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Unit 22 Environmental Protection
一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意
1．ecology n． 生态
2．consultant n. 顾问
3．principle n. 原则，道德准则
4．boycott n. (联合)抵制
5．bounce vi. 反弹
6．coincidence n. 巧合
7．federal adj. 联邦的
8．rough adj. 艰难的
9．hurricane n. 飓风
10．mainland n. 大陆
11．grand adj. 巨大的
12．changeable adj. 多变的
13．catastrophe n. 巨大的灾难
14．mountainous adj. 多山的
15．fragile adj. 易毁的；脆弱的
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．trap vt. 使困住
2．beyond prep. 超出
3．sacrifice vt.& vi. 牺牲；献出
4．advocate vt. 主张，提倡
5．substitute n. 代替品，代用品
6．seize vt. 依法没收；(用武力)夺取
7．arm vt. 武装
8．means n. 方法
9．slide vi. 滑行
10．flee vt.& vi. 逃走
11．plug vt. 塞住
12．carve vt.& vi. 雕刻
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13．slip vi. 滑落
14．recycle vt. 回收利用
15．behalf n. 代表
16．condemn vt. 迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．reserve n．保护区 vt.保留；预订→reserved adj.预订的；保留的→reservation n．保留；预订；保护
2．relevant adj.有关的→relevance n．相关
3．agriculture n．农业→agricultural adj.农业的
4．threaten vt.威胁→threat n．威胁→threatening adj.威胁的；恐吓的
5．separation n．分离，分开→separate vt.分离，分开 adj.不同的；各自的
6．construct vt.建造→construction n．建造
7．potential n．可能性，潜在性→potentially adv.潜在地，可能地
8．adopt vt.采用；收养→adoption n．采用，收养
9．considerate adj.想得周到的，体贴的→consider v．考虑→consideration n．考虑；体贴
10．allocate vt.分配，配给→allocation n．分配，配给
11．sharpen vt.削尖→sharp adj.尖的；锐利的→sharpener n．卷笔刀
12．calculate vt.计算，算出→calculation n．计算
13．finance n．资金 →financial adj.经济的，财政的
1.“相似词”小结
①dessert 甜点→desert 舍弃
②affect v．影响→effect n. 影响
③principle 原则→principal 校长
④wander 漫步→wonder 想知道
2.“方法，途径”种种
①means n． 方法
②way n. 方法
③approach n. 方法；途径
④method n. 方法
3.“熟词生义”忠义堂
①arm vt. 武装
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②escape v. 被忘掉；被忽视
③kill v. 消磨(时间)
④hit n. 成功；红极一时的人或事
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．a__number__of 一些
2．beyond__one’s__control 超出……的控制，
不受……的控制
3．look__ahead 展望未来
4．refer__to 指，意即，提到；参考
5．in__turn 依次；反过来
6．lead__to 引起，导致
7．take__action 采取行动
8．ahead__of 在……前面
9．apart__from 除……以外
10．answer__for (对已产生的不良后果)
负责任
11．call__for__an__end__to__sth. 要求结束……
12．or__else 否则，不然
13．wrap__up 结束
14．on__one’s__behalf 代表……
15．for__good 永远
16．carry__off 掠去，夺走
17．all__in__all 总的来说
18．result__in 导致
19．earn__one’s__living 谋生
20．plug__one’s__ears 塞住耳朵
21．all__the__best 祝一切顺利
22．as__a__matter__of__fact 实际上
23．break__away__from 摆脱，脱离(某种思想体
系、团体、组织)
1.“in＋n.”短语联想
①in particular 尤其，特别
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②in turn 依次；反过来
③in common 共同，共用
④in detail 详细地
⑤in general 普遍地，一般地
⑥in use 在使用中
2.for短语集训营
①for sale 出售
②for free 免费
③for sure 肯定地
④for good 永远
⑤for instance/example 例如
⑥for good measure 额外
3.“原因、结果”短语串记
①as a consequence (of) 因此，结果
②as a result (of) 作为……的结果
③result in/from 导致/起因于
④on account of 由于
⑤because of 因为
⑥owing to 由于
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：looking ahead为动词ing形式作状语
Looking__ahead，scientists believe that global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century.
展望未来，科学家们认为全球变暖可能会是21世纪面临的最大的环境问题之一。
句型2：given用作介词，表示“鉴于，考虑到；倘若”
Given this data，it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence. 鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅只是巧合而已。
句型3：过去分词短语作后置定语
If we add up all these small changes made__by__everyone__worldwide，they won’t be such small changes.
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如果我们把全世界每个人产生的小改变加到一起它们就不是小的改变了。
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
1．Experts say armed(武装) conflicts are likely to break out between the two countries along the border.
2．It took rescuers 90 minutes to reach the trapped(使困住) men.
3．When he was sliding(滑行) on the snow, he slipped(滑倒) over and broke his legs.
4．It is my great privilege to say something on behalf(代表) of all the students.
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve(预订) your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!
6．The construction(construct) of the two railway lines has been completed by now.
7．I want to know if you really advocate banning(ban) cars in this city centre.
8．Given(give) the present conditions, I think she’s done rather well.
9．(上海卷)Successful product design takes into consideration(consider) a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on.
10．(2017·江苏卷)The quality of life has improved and watching films is regarded as a good means(方式) of entertainment.
Ⅱ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空
1．She is so considerate that she has not only considered her own affairs but taken mine into consideration．(consider)
2．They sent a threatening letter to us, but I thought it was an empty threat．It’s no use threatening us—we didn’t give in.(threat)
3．The old couple adopted a boy ten years ago and their adopted son treated them well and the old couple thought their adoption was the best choice.(adopt)
4．These tables are reserved for the children and the reserved seats by the window are also taken up, so I’ll have to make a reservation for you next week.(reserve)
5．After a long separation,__the young couple lived a separate life and in the end they separated peacefully.(separate)
Ⅲ.选词成篇
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in turn; beyond one’s control; result in; look ahead; take action; a number of; or else
Humans have damaged the environment in 1.a__number__of aspects, which 2.in__turn has influenced our life. Besides this, it is 3.beyond__our__control. I think we humans should be responsible for it. 4.Looking__ahead,__it is time for us to 5.take__action；6.or__else,__it would 7.result__in greater damage.
carry off; apart from; lead to; on behalf of; answer for; call for an end to
With more and more factories built in my hometown, a lot of agricultural land has been 8.carried__off,__which has 9.led__to a rise in product prices. 10.Apart__from this, the air and rivers have been heavily polluted.Obviously, the factories should 11.answer__for the consequences. So 12.on__behalf__of the villagers’ benefit, the local government has decided to 13.call__for__an__end__to the factories’ illegal behaviors.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．一看到警察他就向出口奔去。
Seeing__the__police,__he made a run for the exit.
