2019届二轮复习短文语法填空专题词法篇—代词、冠词和介词课件（192张） 192页

　词法篇 — 代词 、冠词和介词 2019 届二轮 复习语法 专题 经典品味 　 洞察考向 专题精析 　 考点突破 内容索引 精选模拟 　 强化训练 经典品味　洞察考向 根据空格后的名词及上文中的 a lively three-month-old twin 可知要用形容词性物主代词。 考点一　代词 Ⅰ . 语法填空考点聚焦 考向 1 　人称、物主与反身代词 1.On my recent visit ， I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ( it) mother.(2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) 典题 试做 its 答案 解析 空格后面有名词 smog ，故要使用形容词性物主代词。 2.A few hours before ， I ’ d been at home in Hong Kong ， with (it) choking smog. Here ， the air was clean and fresh ， even with the rain . ( 2015· 全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 its 句意为：现在看来好像他的农场是非常有潜能的，奶牛的死也似乎给他带来了好运气。 It occurred to sb . that ... 某人突然想到 …… ，固定句型，此句型中 sb. 为宾语，应用宾格形式，故填 him 。 3.Now it occurred to ( he) that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(2015· 广东 ) 答案 解析 him 此题答案不唯一，要根据语境仔细揣摩。此处的 it 如果指前面的 suitcase 的话，那么此空需要使用名词性物主代词 mine ，表示 “ 那个箱子是我的 ” ；如果指前面的 anyone 的话，那么此空需要用 I 的宾格形式 me ，表示 “ 是我在上一站丢失了手提箱 ” 。 4.Then the driver stood up and asked ， “ Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop ？ ” A woman on the bus shouted ， “ Oh dear! It ’ s ________ ( I). ” (2014· 新课标全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 me/mine 根据语境可知，此处表示他 (the new boy) 摘下眼镜，故空格处指 those glasses ，作 take off 的宾语，且为复数形式，故填 them 。 5. “ Do you need those glasses for medical reasons ？ ” the teacher asked . The new boy shook his head...Then he took off ， gave a big smile and said ， “ That ’ s cool. ” (2012· 广东 ) 答案 解析 them 根据句意可知此处应该填入指代 leg 的代词。句意为：抬起腿，让它 (it) 在空中停一会儿。 考向 2 　 it 及替代词 1.Jonny ： Keep holding your position for a while . It helps develop your strength and flexibility . Raise your leg and let stay in the air for seconds.(2014· 辽宁 ) 答案 解析 it 从空后的 a wonderful holiday destination 可知，这个地方就是 Miami ，用 it 指代前面提到的地点。 2.Last year ， my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation.Some of my friends who had been there before said was a wonderful holiday destination.(2014· 广东 ) 答案 解析 it 句意为：在那个学生离开后，这位老师让另一位学生品尝泉水。 another 又一个，另一个。 考向 3 　不定代词 1.After the student left ， the teacher let student taste the water . ( 2010· 广东 ) 答案 解析 another 根据上文可知，空后的 us 指上文提到的 “ the man ” 和 “ I ” ，故此处指这使我们 “ 两个人 ” 都感到很好。 2.After a while I rose from my seat and walked to the front of the bus . I sat next to the man and introduced myself . We had an amazing conversation . He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home . I ’ m glad I made the choice . It made of us feel good.(2011· 广东 ) 答案 解析 both 考查形容词性物主代词的用法。根据前面的主语 we 可知，此处要用 our ，表示 “ 我们能够开阔我们的视野 ” 。 Ⅱ . 短文改错考点聚焦 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 考向 1 　指代不一致 1.If we go on a trip abroad ， we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.(2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 our 考查反身代词。根据句意，此处指 “ 我自己 ” 。 2.At first ， I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.(2016· 全国 Ⅲ ) 答案 解析 myself 3.When he came back ， I found a bunch of flowers in her hand . ( 2016· 四川 ) 由前面的 When he came back 可知，这束花是在 “ 他的 (his) ” 手里。 答案 解析 his 4.We must find ways to protect your environment . If we fail to do so ， we ’ ll live to regret it.(2015· 全国 Ⅰ ) our/the 依据前后句的语境及逻辑关系可知， your 与上下文相悖，结合句意应当改为 our/the 才能使句意通顺。 答案 解析 5.As I told you last time ， I made three new friends here... ， but I ’ m afraid I ’ ll lose their friendship . What do you think I should do? If you were me ， would you talk to him ？ Please help me and give me some advice .( 2015· 四川 ) 根据上文可知，此处指作者交的三个新朋友，故用 them 。句意为：你会和他们谈吗？ them 答案 解析 由句意可知，此处代替前面的单数 a beautiful park ， 故用 it 。 6.Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them .( 2015· 浙江 ) 答案 解析 it 根据句意及英语表达习惯，应当在 parents 前加上与主语 Tom 相一致的物主代词 his 。 考向 2 　代词的缺失与误用 1.Five minutes later ， Tony saw parents.(2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 ∧ his something 一般用在肯定句中，表示 “ 一些事 ” ； anything 一般用在疑问句和否定句中，表示 “ 任何事 ” 。 2.I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party . ( 2015· 陕西 ) 答案 解析 something 根据句意可知，此处指的是花费很多钱，代指不可数名词，故用 much 而非 many 。 3.It ’ s been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many .( 2015· 四川 ) 答案 解析 much 从后面的 “ they were like rain ” 可知，射出去的箭不止两支，因此应把 Neither 改为 None 。 4.Neither of the arrows hit the target . Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky—they were like rain ！ (2014· 陕西 ) 答案 解析 None set 的主语 which 指代 a deep voice ，而非 he ，故应用宾格 him 。 5.He had a deep voice ， which set himself apart from others in our small town ， and he was strong and powerful.(2013· 新课标全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 him 由句意可知， us 指的是前面提到的 “ 我 ” 和 “ 她 ” 两个人，故应用 both 。 6.After thinking for some time ， I let her copy my answers. But after the test ， all of us were called to the teacher ’ s office.(2013· 四川 ) 答案 解析 both 句意为：他拥有一个农场，这个农场看起来都快废弃了。 a 是不定冠词，表示泛指 “ 一个 ……” ，修饰可数名词单数。 考点二　冠词 Ⅰ . 语法填空考点聚焦 考向 1 　表特指的定冠词和表泛指的不定冠词 1.He owned farm ， which looked almost abandoned.(2015· 广东 ) 答案 解析 a on the top floor 在顶层。 2.She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on ____ top floor.(2014· 广东 ) 答案 解析 the 由上文中的关键词 twin ， one 可知这里考查 one...the other...( 一个 …… 另一个 …… ) 的用法。故答案为 the 。 考向 2 　固定结构中的冠词 1.On my recent visit ， I held a lively three-month-old twin...The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed ， other is with mum—she never suspects . ( 2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 the 让你的身体和思想休息一会儿。固定表达 for a while 一会儿。 2.Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while ， exercising ， or doing something you enjoy.(2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 a 空格之后为形容词的最高级形式，故填定冠词。 