul event in this school=this annual suffering；a tradition of the school=a tradition of school life ‎ ‎ 考生在细细研读完以上的例子和分析之后，相信会产生几点重要启发：1、阅读理解唯一的正确选项一定是加上题干之后等于或约等于原文的信息值。这点大家要特别引起重视，因为近几年的高考试题出现了部分干扰项本身的说法是完全和原文一致的，但就是和题干不匹配。所以考生一定要切记：仔细审题是精准解题的第一步。2、我们可以从很多细微点去快速甄选出唯一的正确选项如从原文语气的角度（原文是表示可能性的语气，那么答案很有可能也是可能性的语气）、从原文时态的角度、从原文信息中含有比较级或最高级的角度（那么答案很有可能也是比较级或最高级）、从原文的分析阐释角度（找出原文定位信息中关键的名词或名词短语，那么答案必定含有该关键词的原形或者同义表达）。3、如果考生的功底较为扎实，掌握了这种命题规律和答案特征，我们只要分析完了一个选项和原文的这种同义转化关系，那么该选项必定是正确选项，其他的选项甚至可以不看，这样就可以大大节省很多时间。‎