2．如果得到他的支持，我想我们会赢得这次选举。
Given__his__support,__I think we’ll win the election.
3．我喜欢在这家出版社出版的大部分图书。
I like most of the books published__in__this__publishing__house．
reserve n．保护区；保留；储备 vt.保留；保存；预订
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The waitress said that the seat by the window was reserved for an old man.
②I’m sure that he won’t accept our suggestion without reserve.
③I will call the restaurant and make a reservation(reserve) in case there’s none left.
[能力提升]——一句多译
提前预订一张桌子是个好主意。
④It is a good idea to__reserve__a__table in advance.(reserve v．)
⑤It is a good idea to__make__a__reservation__for__a__table in advance.(reservation n．)
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(1)without reserve 毫无异议地；毫无保留地
in reserve 备用的
(2)reserve...for sb./sth.
为某人/某物保留/预订……
(3)reservation n. 保留；预订(房间、座位等)
make a reservation
预订(房间、座位等)
[佳句背诵] You can’t park here，for this section of the car park is reserved for visitors. 你不能把车停在这里，因为这个停车区是留给游客的。
beyond prep.超出，出乎，为……所不能及
[能力提升]——完成句子/句型转换
①除了这几个事实，我们知道的就很少了。
Our knowledge does not extend much beyond__these__few__facts．
②事实是，他是这么顽皮的孩子，我实在无法管教。
The fact is that he is such a naughty boy that he__is__beyond__my__control.
③The West Lake is so beautiful that it is hard to describe it in words.
→The beauty of the West Lake is beyond__description．
④I’m sorry I can’t make a final decision on this project.
→I’m sorry it’s beyond__my__power__to make a final decision on this project.
beyond one’s control 超出某人的控制，
不受某人的控制
beyond one’s reach 够不着，超出……之外
beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力
beyond description 无法形容，难以言表
beyond belief 难以置信
beyond doubt 无疑地
[佳句背诵] The tasks they faced seemed far beyond their ability.
他们面临的任务似乎远远超出他们的能力。
condemn vt.迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地；谴责；使……注定
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①If you don’t learn from the past, you’re condemned to__repeat(repeat) its
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mistakes.
②As was expected, he was condemned to ten years in prison.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句型转换
③因为新的制度，这样的孩子中有一些注定会不及格。
Because of the new rules，some of such children are__condemned__to__fail．
④由于他没文化，他注定要干体力活。
His lack of knowledge condemns__him__to__do the kind of work that needs strength.
⑤As was expected，he was sentenced to life imprisonment.
→As was expected，he was__condemned__to life imprisonment.
condemn sb.for... 因……谴责某人
condemn sb.to sth./to do sth.
使某人注定……/使某人注定做……
condemn sb.to death 判某人死刑
be condemned to death 被判处死刑
[佳句背诵] The headmaster strongly condemned empty talk instead of hard work.
那位校长强烈谴责了不脚踏实地、夸夸其谈的作风。
sacrifice vt.& vi.牺牲；献出 n．牺牲；祭品，祭祀
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Making sacrifices(sacrifice) is always a part of bringing up children.
②He succeeded in the experiment at the sacrifice of his health.
③Would you sacrifice some of your salary for more holiday time?
④The woman sacrificed(sacrifice) her career to bring up the children.
⑤(全国卷Ⅰ)Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices(sacrifice)．
(1)sacrifice sth.to do sth. 为做某事而牺牲某物
(2)make sacrifices for/to do sth.
为……作出牺牲
at the sacrifice of... 以牺牲……为代价
[佳句背诵]
From that day on, we learned together, traveled together, and sacrificed
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together. 从那天起，我们一起学习，一起旅行，一起奉献。(江苏卷)
advocate vt.主张，提倡 n．提倡者，拥护者
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Animal activists advocate that the government (should)__set(set) up a special organization to protect these migrating birds.
②Many experts advocate rewarding(reward) your child for good behavior.
③The boy said that his father was an advocate of reforms on the political system.
④I strongly advocate that all of us should learn from him and always be ready to help others.
[能力提升]——一句多译
他们提倡大家都为那个地区捐些钱。
⑤They advocated everyone__donating__some__money__to__the__area．
⑥They advocated that everyone(should)__donate__some__money__to__the__area．
(1)advocate (doing) sth.
提倡/拥护/支持(做)某事
advocate that... 主张……[从句谓语动词用
(should＋)动词原形]
(2)be an advocate of/for
……的提倡者/拥护者
[佳句背诵] However, I advocate that students should go out to get in touch with the outside world and meet some difficulties so that they can value the time of staying at home.
但是，我也提倡学生应该出去接触外面世界，遭遇一些困难，这样他们才会更加珍惜在家中的时光。
threaten vt.威胁，恐吓
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He tied her up and threatened her with a sixinch knife.
②The young girl stood on the top of the building, threatening to__jump(jump)．
③He kept silent，for the old man threatened that he would make it public.
④China is a peaceloving country，and we have never been a threat to the world.
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[能力提升]——完成句子
⑤(江苏卷)交通问题很难解决， 它不仅影响着我们的日常生活， 而且也可能威胁到人们的生命。
The traffic issue is very difficult to settle.It not only affects our everyday life, but__may__also__threaten__people’s__lives．
(1)threaten sb.with sth. 用某事威胁某人
threaten to do sth. 威胁要做某事
threaten that... 威胁……
(2)threat n. 威胁
a threat to sb./sth. 对某人或某事的威胁
[佳句背诵]
①While danger threatens we must all take care.