3.The adobe dwellings( 土坯房 ) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ____ most modern of architects and engineers.(2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 the a small amount of 少量的，为固定搭配。 4.In the beginning ， there was only very small amount of unfairness in the world ， but everyone added a little ， always thinking that it was only small and not very important ， and look where we have ended up today.(2013· 广东 ) 答案 解析 a 此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。 Ⅱ . 短文改错考点聚焦 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 考向 1 　冠词的遗漏 1.But in that case ， we will learn little about world.(2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 ∧ the at the end of 在 …… 结束时，为固定搭配。 2.Every time he arrived home at end of the day ， we ’ d greet him at the door.(2016· 浙江 ) 答案 解析 ∧ the 此处特指我们家的厨房。 3.I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen. ( 2016· 四川 ) 答案 解析 ∧ the in the countryside 在乡村，为固定短语。 4.Now I am living in a city ， but I miss my home in countryside.There the air is clean and the mountains are green.(2015· 全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 ∧ the in a hurry 匆匆忙忙，为固定短语。 5.On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.(2015· 浙江 ) 答案 解析 ∧ a as a result 结果，为固定搭配。故 as 后应加 a 。 6.As result ， the plants are growing everywhere.(2014· 新课标全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 ∧ a at first 固定短语。 考向 2 　冠词的多用 1.At the first ， I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.(2016· 全国 Ⅲ ) 答案 解析 此处为泛指，不表特指，故删除 the 。 2.There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.(2014· 新课标全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 表示谈话双方共知的名词前要用定冠词。 考向 3 　冠词的误用 1.He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop...he turned around and found his parents were missing.Tony was scared and began to cry.A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop .( 2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 the an average of... 平均有 …… ，为固定搭配。 2.Besides ， Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.(2014· 辽宁 ) 答案 解析 an 结合语境和常识可知，有火灾发生消防员才会来救火，故此处特指上文提到的 a fire ，应用定冠词 the 。 3.Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire.(2014· 四川 ) 答案 解析 the “ 学到了印象深刻的一课 ” ，故用不定冠词表 “ 泛指 ” ； impressive 以元音音素开头，故 a 应改为 an 。 4.That day I didn ’ t learn much about animals ， insects or trees ， but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity ！ (2014· 陕西 ) 答案 解析 an with one ’ s hands 用某人的手。介词 with 意为 “ 用 ” 。 考点三　介词 Ⅰ . 语法填空考点聚焦 考向 1 　常见介词的考查 1.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India ， for example ， most people traditionally eat their hands.(2016· 全国 Ⅲ ) 答案 解析 with “ for ＋时间段 ” 表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。 2.The mother continued to care for the young panda more than two years .( 2016· 四川 ) 答案 解析 for 根据句意可知，此处表示 “ 驱车只有一小时的路程 ” 。 “ by ＋交通工具名词 ” 表示乘坐交通工具，为固定短语。 3.For those who fly to Guilin ， it ’ s only an hour away ___ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015· 全国 Ⅰ ) by 答案 解析 根据文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此 Johnson 先生一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填 without 。 4.One day ， the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away ， she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons tried to make a living the cow . ( 2015· 广东 ) 答案 解析 without at a lower price 以较低的价格，故此处用介词 at 。 5.Nick replied ， “ The only reason a man would sell salt ( 1) a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect (2 ) ___ the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it. ” (2013· 广东 ) 答案 解析 for at 答案 解析 a lack of respect for the sweat and struggle 缺乏对汗水和努力的尊重。 考向 2 　介词短语中的介词 1.When a new day breaks ， the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day ： the same time ， they warm up again for the night.(2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) at the same time 意为 “ 同时 ” ，是一个常用的介词短语。 答案 解析 at 2.When the bus finally came ， we all hurried on board.I got a place next the window ， so I had a good view of the sidewalk . ( 2014· 新课标全国 Ⅱ ) 此处是一个固定短语 next to ，意为 “ 挨着 ” 。 答案 解析 to 考向 3 　动词短语中的介词 1.But my connection with pandas goes back my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s...(2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) go back to 为固定短语，意为 “ 回到，追溯到 ” 。 答案 解析 to 2.Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.(2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些时候的注意力更集中。 be focused on 专心于，集中于，为固定短语。 答案 解析 on 3.He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left . ( 2015· 广东 ) 句意为：他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。本句话中 exchange 的意思是交换，根据句意可知， Johnson 先生用牛奶换其他的食物。这里是用短语 exchange...for... ，故填介词 for 。 答案 解析 for 4.Peter ： OK . Don ’ t laugh me . I may look funny.(2014· 辽宁 ) laugh at 是固定搭配，意为 “ 嘲笑，取笑 ” 。 答案 解析 at 5.I didn ’ t understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged the reservation.(2014· 广东 ) 联系空后的 the reservation 可以知道， “ 我 ” 的信用卡已经为这次预订支付钱了。 be charged for 是固定搭配。 答案 解析 for Ⅱ . 短文改错考点聚焦 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 考向 1 　介词的遗漏 1.My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.(2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) 固定短语 dream of doing sth. 意为 “ 梦想做某事 ” 。 答案 解析 ∧ of 2.We can lie on the grass for a rest ， or sit by the lake listening music . ( 2014· 新课标全国 Ⅱ ) listen 为不及物动词，后跟名词时应该加上介词 to 。 答案 解析 ∧ to 3.We appreciate your apologies and goodwill ， but we hope that you can figure a good way of settling the matter.(2014· 辽宁 ) figure out 制定出，为固定短语。 答案 解析 ∧ out 4.If you hear the alarm ， stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.(2014· 四川 ) wait 为不及物动词，后面跟宾语时应加介词 for 。 