当有危险的时候，我们都得小心谨慎。
②Is Christmas a threat to traditional Chinese culture?
圣诞节是对中国传统文化的威胁吗？
means n．手段；方法
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Students sometimes support themselves by means of doing parttime jobs.
②Every possible means has__been__tried(try), but none has worked.
＝All possible means have__been__tried(try), but none has worked.
③(2019·江苏卷)Besides，the choice of the traditional Chinese dress means(mean) extra money, and extra time, for we have to change it back after the event.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)你最好事先练习用筷子，这也是展示你良好的餐桌礼仪的一种方式。
And you’d better practice using chopsticks in advance，which__is__also__a__means__of__showing__your__good__table__manners．
(1)by this means 通过这种方法
by means of 用……办法；借助……
by all means 一定，务必；好的，当然可以
by no means 决不，一点也不(位于句首时，
句子用部分倒装)
(2)a means of communication
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一种通讯/交流工具
(3)mean v. 意味着；意思是
[佳句背诵] I wish that you could grasp this opportunity，which is a means of learning traditional Chinese culture further. 我希望你能抓住这个机会，这是进一步学习中国传统文化的一种途径。(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
[名师点津] means是单复数同形的名词，其谓语动词的数取决于means 前的修饰语。
adopt vt.采用，采纳；收养
[基础练习]——单句语法填空/对比填空
①Many animal welfare organizations provide care and adoption(adopt) services for homeless animals.
②The young couple had no children of their own and adopted an orphan. After a few months, the child came to adapt to his new life. (adopt/adapt)
[能力提升]——完成句子
③我确实珍视这个受教育的机会，总是把这个箴言当作座右铭。
I do cherish the educational opportunity and I always adopt__the__motto__to__serve__as__a__reminder．
adopt sb.as... 收养/挑选某人为……
adoption n. 收养；采用；通过
adopted adj. 被收养的
[佳句背诵] As far as I’m concerned, we should adopt an optimistic attitude in the face of great pressure. 就我个人而言，面对巨大压力，我们应该采取一种乐观的态度。
[名师点津] 一字之差，意义上却大相径庭：
adapt意为“(使)适应；改编”；
adopt意为“采用，采纳；收养”。
a number of 一些，许多；大量的
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①As China develops fast and steadily, a number of foreigners are__learning(learn) Chinese as a second language.
②In China, the number of cities is__increasing(increase) whose development is recognized across the world.
③A great deal of money was__donated(donate) to a university by an ordinary worker, which aroused public attention.
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④With more and more forests cut down, large quantities of soil are(be) being washed away.
[能力提升]——完成句子
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)此外，许多著名艺术家的杰作将被展览。
In addition, there__are__a__great__number__of__famous__artists whose masterpieces will be on exhibition.
(1)＋可数名词复数
(2)＋不可数名词
(3)＋
[佳句背诵] I’ve heard that our school library is planning to buy a number of new books，so I am writing to recommend some books.
我听说我们学校的图书馆正计划购置许多新书，所以我写信推荐一些书。
in turn 依次，逐个地；反而；反过来
[能力提升]——完成句子/一句多译
①在去加拿大的途中，我们轮流开车。
We took__turns__to__drive on the way up to Canada.
②我确信这次是轮到你们大扫除了。
I’m sure that it’s__your__turn__to__do the cleaning this time.
③人们通过自己开车来避免延误，这反过来造成更多的问题。
→People try to avoid delays by using their own cars, and this in__turn__creates__more__problems．
→People try to avoid delays by using their own cars, which__in__turn__creates__more__problems．
(1)by turns 轮流；轮班；交替地
take turns (to do sth.) 依次；轮流(说、做等)；
轮班(做某事)
It is sb.’s turn (to do sth.)．
轮到某人(干某事)。
(2)in return 作为回报
[佳句背诵] Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice. 理论的基础是实践，反过来理论又为实践服务。
all in all 总的来说
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[基础练习]——用all的相关短语填空
①To be great, you must be smart, confident, and, above__all,__honest.
②All__in__all,__every road leads to Rome, but I do believe hard work pays off.
③Don’t believe the advertisement. After__all,__it is the customers who pay for whatever they are given.
④Happiness lies first__of__all in health，as everyone knows.For little children，they need many things，but above__all they need love.After__all，they are so young that they need much love and care.
at all (常用于否定句和条件从句中以加强语气)
根本；无论如何；一点儿
after all 毕竟；终究
in all 总共
first of all 首先，第一
above all 首先，最重要的是
[佳句背诵] All in all I wonder how much time I end up investing in the whole process.
总而言之，我想知道我在整个过程中投入了多长时间。
given用作介词，表示“鉴于，考虑到；倘若”
(教材P6)Given this data，it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅只是巧合而已。
[能力提升]——完成句子
①考虑到她对孩子的兴趣，我可以肯定教书对她来说是一种合适的职业。
Given__her__interest__in__children,__I’m sure teaching is the right career for her.
②考虑到他做得很好，派他去似乎是很合理的。
It seems reasonable to send him away, given__that__he__is__doing__quite__well．
③大约250名学生在特定的时间与我们一起工作。
About 250 students are working with us at__any__given__time．
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(1)本句中的Given为介词，意为“考虑到，鉴于”，表示原因；还可以表示假设，意为“倘若，假定”。
(2)表示“考虑到……”时，given后还可接that从句。
(3)given还可用作形容词，意为“规定的；特定的”。
[名师点津] 引导条件状语从句用法相似的表达还有：
considering (that)．.. 鉴于
provided/providing (that)．.. 假定
seeing (that)．.. 既然；鉴于
when引导时间状语从句
(教材P17)The British luxury liner，Titanic，was on its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City，when it struck an iceberg and sank about 153 km south of Newfoundland.
英国的豪华游轮泰坦尼克号在首次航海，从南安普敦开往纽约城时，突然间撞上冰山，在纽芬兰岛南153公里的地方沉船。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
②She opened her eyes with a start and was about to cry out when she heard her father urgently telling her to keep quiet.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③我们正在为周末出游收拾行李，这时我的女儿听到求救的叫喊声。
We were__packing__to__leave__for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.
be doing...when... 正在做……这时……
be about to do...when... 正打算做……这时……
be on the point of doing ...when ...