答案 解析 ∧ for 5.Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket ， which was eventually found under a seat several rows from its owner.(2014· 浙江 ) search for 搜查；查找，为固定搭配。 答案 解析 ∧ for 考向 2 　介词的误用 1.While they chatted ， my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.(2016· 浙江 ) on the top of... 为固定搭配，意为 “ 在 …… 的上面 / 顶端 ” 。故 in 改成 on 。 答案 解析 on 2.Unfortunately ， on the development of industrialization ， the environment has been polluted.(2015· 全国 Ⅰ ) with the development of... 为固定短语，意为 “ 随着 …… 的发展 ” 。 答案 解析 with 3.One day ， little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.(2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) 玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词 in 。 答案 解析 in 4.My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass .(2015· 浙江 ) be make from 和 be made of 都意为 “ 由 …… 制成 ” ，但 be made of 是指从制成品中能直接看出原材料； be made from 则不能直接看出原料。此处表示教室的三面都是玻璃制成的，能够看出原材料，故用 be made of 。 答案 解析 of 考向 3 　介词的多用 1.Dad cleaned the house ， and then went on shopping.(2016· 四川 ) go shopping 去购物， go on shopping 继续购物。 答案 解析 2.My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015· 陕西 ) last week 上个星期，前面无需加介词。 答案 解析 3.Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015· 四川 ) 动词 help 为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故删除 with 。句意为：请帮帮我，给我一些建议。 答案 解析 一、代词、冠词和介词在语法填空中的考查 1. 代词在语法填空中考查指示代词、不定代词以及 it 的用法时，无提示词；而考查人称代词、物主代词与反身代词的词形变换时，则常给出提示词 。 应对策略 (1) 当句子缺主语或宾语时，填代词。要根据语境，看该空格是指人还是指物，是指男性还是女性，是单数还是复数。为了避免重复， it ， one(s) ， that ， those 都可以用来替代上文出现的名词，要注意它们的不同用法。 it 可以用来代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。还要注意不定代词 one ， both ， neither ， nor ， all ， none ， either ， another 等的用法 。 完全 解读 (2) 如果是物主代词 ( 表示某人的 ) ，作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词；在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词；反身代词反指谁，它通常作主语和宾语的同位语，这时人称上应与主语或宾语保持一致；也可作某些动词或介词的宾语，这时人称上需与主语保持一致 。 2. 冠词是位于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。语法填空中，重点考查冠词的基本用法。另外冠词活用及习惯搭配是考查难点。 应对 策略 在名词或 “ 形容词＋名词 ” 前缺少限定词时，要考虑冠词。不定冠词 a/an 表示泛指，可译作 “ 一个 / 件 / 本 / 座 / ……” 等；定冠词 the 表示特指，相当于 “ 这，这些，那，那些 ” 。另外要注意：特指上文出现的或谈话双方都知道的人或事物用 the ；在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的事物名词之前，用 the 。 3. 在语法填空中，常考表示方位、时间、地点、方式、原因、计量、材料等的介词，以及习惯用语中的介词。 应对 策略 如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是填介词。其次，还要注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。 二、代词、冠词和介词在短文改错中的考查 1. 高考短文改错中，对于代词的考查常会涉及人称不一致、代词混用或漏掉代词等方面的错误 。 应对策略 对于代词的考查，要注意以下几点： (1) 顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文，还要注意人称一致、单复数一致以及性别的一致等； (2) 注意人称代词格的误用，以及物主代词、反身代词或疑问代词等的错用； (3) 系统掌握 it 的各种用法； (4) 准确把握不定代词在文中的正确使用 。 2. 短文改错中对于冠词的考查常涉及漏掉冠词、冠词错用与冠词多余这三种情况。 应对策略 判定冠词的方法： (1) 根据泛指和特指。若泛指 “ 一个 ” ，再根据单词的第一个音素来判定用 a 还是 an ；若特指，用 the 。 (2) 根据固定搭配。注意固定搭配中不能多用或少用冠词。 3. 短文改错中对于介词的考查常会涉及介词误用、漏掉介词或介词多余的情况。 应对策略 (1) 如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是缺少介词。 (2) 注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。 (3) 不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如 next year 常写成 in next year 。 (4) 某些及物动词短语中介词缺失，如 look (at) ， listen (to) ， take care (of) 等 。 (5) 有些及物动词多加了介词，如 enter the room 常写成 enter into the room ， return my book 常写成 return back/to my book 等。 ( 6) 注意分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能 。 专题精析　考点突破 专题 2 　冠词 专题 1 　代词 专题 3 　介词 专题 1 　代词 ◆ 代词的分类 代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词和不定代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用 。 ◆ 代词的核心考点 1. 人称代词 (1) 人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下五种情况： ① 作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格 。 —Susan ， go and join your sister cleaning the yard. —Why me ？ John is sitting there doing nothing . ② 句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。 This is our new car.I bought it yesterday.( 用 it 代替 our new car) ③ 作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。 I met her in the hospital. → It was her who I met in the hospital . ④ 在比较级的句子中 than ， as 后用主格、宾格都可以。如： He is taller than me (I). 但在下列句子中有区别： I like Jack as much as her. ＝ I like both Jack and her . I like Jack as much as she. ＝ I like Jack and she likes him ， too. ⑤ 用来表示感叹时，用代词的宾格代替主格形式。 Dear me ! ( 2) 两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则： 在并列主语中， “ I ” 总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一 ( 人称 ) 。宾格 me 也一样。 You ， she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him . 2. 物主代词 (1) 注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。 (2)one ’ s own... ＝ ...of one ’ s own 的转换。 (3) 某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。 take sb . by the arm ， be wounded in the leg 3. 反身代词 (1) 反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语及主语或宾语的同位语。 (2) 反身代词和某些动词连用，构成固定短语。 devote oneself to 致力于 dress oneself 自己穿衣 enjoy oneself 过得 快乐 feel oneself 觉得身体 正常 (3) 反身代词还可用于某些成语中。 for oneself 为自己；独立 地 of oneself 自然地；自动地 by oneself 独自 地 in oneself 本身 4. 相互代词 (each other ， one another) 相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为 each other ’ s ， one another ’ s ，用作定语。 一般来说， each other 指两者之间， one another 指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。 5. 指示代词 (this ， that ， these ， those ， such ， same) 指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。 (1) 指示代词 this (these) 和 that (those) 的区别。 ① this (these) 一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物； that (those) 常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。 This is my desk and that is yours. In those days women could not go to school. ② this 常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用； that 则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。 