正要做……这时……
had just done ...when ... 刚做了……这时(突
然)……
[佳句背诵] I was on my way to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light at a crossing when a girl of about ten was knocked down by a passing car. 我去书店的路上，正在一个十字路口等绿灯，这时一个大约十岁的女孩被一辆驶过的汽车撞倒了。
[名师点津] when 为并列连词，表示“这时；突然”，相当于and then/and at that
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time。
维度一 在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1．Tourists are required to make reservations(reserve) in advance.
2．Trapped(trap) in a traffic jam, he had to be patient.
3．(2018·浙江卷6月)Being a good neighbor is more or less about considerate(consider) behavior.
4．(2018·江苏卷)There are huge amounts of reference(refer) books which I am often confused to choose from.
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable(change)．
维度二 在空白处填入1个适当的单词
1．It is not easy for the children to break away from the families and become independent.
2．You’d better put the bottle of medicine beyond the children’s reach.
3．We were having a class meeting when someone rushed into the classroom.
4．The Judge condemned the criminal to death for a case of murder.
5．By no means will she agree to our plan for the trip.
维度三 语境品词(写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义)
1．(2019·北京卷)At this year’s I/O Conference，a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing humansounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.保留，预订
2．The woman has no child of her own but has many adopted sons and daughters.被收养的
3．Many experts don’t advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour.提倡；主张
4．As far as I’m concerned, lack of competence condemned him to lose his job.迫使某人陷于不幸的境地
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)They think tradition means old things from the past.意味着
提能一 语段填空(短文中黑体部分为本单元核心知识点，请补全短文，并背诵体会黑体部分用法)
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In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earth’s climate. They claim that in the last 50 years gases 1.pumped(pump) into the Earth’s atmosphere by the factories and vehicles have been affecting our climate. But what exactly is global warming? Global warming 2.refers(refer) to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature that, 3.in turn, leads to climate change. Over the last 100 years, the global average temperature 4.has__increased(increase) by 1 and many experts insist that 5.the blame for this global warming can mostly be pinned on human 6.activities(activity). The link between human beings and 7.rising(rise) global temperatures is not 8.merely(mere) a coincidence. 9.If we continue to produce carbon dioxide and other gases in such huge quantities, we are condemning life on Earth. Governments all over the world have a responsibility 10.to__reduce(reduce) the amount of carbon dioxide. Experts advocate each person play their parts.
提能二 话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)
①现在空气被严重污染了。
The air has__been__badly__polluted．
②这导致了大量的人死于与空气污染有关的疾病。
It has__led__to/resulted__in__a__large__number__of__people__dying__from__illnesses，which are related to air pollution.
③所有的行为后果都是要偿还的，所以我们必须要采取措施。
All__these__are__to__be__answered__for,__so we must take__action．
④我们可以关闭一些工厂，还可以限制汽车的数量。
We can close__down__some__factories and limit__the__number__of__cars．
⑤我们每个人都要尽力而为。
Each of us should try__our__best．
2．升级平淡句
⑥用过去分词作后置定语升级句②
It__has__led__to/resulted__in__a__large__number__of__people__dying__from__illnesses__related__to__air__pollution.
⑦用apart from结构升级句④
Apart__from__closing__down__some__factories,__we__can__limit__the__number__of__cars.
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3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：as a matter of fact, all in all)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
As a matter of fact, the air has been badly polluted. It has led to/resulted in a large number of people dying from illnesses related to air pollution. All these are to be answered for, so we must take action. Apart from closing down some factories, we can limit the number of cars. All in all, each of us should try our best.
课时练1 2篇阅读＋1篇七选五＋1篇完形
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·山西六校测试)World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5th and was created to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe.
The very first World Environment Day took place in 1974, established by the United Nations General Assembly on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment that took place in 1972.Each year the United Nations picks a theme and a host city where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others, followed by different kinds of exhibits to promote environmental awareness. Environmentalists, academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.
The 2018 World Environment Day was hosted by India, and the theme was Beat Plastic Pollution. It urged people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags to reduce the production and use of disposable plastic, which made up 10% of all of the waste. Even though the United Nations picks a specific host city every year, people around the world still celebrate World Environment Day in their hometowns with parades(游行), concerts, cleaning up and tree planting and all
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kinds of green actions to work towards having a beautiful planet and battling pollution.
World Environment Day is not a public holiday, so you won’t be getting the day off work or school, but if you want to celebrate, why not bring it to the attention of your parents, friends, colleagues or classmates? World Environment Day is all about working together to take action for the planet, so try to get everyone you know interested in helping do something. Things as small as making sure people have a way to recycle can make a difference. You could also try beautifying your neighborhood by planting gardens, learn about green foods, raise money for a local wildlife conservation group or simply learn about the effects of different products on the earth.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界环境日的由来和情况，呼吁全员行动起来帮助保护地球。
1．Why is World Environment Day set up?
A．To make people know more about nature.
B．To ask people to help to protect the globe.
C．To warn people of the danger of air pollution.
D．To encourage people to plan the earth’s future.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe”可知，世界环境日的目的是鼓励世界各地的人们积极参与环境保护并学会更多方法来帮助确保我们的地球将来是安全的，故选B。
2．What do people do on World Environment Day?
A．Decide a host city.
B．Hold a theme party.
C．Discuss environmental ideas.
D．Show some plastic products.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others”以及“Environmentalists, academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.”可知，人们主要是在这一天讨论环境问题，故选C。
3．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word “disposable” in Paragraph 3?
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A．Highcost. B．Poorquality.
C．Secondhand. D．Singleuse.
D 解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Beat Plastic Pollution”可知，2018年的主题是“塑战速决”，再结合画线词前面的“It urged people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags”和后面的“which made up 10% of all of the waste”可知，“disposable plastic”造成大量资源浪费，所以“一次性的”符合语境，故选D。
4．What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．Every bit of effort counts.
B．Doing is better than saying.
C．Many hands make light work.
D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
A 解析：段落大意题。根据最后一段的内容可知，世界环境日不是一个公共节日，所以人们不放假。但如果你想庆祝的话，为何不让你周围的人关注它。所以最后一段主要是讲每个人都可以从身边小事做起，行动起来保护地球，每个人的微小努力都很重要(Every bit of effort counts.)，故选A。Doing is better than saying.“行胜于言。”；Many hands make light work.“众人拾柴火焰高。”；Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.“有志者事竟成。”
B
(2020·湖北武昌区调研)Historians and archaeologists have defined periods of human history for centuries by the technologies or materials that made the greatest impact on society. This includes the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. But what age are we in now? That question can be answered with one word for some researchers: Plastics.
“Plastic has redefined our material culture and the artifacts we leave behind. It will be found in stratified(分层的) layers in our trash deposits(沉积层)．” That’s according to John Marston, an archaeologist.
The wide variety of synthetic polymers(合成聚合物) would not exist if it weren’t for human action. About six billion tons of plastics have been made and spread around the planet. They have been spread from forests to oceans ever since the first plastic polymers were invented.
Plastics are one of the most significant changes that humans have made to the Earth’s makeup. Most plastics don’t easily degrade. This only adds to the problem.
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Recycling isn’t an adequate solution. Not all types of plastic are easily recyclable. And there are only a few recycling plants that can process all varieties of plastic.
According to Debra Winter, writer for The Atlantic, this means that many of the materials thrown into recycling bins can cross the planet several times before they are processed. They are made into rugs, sweaters, or they are used to make other bottles. Millions of tons of plastics are recycled every year, but millions more end up in landfills or the ocean. The problem has reached the point where it’s possible that in just a few decades there might be more plastic in the world’s oceans than fishes.
“Plastics have a supposed lifespan of over 500 years, so it’s safe to say that every plastic bottle you have used exists somewhere on this planet, in some form or another，” Winter writes.
The damage may already be done. It may be too late for human populations worldwide to change their plastic using ways. So the Plastic Age might soon take its place next to the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the history of human civilization.
【解题导语】 在我们所处的时代，塑料给我们的生活带来了很大便利，但是也给环境造成了巨大损害。
5．Why do people call our age the Plastic Age?
A．Because plastics are not naturally made.
B．Because humans create plastics.
C．Because plastics influence the world greatly.
D．Because historians and archaeologists think so.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知，历史学家和考古学家是通过对社会造成最大影响的技术或材料来界定人类历史时期的，由此可推知，我们称现在这个时代为塑料时代的原因是塑料极大地影响了世界，故C项正确。
6．According to the passage, how are most plastics dealt with currently?
A．They are recycled.
B．They are degraded.
C．They are thrown away.
D．They are made into bottles.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Millions of tons of plastics are recycled every year, but millions more end up in landfills or the ocean.”可知，每年数百万吨的塑料垃圾被回收，但是更多的塑料垃圾最终被扔到垃圾场或海洋中了，故C项正确。
7．What is the author’s attitude to the Plastic Age?
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A．Negative. B．Ambiguous.
C．Favorable. D．Unconcerned.
A 解析：观点态度题。根据全文内容可知，作者在文章中描述了塑料垃圾对社会的巨大的负面影响，尤其在最后一段中作者提到，塑料垃圾对社会可能已经造成了损害，世界各地的人们改变使用塑料的方式可能太晚了。由此可推知，作者对塑料时代持消极态度。故A项正确。
8．What is the main idea of this passage?
A．Plastics have ruined our environment.
B．We must stop using plastics altogether.
C．Human beings are in the Plastic Age.
D．Plastics are significant to human development.
C 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是我们人类现在处于塑料时代并解释了我们这个时代被称为塑料时代的原因，由此可推知，C项最符合文意。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2020·辽宁五校模拟)
How to Overcome Depression
Suffering from depression means more than just dealing with a bad week or even a bad month. Depression is a weakening condition that can make it impossible for you to enjoy your daily life. To overcome your depression, you have to first determine if what you’re feeling are the symptoms of depression. 1.________ While medications can help relieve these symptoms, it is still important for depressed people to understand the disorder and develop healthier strategies for coping with it.
Keep yourself busy. Fill your schedule with events and activities you love. Keeping a busy schedule will force you to stay active, focused, and thinking about the next thing on your list. You can draw up a schedule for each day at the start of the week, or simply plan out each day the night before. 2.________
Improve your diet. 3.________ Even if you’re losing your appetite, you need to be determined to eat three meals a day. You don’t need to try to lose weight or be incredibly health conscious when you’re dealing with your depression, but eating healthier food regularly will improve your mental and physical state.
Think positively. Being a more positive thinker will help you look at your life and world in a way that fills you with hope instead of despair. To think more positively, you should learn how to recognize your negative thoughts and to fight them with stronger positive thoughts whenever you can. For a jumpstart, find at least
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five things to be grateful for. 4.________
5．________ Neglecting personal hygiene(卫生) is a common side effect of depression. While you will not beat your depression by transforming your looks, if you take time to maintain your appearance and hygiene every day, you will feel better about yourself. Shower daily, brush your teeth and wash your hair.
A．Control your emotions.
B．Improve your appearance.
C．Most importantly, be happy about every single day.
D．Whichever method you choose, make a goal of sticking to it.
E．However, not everyone knows depression has a positive side.
F．Eating a healthy, balanced diet can also help you beat depression.