I want to tell you this ： the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday . That ’ s why he didn ’ t come. ③ 为了避免重复，常用 that 或 those 代替前面已提过的名词。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox . ④ this 在电话用语中用于作自我介绍； that 用于询问对方； this 和 that 还可以当副词用，意思相当于副词 so 。 Hello . This is Lily speaking . Who ’ s that? Can hard work change a person that much? (2)such 和 same 的用法。 ① such 指 “ 这样的 ” 人或事，在句中作主语和定语。 Such was the story. We have never seen such a tall building . ② same 指 “ 同样的 ” 人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语， same 的前面要用定冠词 the 。 The same can be said of the other article. Whether he can do it or not ， it is all the same to me. 6. 疑问代词 (who ， whom ， which ， what ， whose) 疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 (1)who/what ① 询问姓名或关系。 —Who is he? —He is my brother./He is Henry. 询问职业或地位。 —What is he? —He is a lawyer/teacher. ② what/who 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。 What is/are on the table? Who is/are in the library? (2)which 与 who ， what which 表示在一定范围内，而 who ， what 则无此限制。 I found two books on the desk . Which is yours? 7. 连接代词和关系代词 连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有 who ， whom ， whose ， what ， which 以及它们与 -ever 合成的代词 whoever ， whomever ， whatever ， whichever 等。它们用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，由连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加 that 。 关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括 who ， whom ， whose ， which ， that 等。这两类代词的用法详见 “ 名词性从句 ” 和 “ 定语从句 ” 部分 。 8. 不定代词 不定代词主要有： all ， each ， every ， both ， either ， neither ， one ， none ， little ， few ， many ， much ， other ， another ， some ， any ， no 等。还有由 some ， any ， no 和 every 构成的合成代词。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等 (every ， no 只能作定语 ) 。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别： (1)some 与 any 一般用法： some ， any 可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连用。 some 一般用于肯定句， any 多用于疑问、否定或条件句。 特殊用法： ① any 用于肯定句表示 “ 任何 ” 。 Any child can do that.( 定语 ) You may take any of them.( 宾语 ) ② some 用于单数可数名词前表示 “ 某一 ” 。 Smith went to some place in England.( 定语 ) ③ 在期待对方回答 yes 时， some 用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Mum ， could you give me some money ？ ( 请求 ) Would you like some bananas ？ ( 邀请 ) ④ some 用于否定句表示部分否定。 I don ’ t know some of the students.( 宾语 ) ⑤ some 和 any 还有副词的词性，在句中可作状语。 some 意为 “ 大约 ” ，相当于 about ；而 any 则表示程度，意为 “ 稍微，丝毫 ” 。 There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today? (2)one ， both ， all ① one 作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示 “ 一个 ” ，其复数为 ones ；指人时，其所有格是 one ’ s ，反身代词是 oneself 。 One should try one ’ s best to serve the people.( 主语、定语 ) This is not the one I want.( 表语 ) ② one ， ones 可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复。 one ， ones 前面分别可以用： this ， that ； these ， those 或 the ， which 等词修饰。 Here are three pens . Which one is yours ， this one or that one or the one in the pencil case? These books are more interesting than those ones. ③ both 用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示 “ 两者都 ” 。 注意： both 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用 neither 。 Both of us are not teachers. 我们俩并不都是教师。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师 。 both 不能放在 the ， these ， those ， my 等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如： Both my parents like this film. Both the boys are tall. ④ all 用作主语、表语、宾语、定语或同位语，指 “ 全部的；整个的 ” ，可与可数或不可数名词连用；除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用；与复数名词连用时，表示 “ 所有的，全部的 ” ，指三个或三个以上的人或物。 注意： all 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定用 none 。 Not all the ants go out for food.(or ： All the ants don ’ t go out for food .) 并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去觅食 。 None of the money is mine. 这钱一分也不是我的。 (3)many 和 much many 和 much 都表示 “ 许多 ” ，但 many 修饰或代替复数可数名词， much 修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。 much 有时用作状语。 (4)few ， little ， a few ， a little few 和 little 表示 “ 没有多少 ” ，含否定意义；而 a few 和 a little 表示 “ 有一些，有几个 ” ，含肯定意义。另外， few ， a few 修饰可数名词； little ， a little 修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语 。 (5)no 和 none no ＝ not any ，表示 “ 没有 ” ，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语。 none 代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。 none 还可以在句中作宾语。 注意： none 既可以指人又可以指物， no one 只能指人 。 (6)each 和 every each( 各个 ) ，指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语； every( 每个 ) ，指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。 Each of them has been there.( 主语 ) The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.( 宾语 ) We each got a ticket.( 同位语 ) Each student in our class has a dictionary.( 定语，强调各个个体 ) Every student in our class has a dictionary.( 定语，强调班上 “ 所有的人 ” ) (7)either 和 neither either 是 “ 两者中任何一个 ” 的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词； neither 是 “ 两者中没有一个 ” 的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句中作主语、宾语或定语。 Here are two pens . You may take either of them.( 宾语 ) Neither boy knows French.( 定语 ) 注意 ： ① either 用作副词，意为 “ 也 ” ，用于否定句的句末。 He doesn ’ t like tea ， and I don ’ t either.( 状语 ) ② either 与 or 连用构成连词，意为 “ 不是 …… 就是 ……” 或 “ 要么 …… 要么 ……” 。 He is either Japanese or Chinese . ③ neither 用作副词，意为 “ 也不 ” ，即 “ not...either ” 。 He can ’ t do it ， neither can I . ④ neither 可与 nor 连用构成连词，意为 “ 既不 …… 也不 ……” 。 Neither he nor you are a student . (8)the other 和 another ， the others 和 others ① the other 表示 “ 两者中的另一个 ” ； “ the other ＋复数可数名词 ” 及 the others 表示 “ 其他的全部人或物 ” 。 others 及 “ other ＋复数名词 ” 泛指 “ 其他的 ( 别的 ) 人或物 ” 。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。 