G．If you are feeling sad, lonely, or worthless, you may be suffering from depression.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了几种克服抑郁症的方法。
1．G 解析：根据空处前后句可知，空处应是对抑郁症症状的列举。故G项符合语境。
2．D 解析：根据空处前一句中的“draw up a schedule for each day” 及“or simply plan out each day the night before”可知，选项D中的“Whichever method you choose”与之呼应，即我们无论用什么方法，都要制定一个目标坚持下去。故D项符合语境。
3．F 解析：根据空前的Improve your diet.并结合下文中的“three meals a day” 及“but eating healthier food regularly”可知，该段是围绕“diet”一词展开的，选项F中的“a healthy, balanced diet”与之呼应。故F项符合语境。
4．C 解析：结合段落主题句Think positively.可知，该段主要是说要积极地思考，并根据空前一句可知C项“最重要的是每天都要开心”符合语境。
5．B 解析：根据空处的位置可知，空处为该段的主题句。根据该段中的“your looks”与“your appearance”及“Shower daily, brush your teeth and wash your hair.”可知，该段都是围绕“appearance”展开的，故B项符合语境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
(2020·合肥高三联考)Every year, the fifth graders at Brookstone Elementary School went on a field trip to Washington, D．C. Terence __1__ the exciting trip, and was __2__ to go the next year.
Terence asked his parents __3__ if they would pay for half of the trip if he earned the other half of the money himself. His parents __4__. He had almost a year to earn $150. His first __5__ was to earn money by babysitting, and he typed a nice letter __6__ that “he would babysit during his neighbors’ __7__”. He named a few
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afternoons available and said he would __8__ $1 per hour per child. After five babysitting __9__， he earned $45.
When the __10__ weather arrived, Terence knocked on his neighbors’ doors to ask if they needed help with __11__ work. He helped with mowing(修剪) and weeding gardens. After the summer was over, he earned $75. When the fall arrived, he counted his money and __12__ that he still needed $30 for his trip. Soon his mom saw a(n) __13__ for a job for him. He got a job __14__ newspapers every Wednesday afternoon, making 5 cents for every paper, $10 __15__ each Wednesday. It wasn’t long before he had __16__ money to go on the trip to Washington, D．C. He was __17__ in time. The class trip was on October 15. His mom and dad gave him a check for the $150 they __18__ him. What a great feeling! He helped __19__ the cost of his trip.
This experience __20__ Terence in many ways, making his dream a reality with great efforts.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。小学生Terence非常渴望去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行，他希望自己挣一半旅费，另一半由父母资助。父母答应后，他通过帮邻居照看小孩、修剪花园和给花园除杂草等工作攒够了钱。
1．A.prepared for B．laid out
C．referred to D．heard about
D 解析：根据第一句可知，每年Terence所在学校的五年级学生都要去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行；结合该句中的“to go the next year”可知，Terence应该是听说了(heard about)这个激动人心的旅行，就渴望(dying)来年也去。
2．A.dying B．grateful
C．lucky D．proud
A
3．A.curiously B．casually
C．anxiously D．briefly
C 解析：根据上文可知，Terence渴望去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行；又结合语境可知，此处表示Terence急切地问他的父母是否愿意支付他一半的旅行费用。C项意为“急切地，渴望地”，故C项正确。
4．A.submitted B．agreed
C．bargained D．refused
B 解析：根据下文可知，他有近一年的时间去挣150美元；又根据下文中的“His mom and dad gave him a check for the $150 they ______ him.”可知，他的父母同意(agreed)为他支付一半的旅行费用。
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5．A.idea B．job
C．conclusion D．suggestion
A 解析：根据该句中的“to earn money by babysitting” “typed a nice letter”并结合语境可知，他的第一个主意(idea)就是通过代人临时照看孩子来挣钱，并打印了一封信，信上说(saying)邻居不在(absence)时他可以帮他们照看孩子。
6．A.declaring B．confirming
C．showing D．saying
D
7．A.stay B．company
C．interaction D．absence
D
8．A.pay B．spend
C．charge D．donate
C 解析：根据该句中的“$1 per hour per child”并结合语境可知，Terence帮邻居照看孩子的收费标准是每个孩子每小时一美元。C项意为“收费，开价”，故C项正确。
9．A.negotiations B．sessions
C．attempts D．interviews
B 解析：根据语境可知，在帮助邻居照看五次孩子后，他赚了45美元。B项意为“一段时间”，符合语境，故B项正确。
10．A.warm B．fine
C．unusual D．changeable
A 解析：根据下文“He helped with mowing(修剪) and weeding gardens.”可知，该处指当温暖的(warm)天气来临时，他敲邻居们的门问是否需要帮忙做院子(yard)里的工作。
11．A.yard B．paper
C．school D．volunteer
A
12．A.admitted B．determined
C．complained D．insisted
B 解析：根据该句中的“he still needed $30 for his trip”和语境可知，数过钱后，他算出还需要30美元。determine“准确算出”符合语境。
13．A.directory B．permit
C．advertisement D．email
C 解析：根据下文中他开始送报纸，并结合语境和常识可知，很快他的妈妈看到一个广告(advertisement)，为他找到了一份工作。A项意为“名录，
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电话簿”；B项意为“许可证”。
14．A.editing B．updating
C．printing D．delivering
D 解析：根据该句中的“newspapers every Wednesday afternoon, making 5 cents for every paper”可知，他得到了一份在每周三下午送(delivering)报纸的工作，每份报纸挣5美分，每周三总共(in total)挣10美元。
15．A.at once B．on time
C．after all D．in total
D
16．A.extra B．much
C．enough D．easy
C 解析：根据上文描述的他还需要30美元和他每周三送报纸挣10美元可知，不久他就有足够的(enough)钱去华盛顿旅行了。
17．A.just B．even
C．ever D．still
A 解析：根据下文“The class trip was on October 15.”可推知，秋天时他赚够了钱，正好赶上旅行。A项意为“正好”，故A项正确。
18．A.owed B．lent
C．promised D．ordered
C 解析：根据上文他的父母同意给他出一半的钱可知，此处表示他的父母给了之前向他承诺的150美元的支票。C项意为“承诺”，故C项正确。
19．A.count B．cover
C．estimate D．reduce
B 解析：根据上文可知，他挣了150美元，他的父母又给他150美元，所以他攒够了足以支付自己旅行的费用。B项意为“足以支付，够付”，符合语境，故B项正确。
20．A.astonished B．shaped
C．excited D．impressed
B 解析：根据语境并结合选项可知，这段经历在很多方面塑造了(shaped) Terence，他以巨大的努力使自己的梦想成为现实。
课时练2 2篇阅读＋1篇七选五＋
1篇语法填空
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·佛山高三联考)When she first started learning about
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the climate change from one of her elders, Fawn Sharp was invited on a helicopter flight over the Olympic Mountains to survey the Mount Anderson glacier. But the glacier was gone, melted by the warming climate. Sharp had a deep sense of loss when she discovered the glacier wasn’t there anymore.
Loss is a growing issue for people working and living on the front lines of climate change. And that gave Jennifer Wren Atkinson, a fulltime lecturer at the University of Washington Bothell, US, an idea for a class.
This term, she taught students on the Bothell campus about the emotional burdens of environmental studies. She used the experiences of Native American tribes(部落), scientists and activists, and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix—that “this is such an intractable problem that they’re going to be dealing with it for the rest of their lives.”
Student Cody Dillon used to be a climate science skeptic(怀疑论者). Then he did his own reading and research, and changed his mind.
Dillon wasn’t going into environmental work—he was a computerscience major. Yet, the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration(恢复) projects.
Six months into the work, he decided that Atkinson’s class was just what he was looking for—a place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.
Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.
“We are already changing the planet—so many species are going to be lost, displaced or massively impacted，” she said. “The future isn’t going to be what they imagined.”
【解题导语】 Fawn Sharp通过一次搭乘直升机飞行的经历认识到了冰川融化的严重性，同时Jennifer Wren Atkinson给学生开设了课程，教学生如何面对气候变化，她的课程让很多学生关注环境问题。
1．Why did the author mention the case of Fawn Sharp?
A．To lay a basis for Fawn Sharp’s further research.
B．To prove Fawn Sharp’s work is similar to Atkinson’s.
C．To lead into the issue of loss caused by climate change.
D．To show scientists’ concern about the Mount Anderson glacier.
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C 解析：推理判断题。通读第一段可知，Fawn Sharp在一次直升机飞行中意识到气候变化导致了冰川融化；由此可推知，作者在第一段中提及Fawn Sharp的例子是为了引出下文气候变化导致环境问题的话题，故选C。
2．What’s the main purpose of Atkinson’s class?
A．To explore how different people deal with climate change.
B．To get students more concerned about the environmental issue.
C．To find solutions to the environmental issue of Olympic Mountains.
D．To teach students how to conduct research about environment.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“she taught students...the emotional burdens of environmental studies...and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix—that ‘this is such an intractable problem that they’re going to be dealing with it for the rest of their lives.’”可知，她给学生讲环境研究的情感压力，她让她的24个学生面对没有简单的解决方法这个事实——这是“一个如此困难的问题以至于学生们将用他们的余生来解决它。”由此可知，Atkinson的课程目的是让学生们更加关注环境问题，故选B。
3．Which of the following words best explains “intractable” underlined in Paragraph 3?
A．Simple. B．Difficult.
C．Common. D．Interesting.
B 解析：词义猜测题。根据上文可知，Atkinson用美洲土著部落、科学家以及积极分子们的经历让她的24个学生面对没有简单的解决方法这个事实，并结合该句“this is such an intractable problem that they’re going to be dealing with it for the rest of their lives”可知，这是一个如此困难的问题以至于学生们将用他们的余生来解决它，故选B。
4．How did Atkinson’s class influence Dillon?
A．It made him work as a parttime volunteer for restoration projects.
B．It made him realize a planetwide climate disaster would happen.
C．It encouraged him to be more involved in environmental protection.
D．It discouraged him to work on restoration projects for the environment.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Six months into the work...discuss his concerns about a changing climate.”可知，Dillon在环保组织做了六个月志愿者之后，他认为在Atkinson的课堂上他可以讨论他对气候变化的担忧；由此可推知，Atkinson的课程鼓励Dillon参与环境保护，故选C。
B
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(2020·太原模拟)We’re often reminded of the importance of preserving the planet as we see it for future generations—and children at St Oswald’s CE Primary School Chester certainly agree.
Nineyearold Isobel Kelleher from the school’s Hummingbirds class thinks adults need to take note. “Sometimes they can be busy and I don’t think they think they can make a difference, but if everyone does a little bit it all adds up，” she tells HuffPost UK. “We started looking at plastic pollution in our oceans and the things like plastic bags that are polluting them，” she says. “Fish can eat the plastic and they can die, or we might even eat the fish ourselves.”
Mr. Timms, Isobel’s teacher, has been spearheading a new project at the school which lets children loose creatively to raise awareness of the need to be more environmentally friendly. The entire Hummingbirds class, which is made up of 9and 10yearold pupils, has been busy writing poems and creating online video adverts to warn adults about the serious situation of our oceans and wildlife.
Mr. Timms thinks children have an important role to play in teaching us how to take care of the things around us. “We sometimes overlook how much we can really learn from children，” he says. “It has been really hard to believe having parents come in saying that their children have been asking them to stop using plastic, and to recycle more, and even stopping them using plastic straws.”
Mr. Timms is proud of his Hummingbirds class. “The message that they would like to send to world is simple: stopping this isn’t someone else’s job, and it won’t be OK if we just leave it.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“蜂鸟班”积极响应一个环保教育项目。该班由九岁和十岁的学生组成，他们通过写诗和制作在线视频广告来提醒成年人注意环保问题。
5．What can we infer about adults according to Isobel Kelleher?
A．They just pretend to be busy.
B．They haven’t done their part well.
C．They can do nothing to stop pollution.
D．They have started to care about the ocean.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是第一句“Nineyearold Isobel Kelleher from the school’s Hummingbirds class thinks adults need to take note.”可知，学校“蜂鸟班”里九
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岁的伊泽贝尔认为成年人需要注意环保问题；据此可推知，成年人在环保问题上没有做得很好，故B项正确。
6．What is the purpose of the school project?
A．To help adults to learn more about their kids.
B．To remind adults to be friendly to the environment.
C．To persuade students to stop using plastic bags.
D．To teach students how to write poems creatively.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段尾句“The entire Hummingbirds class, which is made up of 9and 10yearold pupils, has been busy writing poems and creating online video adverts to warn adults about the serious situation of our oceans and wildlife.”可知，整个“蜂鸟班”由九岁和十岁的学生组成，他们一直忙着写诗和制作在线视频广告，提醒成年人海洋和野生动物所处的严重处境；据此可知，该项目旨在提醒成年人要注意环保问题，故B项正确。
7．Why does Mr. Timms mention parents in Paragraph 4?