He got two books ； one is a textbook ， and the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red ； the others (the other pens) are yellow. Some are singing ； others are dancing . ② another 修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为 “ ( 三者或三者以上的 ) 另一个 ” ，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。 This coat is too dark . Please show me another.( 宾语 ) Please give me another book.( 定语 ) 注意： another 修饰复数名词时，意为 “ 再，又 ” 。 Please give me another ten minutes. ＝ Please give me ten more minutes . Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1. “ It ’ s a tiring job.I have to work whenever there are dogs at home ， and no time to enjoy (I ). 2.Jack and Tom are good friends and are in the same class. 3.When living overseas in a place where people speak a different language ， can be difficult to make yourself understood. 4.I sa w Ann in the market ； at least ， I thought it was . myself they it her 题组训练 5.The cost of renting a house in central Xi ’ an is higher than in any other area of the city. 6.To stay awake ， he finished a cup of coffee and ordered . 7.Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him ， but of them wants to ， because they have work to do. 8.I got this bicycle for ： My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one. that another neither nothing Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1.Yesterday afternoon ， I paid a visit to Mr . Johnson.I was eager to see him ， but outside her room I stopped. 2.Dad lost his job ， and as Mom explained ， “ He was lucky to find other one. ” 3.Mother ’ s Day is coming . I ’ m sorry that I am abroad and can ’ t send your flowers ， so I ’ m writing to you. his another you 4.It is such a great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of me who is going to Beijing. 5.I knew that they would be worried about myself because I was so far away ， and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. mine me Ⅲ . 语法填空 ( 代词专练 ) I can ’ t believe I made 1 . into San Francisco at last! This morning ， I went to the airport by 2. ( I) to catch my 10 ： 00 a.m.flight.I got there early to go through security.Since I had an electronic ticket ， 3 . was more convenient ， I then went straight to the boarding gate.When I got there ， I couldn ’ t believe 4 . ears—it was announced that the flight was put off for two hours! it myself which my I made a decision to look at the flight monitors to see 5 . __________ there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.I saw that there was 6. ________ flight that will leave in 40 minutes ， so I ran to the boarding gate of 7 . flight.When I got there ， I asked the gate agent if I could get on that flight instead.She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait for my name to be called if 8 . had a seat available.So ， I waited ， and waited ， and waited.9 . the passengers were waiting impatiently. if/whether another that they All The gate agent began calling out names.Guess what ？ I found 10 . _______ was behind me.The last name called was 11. .The last seat left on the plane was a middle seat and I usually prefer 12. ____ near a window ， but I was just happy to get on board.I didn ’ t want my vacation to get delayed because of a late flight. nobody mine one ◆ 书面表达中代词易错点聚焦 1. 主格、宾格混乱 ( 误 )You and us should join hands to do it. ( 正 )You and we should join hands to do it. 2. 语序错误 ( 误 ) I and my family all like playing golf. ( 正 ) My family and I all like playing golf. 3. 称谓指代混乱 ( 误 )Everyone should take an umbrella with yourself . ( 正 )Everyone should take an umbrella with himself or herself . 专题 2 　冠词 ◆ 冠词的类别 泛指 不定冠词 a 一个 ... ；一类 ...( 单数名词前 ) 可数名词泛指时用 a 或 an an 一个 ... ；一类 ...( 单数名词前 ) 　 零冠词 一类 ( 复数名词或不可数名词前 ) 复数可数名词、不可数名词泛指时不用冠词 特指 定冠词 the 单数名词、复数名词、不可数名词前均可 无论可数名词、不可数名词特指时都用 the ◆ 不定冠词的核心考点 1. 表示数量 “ 一 ” ，相当于 “ one ” 。 I ’ ll return in a day or two. 2. 表示 “ 同一 ” ，相当于 “ the same ” 。 The children are of an age. 3. 表示泛指或类指，指人或事物的某一个或某一类。 He wants to be a doctor. A dog is a faithful animal. 4. 用于首次提到的单数可数名词前。 Yesterday I bought a novel.It cost me 30 yuan . 5. 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等的单位前，表示 “ 每一 ” 。 We have meals three times a day. 6. 用于专有名词前表示类似的一个或某一个，相当于 “ a certain ” 。 A Mr . Li is asking to see you. 7. 与某些物质名词或抽象名词连用，表示 “ 一种 / 一类 / 一份 / 一场 / 一阵 / ……” 。 There is a heavy rain yesterday. He gave us a big surprise. 8. 用于序数词前表示 “ 又一，再一 ” 。 He wanted to try a second time. 9. 表示季节、月份、日期、三餐的名词前有修饰语时，前面可用不定冠词。 We have a warm winter this year. This evening I had a big supper. 10. 用在某些固定词组中。 have a swim 　　　　 all of a sudden once in a while as a result (of) in a hurry as a whole at a time ◆ 定冠词的核心考点 1. 用于上文提到过的人或事物前。 I have bought a book . The book is very useful. 2. 用于说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物前。 Close the window ， please. 3. 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前，如： the sun 。 4. 用于表示方位的名词之前，如： in the east 。 5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前，如： the first ， the most interesting 。 6. 用于 “ the ＋比较级， the ＋比较级 ” 中，表示 “ 越 …… 越 ……” 。 The more ， the better. 7. 用于表示两者相比 “ 较 …… 的那个人或物 ” 的比较级形式前。 Of the two students ， Mary is the cleverer. 8. 用于形容词之前，使其名词化，表示一类人，如： the old ， the poor ， the dead 。 9. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词 ( 如国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸、会议、条约等的名称 ) 之前，如： the Great Wall ， the United States 等。 10. 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛等名词之前，如： the West Lake 。 11. 用于复数姓氏之前，表示 “ 夫妇 ” 或 “ 全家 ” ，如： the Whites 。 12. 用于作为课程或演奏等的西洋乐器名词前，如： play the piano ， play the violin 。 13. 用于表示单位的名词前，如： by the day 。 14. 用于年代、朝代、时代名词前，如： in the 1970s 。 15. 用于某些固定词组中，如： all the time ， at the age of ， in the end ， by the way ， in the form of 等。 ◆ 不用冠词的情况 1. 不含普通名词的专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词，如： China ， America 。 2. 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。 Einstein ’ s theory proved to be correct. 3. 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词，如： March ， on Sunday ， have supper 。 4. 称呼语前不加冠词。 What shall I do next ， Mother ? 5. 表示独一无二的头衔、职务名词作表语、同位语或补足语时，一般不加冠词。 6. 学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。 7. 复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时，其前不加冠词。 8. 在与 by 连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。 9. 连系动词 turn 后的表语单数可数名词前不加冠词。 The young worker has turned writer. 10.as ， though 引导的倒装让步状语从句中的表语 ( 单数可数名词 ) 置于句首时不加冠词。 Child as he is ， he knows a lot . 11. 某些固定词组中不加冠词，如： husband and wife ， arm in arm 。 注意下列词组的区别： go to school 去 上学 go to the school 到学校去 ( 不一定是去上学 ) go to/be at church 去做礼拜 / 在 做礼拜 go to/be at the church 去 / 在教堂 ( 不一定是做礼拜 ) go to bed 就寝，上床 睡觉 go to the bed 向床走去，走到床前 ( 不一定是去睡觉 ) go to sea 出海 ( 是海员 ) go to the sea 去海边 ( 不一定是海员 ) be in hospital 在 住院 be in the hospital 在医院里 ( 不一定是病人 ) be in prison 在坐 牢 be in the prison 在监狱 ( 不一定是犯人 ) in front of 在 …… ( 外部 ) 的 前面 in the front of 在 …… ( 内部 ) 的前面 ) sit at table 吃饭 sit at the table 坐在桌旁 ( 不一定是吃饭 ) by day 在 白天 by the day 按天计算 take place 发生 take the place of 代替 in possession of sth. 拥有某 物 in the possession of sb. 为某人所拥有 in sight of 能看见， 看得见 in the sight of 在 …… 看来；从 …… 观点来看 Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1.There is constant beat in rap songs . The beat accounts for the popularity of rap music in clubs. 2.Last weekend ， I was travelling home from Bangalore . There was __ distinct lack of buses ， so I thought I would escape the crowd and go for refreshment . I decided to go to a hotel near the bus stand. 3.The International Red Cross/Red Crescent exists to help the victims of conflicts and disasters regardless of their nationality . symbol of the organization was originally just the red cross . a a The 题组训练 4.There are lots of experiences in our lives . most unforgettable one for me is the speech competition which was held last year . 5.We have opened up clothing shop called “ Gifts of Grace ” and advertised free clothing for anyone who has the need. 6.Guinness World Records editor Graig Glenday says ， “ This is ___ extraordinary world -record attempt that shows both spiritual dedication and true passion . ” The a an 7.One day in particular ， a finely dressed gentleman stood outside the rich man ’ s door and said ， “ You ’ ve given me second chance at life . With your generous gift ， I was able to invest the money and pull myself out of poverty. ” 8.You should also be prepared to make changes in the diet and get accustomed to local foods and the limited selection of familiar foods in the stores and restaurants . a the Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1.Finally ， there was a sudden pull at the pole and fish was caught. 2.The teacher was angry because we had same answers in the test. 3.I ’ ll take this chance to wish you wonderful time on your birthday . 4.My mother is very kind and is friendly to everybody . So when I have the problem I will turn to her for help . ∧ a ∧ the ∧ a a 5.I still remember when I was child ， you always held me in your arms and told me stories till I fell asleep. 6.In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry. 7.It is such wonderful film that we all enjoy it. 8.Therefore ， I told them interesting stories and how I was enjoying Brazil . As a result ， nobody knew truth. I still think that it was the right thing to do. ∧ a ∧ a ∧ a ∧ the 9.Many countries in the world find they don ’ t have enough water.To deal with a problem ， I think ， we should first go all out to plant trees because trees will help save water. 10.When ， however ， on Monday ， January 16 ， a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was shown on television ， there was the immediate increase in reports of sightings from all parts of the States. the/this/that an Ⅲ . 语法填空 ( 冠词专练 ) I came to study in the United States 1 . year ago.Yet I did not know 2 . ___ real American society until I was injured in a car accident because after 3 . accident I had to see a doctor and go to court. After the accident ， my roommate called 4 . doctor for me.I was very thankful and decided to repay him one day.But 5 . next day ， he asked me to pay him 200 for what he had done.I was astonished.He had good reasons to charge me ， he said.And if I wanted to collect money from 6 . ___ person who was responsible for my injury ， I ’ d have to have 7 . good lawyer.Now that he had helped me to find a good doctor ， it was only fair that I should pay him. a the the a the the a But every time I went to see 8 . doctor ， I had to wait about 50 minutes.He would see three or four patients at 9 . same time ， and often stop treating one so as to see another.Yet he charged me 115 each time.10 . final examination report only contained ten lines ， but it cost me 215. the the The ◆ 书面表达中冠词易错点聚焦 由于受到汉语的干扰，冠词错用或遗漏是我们中国学生在写作中的常见错误类型之一。存在的误区有以下几种： 1. 对抽象名词具体化的应用判断失误 ( 误 )The Christmas evening party was success . ( 正 )The Christmas evening party was a success . 2. 冠词在一些固定结构中的误用 ( 误 ) Mrs . Taylor has an eight- year -old daughter who has the gift for painting—she has won two national prizes. ( 正 ) Mrs . Taylor has an eight-year- old daughter who has a gift for painting—she has won two national prizes . ( 误 ) Our teacher is kind to us and he often has words with us . ( 正 ) Our teacher is kind to us and he often has a word with us. 3. 