A．To prove kids are creative in teaching.
B．To attract people to support his work.
C．To have adults care about education.
D．To show the effects of the project.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段尾句“It has been really hard to believe having parents come in saying that their children have been asking them to stop using plastic, and to recycle more, and even stopping them using plastic straws.”可知，真的很难相信有父母说孩子们要求他们停止使用塑料，甚至要求他们停止使用塑料吸管；据此可推知，该段提及父母旨在说明该项目对成年人的影响，故D项正确。
8．What is the text mainly about?
A．An inspiring school project.
B．An appeal to stop using plastic bags.
C．Serious situations of our planet.
D．Adults’ ignorance of the environment.
A 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第三段第一句“Mr. Timms, Isobel’s teacher, has been spearheading a new project at the school which lets children loose creatively to raise awareness of the need to be more environmentally friendly.”为全文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了“蜂鸟班”积极响应一个环保教育项目，该班由九岁和十岁的学生组成，他们通过写诗和制作在线视频广告，提醒成年人注意环保问题。故A项正确。
Ⅱ.七选五
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(2020·陕西部分学校摸底检测) Learning to set goals plays an important role as your child starts to gain independence. However, setting goals doesn’t come naturally to your child, so helping him to learn the process should probably be one of your goals.
Explain the word “goal”. Your child may know what a goal is when it comes to soccer, but he may not understand what it means in everyday life. 1.________
Listen to your child. Ideally, you want your child to be able to decide for himself what his goals are. 2.________ Let him talk about what he thinks he does well and what he thinks he needs to improve. If he’s stuck, you can provide some examples of your own personal goals.
Help keep goals achievable. Don’t throw cold water on your child. 3.________ For example, if your child wants to be a champion swimmer, but can’t swim an entire lap of the pool yet, you can suggest he start by making that his first goal.
4．________ Help your child write down his goals in an easytofollow form. Being able to see and check off the steps on the way to his goal is key in keeping him motivated. A really simple way is to have your child draw a ladder on a piece of paper, writing his goal at the top and each step to that goal on the rungs(梯级). 5.________
A．Change goals every so often.
B．Make a visual goal reminder.
C．Don’t always tell him what you think.
D．He’s climbing to the top as he gets closer to his goal.
E．You can take sports as an example to help explain it to him.
F．Once he has set up a goal, he may find it very difficult to achieve it.
G．When a goal is beyond his reach, help him break it down into smaller pieces.
【解题导语】 学会制定目标在孩子获得独立上起着重要的作用，本文给出了一些帮助孩子设定目标的建议。
1．E 解析：根据本段标题和空前的“Your child may know what a goal is when it comes to soccer”可知，在孩子不知道目标在日常生活中意味着什么时，可以通过运动的例子来解释什么是目标。故选E。
2．C 解析：根据本段标题和空前一句“Ideally, you want your child to be able to decide for himself what his goals are.”可知，要倾听孩子，让孩子决定他自己的目标是什么。故C项“不要总是告诉他你的想法”符合语境。
3．G 解析：根据下文的例子“if your child wants to be a champion swimmer, but
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can’t swim an entire lap of the pool yet, you can suggest he start by making that his first goal”可知，当孩子的目标实现不了的时候，可以帮助他把目标分解成一些更小的目标来完成。故选G。
4．B 解析：根据空处所在位置及文章结构可知，空处为段落小标题，再结合本段的内容可知，本段主要讲建立一个能够看得到的目标提醒物。故B项符合语境。
5．D 解析：根据空前一句“A really simple way is to have your child draw a ladder on a piece of paper, writing his goal at the top and each step to that goal on the rungs(梯级)．”可知，当孩子爬到了顶点，也就接近了目标，故选D。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·重庆七校联考)Pollution takes away all the beauty of the beaches of Hawaii. I hate to go to the beaches on 1.____________(sun) weekends and see rubbish bags lying on the sand, cigarette butts(烟头) 2.____________ (bury) in the sand, and soda cans floating in the ocean.
One thing that really annoys me is that I see 3.____________(tour)who visit Hawaii leave their rubbish on the beaches. I was always taught after drinking soda to throw the can into the place 4.____________ it should stay—the trash can. Another thing that annoys me is that some people walk right by rubbish 5.____________ pretend that it’s not there.
The dogs or the fish are not blame 6.____________ it. It’s our fault and we must blame 7.____________ (we)．Everyone has to do his or her part 8.____________(solve) this problem. It can’t be difficult to do the job. There are a lot of things that we can do. First of all, we can help pick up rubbish along the beaches. We could also form organizations that help clean up our beaches. More 9.____________(important), we need to start now before the beaches 10.____________(damage) beyond repair.
【解题导语】 本文主要讨论了海滩污染的问题。
1．sunny 解析：考查词形转换。修饰名词一般用形容词，故用形容词sunny修饰其后的名词weekends。
2．buried 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，bury和其逻辑主语cigarette butts 构成动宾关系，故用其过去分词形式作宾语补足语。
3．tourists 解析：考查词形转换。结合定语从句的关系词who可知，此处的先行词为表示人的名词，且定语从句中的谓语动词为复数，故用名词复数形式。
4．where 解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，修饰先行词the place，故填where。
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5．but 解析：考查连词。根据语境可知，空处前后存在逻辑上的转折关系，故用连词but。
6．for 解析：考查介词。此处考查固定词组be to blame for sth.“对某事负有责任”，故用介词for。
7．ourselves 解析：考查代词。与句子主语we呼应，此处应用反身代词ourselves作动词blame的宾语。
8．to solve 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词不定式，表目的。
9．importantly 解析：考查副词。副词一般修饰形容词、副词、动词，甚至整个句子，在句子中作状语。故用副词importantly，修饰整个句子。
10．are damaged 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，damage和主语the beaches之间是被动关系，根据该句中的“need”可知，此处叙述一般的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
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