冠词表示类别和不用冠词时的易错点 ( 误 )In many places of China ， a bicycle is still the popular means of transportation. ( 正 )In many places of China ， the bicycle is still a popular means of transportation. 专题 3 　介词 ◆ 介词的句法功能 1. 介词不能单独使用，但 “ 介词＋宾语 ” 构成的介词短语可在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。 2. 介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词＋不定式、 wh- 从句等 。 ◆ 介词的核心考点 介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词 ( 或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等 ) 构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如 at ， in ， for 等；合成介词，如 within ， inside ， onto ， throughout 等；短语介词，如 according to ， out of ， because of ， by means of ， in spite of ， instead of 等；双重介词，如 from behind /above/ under 等；分词介词，如 considering ， including ， judging (from/by) 等。 1. 介词搭配 (1) “ 动词＋介词 ” 搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 ① rob sb . of sth./clear the road of snow( 表示 “ 夺去，除去 ” 意义的动词与 of 连用 ) ② supply us with food/fill the glass with wine( 表示 “ 供给 ” 意义的动词与 with 连用 ) ③ make a desk of wood /make bread from flour/ make the material into a coat( 表示 “ 制作，制造 ” 意义的动词与 of ， from ， into 连用 ) ④“ 介词＋ the ＋部位 ” 与动词的关系 ( ＝动词＋ sb. ’ s ＋部位，可换用 ) strike him on the head( 表示 “ 击；拍；碰；摸 ” 意义的动词与 on 连用 ) catch him by the arm( 表示 “ 抓；拉；拿；扯 ” 意义的动词与 by 连用 ) hit the boy in the face( 表示 “ 肚；胸；眼；脸 ” 等人体前部的器官名词与 in 连用 ) ⑤ prevent(stop ， keep) sb . from doing sth.( 表示 “ 阻止，禁止 ” 意义的动词与 from 连用 ) ⑥ persuade(advise ， warn) sb . into doing sth.( 表示 “ 说服；建议；警告 ” 意义的动词与 into 连用 ) ⑦ buy(leave ， get ， win ， gain ， lose) sth . for sb.( 表示 “ 得失 ” 意义的动词与 for 连用 ) ⑧ tell(show ， teach ， sing ， write ， read) sth . to sb.( 表示 “ 告知 ” 意义的动词与 to 连用 ) ⑨ give(allow ， promise ， pass ， hand) sth . to sb.( 表示 “ 授予 ” 意义的动词与 to 连用 ) 注意： ⑦⑧⑨ 可换成 buy sb . sth . ， tell sb . sth . ， give sb . sth . 双宾结构。 ⑩ say to sb.(suggest ， explain ， apologize ， murmur ， whisper 等与 “ 对象 ” 连用必须用 to) 不可说 suggest sb . sth . 。 (2) 同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。 reply to the letter 回信， sing/dance to the music 和着 音乐唱 / 跳， amount to 达到，加起来有 …… ， devote to 把 …… 贡献给， drink to 为 …… 干杯， object to 反对， look forward to 渴望， come to 苏醒， belong to 属于， search for 搜 …… ， ask for 请求， use...for 把 …… 用作， leave for 前往 …… ， take...for 把 …… 误以为， call for 要求， wait for 等待， care for 喜欢， make up for 弥补， turn to 求助 / 救于， help oneself to 随意， agree to 同意， compare ... to 把 …… 比作， send for 派人去请 / 拿 …… ， sail for 驶向，起航， set out for 动身去， go in for 爱好 …… (3) 常见的 “ 形容词＋介词 ” 搭配。 worthy of 值得的， be far from 离 …… 远， be grateful to sb . for sth. 为某事感激某人， be free from 没有 …… / 免除 …… ， be proud of/take pride in 为 …… 自豪， be satisfied with/by 对 …… 满意， be sure of/about 确信， be fond of 喜欢， be fit for 适合， be busy with sth./in doing sth. 忙着做某事， be full of 充满， be ready for 准备， be similar to 与 …… 相似 (4) “ 名词＋介词 ” 习惯搭配和意义区分。 the absence of water 缺水 the hope of success 成功的希望 have a chance of/for entering college 上大学的 机会 take pride in them 为他们感到骄傲 the key to the question 问题的 答案 a medicine for cough 治咳嗽的药 the ticket for tomorrow 明天的 票 his absence in Beijing 他去了 北京 from Beijing 他不在北京 the way to study 学习方法 of studying maths 学习数学的方法 2. 核心介词用法归纳与辨析 (1) 表示时间的介词 in 的用法如下。 表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词 in ，如： in the 1990s ， in the year ， in January ， in (the) winter / summer / fall/spring ， in the first week of May 。 还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如： in a while ， in no time ， in the daytime ， in a short while ， in time ， in the morning(afternoon ， evening) 。 注意： ① at night/at noon ， in the day( 在白天 ) ， in the night( 在夜间 ) 。 ② in five days(weeks ， months ， years) 中 in 意为 “ 在 …… 以后 ” 。 ( 2) 在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用 on 。 on Sunday(s) ， on Tuesday morning on Christmas Day( 但 at Christmas) ， on Christmas Eve ， on Children ’ s Day on March 8 ， on the morning(afternoon ， evening) of Oct.1 early on the morning of Oct.1( 区别： in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night ， on warm winter days (3) 表示某一时刻或某一时间点用 at ，如小时、分钟等。 at breakfast(supper ， lunch) ， at six at noon(sunrise ， sunset ， midday ， night ， midnight ， dawn) at the age of 15 ， at the time of war( 但 in time of danger/trouble) 注意： ① 有些时间名词前不接介词，如 next day ， last Sunday ， that morning ， these years 。 ② one ， each ， any ， every ， some ， all 修饰时间名词时，一般不用介词，如 some day ， one day ， all afternoon 。 (4)till ， until 的用法。 till(until) 与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。 He waited for me till twelve o ’ clock. He didn ’ t get up till(until) 10 a.m. 注意： 在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用 till 而用 until 。 Not until 9 a.m . did Mr . Smith come back to school. (5)in ， later ， after 的用法。 ① in ＋一段时间：表示说话时为起点的一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示 “ 在 …… 之内 ” 时，用于各种时态。 ② 一段时间＋ later(later 是副词 ) ：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。 ③ after ＋一段时间：表示 “ 在 …… 之后 ” ，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用 after ，即 after ＋点时间，用于各种时态。 The doctor will be with us in six minutes. She graduated in 1981 ， and eight years later she became the manager of the factory . He received her letter after four weeks . 另外 ， in ＋一段时间＋ ’ s ＋ time 与 within ＋一段时间的用法如下： in a week ’ s time ＝ in a week They will arrive in three days ’ time.( 与将来时连用 ) My brother ’ s birthday is in two weeks ’ time.( 作表语 ) I ’ ll finish the book within two weeks.(within ＝ in less than... 用于各种时态，意为 “ 不超出，在 …… 之内 ” ) (6) 地点介词 at ， on ， in ， to ， off ， across ， through ， over ， above ， under ， below 。 ① at 在较小的场所， in 在较大的场所， on 在 …… 的平面上。如 at the airport ， at the station ， at 55 Park Street ， in China ， in the north ， in Asia ， on the desk ， on the wall 等。 ② on ， at ， in ， off 还可以表示两地的相对位置。若 A 地属于 B 地，用 in ； A 地位于 B 地的外面且有边缘衔接，用 on ；无边缘的衔接，用 to ； A 在 B 附近，用 off 。 Japan lies to the east of China.( 范围之外 ) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.( 范围之内 ) Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.( 毗邻 ) The island lies off the coast of China.( 相隔一定距离 ) ③ across 在物体表面 “ 穿过 ” ； through 则表示在三维空间内部 “ 穿过 ” 。 They walked across the playground. I walked through the forest . ④ over ， above 译作 “ 在 …… 之上 ” ； under ， below 译作 “ 在 …… 的下面 ” ，其区别在于 over ， under 表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而 above ， below 则表示一般的 “ 高于 ” 或 “ 低于 ” ，不一定是垂直 “ 在上 ” 或 “ 在下 ” 。 A little boat is now under the bridge. There is a bridge over the river. The sun sinks below the horizon( 地平线 ). The window is well above the tree. (7) 表示方式、手段、工具的介词。 ① by the year/hour/day 按年 / 小时 / 天。如： He rents a house by the year(day ， hour).( 但 to the pound 按磅算， to the ton 按吨计 ) 。 ② 表泛指的方式、手段 by post/mail 邮寄， by telephone(radio)( 但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV) ， by electricity 用电， by machinery 用电器， by hard work ， learn sth. by heart ， through the satellite ， through practice ， through his own efforts ， through experience ， through the telescope 交通工具类 by bus /train/ car/taxi by bike /bicycle ， on horseback/ foot by plane /jet/ spaceship/air by ship /boat/ lifeboat /sea/ water 另外： by means of 用 …… 方法； by way of 经由，取道于，用 …… 方法； with the help(permission) of sb./with sb. ’ s help(permission) 在某人的帮助 ( 许可 ) 下 。 ③ 表方式、手段的其他用法 He beat the dog with a stick.(with ＋工具 / 器械 ) One smells with his nose.(with ＋人体器官，但 by hand 手工，用手 ) He stood up with pride.(with ＋情绪、情感、态度的名词 ) 注意 ：使用语言、材料、文字等用 in 。如： in English(ink ， pencil) 。 (8) 表示 “ 除 …… 之外 ” 的常用词。 ① besides 除 …… 以外 ( 还有 ) 。作副词时意为 “ 而且，更何况 ” 。 There will be five of us for dinner ， besides John. It was too late to see a film ， and besides ， I was tired. ② except 除去，除 …… 之外 ( 不再有 ) 。 We all went except John. 注意： 在否定句中， besides 与 except 可以换用。 He has no other hats except/besides this one. ③ except for 除了 …… ( 对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明 ) ，后接名词、代词或 what 从句，此时与 “ except that ＋句子 ” 意思相同。 He was very clever except for carelessness. ④ except that... 除了 …… 一点以外。 He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. ⑤ but 与 except but 和 except 在表示 “ 除了 …… 以外 ” 时可以通用，但应注意以下三点： (A) 前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用 but 。 All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships. (B) 后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用 but 。 He has nothing to do but wait.( 前有 do ，后省 to) (C)but 与一些固定结构连用。 have no choice but to do sth. 只得做某事， can not but do sth. 不得不做某事， can not help but do sth. 不得不做某事， but for... 若不是 …… (9)between 与 among ① between 通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。 Ann is between Tom and Bill. Switzerland lies between France ， Germany ， Australia and Italy. They soon finished the work between themselves.( 共同，合作 ) She was busy between cooking ， washing ， sewing and looking after the baby.( 表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那 ) A horse can be seen between trees now . ② among 表示三者以上之间。 The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills. He was happy to be among friends again. We must agree among ourselves.( 一起，共同 ) London is among the largest cities.( ＝ one of 与最高级连用 ) (10) 表原因的介词 ( 短语 )for ， because of ， due to 。 He didn ’ t come to the meeting because of his illness. The reason for his coming late is that he was ill. He was praised for his bravery and courage. The accident is due to your careless driving. (11) 不定式的复合结构中的 for ， of 。 这里所说的不定式的复合结构形式指的是 for 或 of 加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。 It is clever of you to answer it like that. It is quite hard for me to explain why. 注意： it is ＋ adj . ＋ of/for sb . to do sth. 中，如果表语形容词是说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用 of ；如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用 for 。 (12) 兼作连词和副词的介词。 ① after ， since ， till/until ， before 这些词既是介词，又可作连词。 They went to bed after they had finished the job.( 连词 ) The children went home at once after school.( 介词 ) ② in ， on ， along ， down ， up ， after ， before ， beyond 等介词可兼作副词。 He ran down the hill.( 介词 ) Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ？ ( 副词 ) ③ 有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。 All the students got to school before me.( 介词 ) We do want to buy something now before prices go up.( 连词 ) Haven ’ t I seen you before ？ ( 副词 ) (13) 介词的省略。 某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。 Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job. She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it. (14) 某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。 ① 要求接 to 的名词有： key ， answer ， solution ， visit ， entrance ， apology ， introduction ， road 等。 The key to success is preparation. ② 要求接 in 的名词有： interest ， satisfaction ， expert 等。 He is an expert in teaching small children. Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1.It has no religious significance ； the founders the movement adopted it in honor of Switzerland. 2. “ If you see us ， ” Velez tells them ， “ don ’ t hide ！ We have come to rescue you ， ” Velez gives his presentations English. 3.He spent all day helping others ， handing out charity to the poor ， and looking after abandoned animals.Very seldom did he ever do that ___ anything . of in for 题组训练 4.Many of my friends met Wednesday in the early morning to go to a specific parking lot sale held at a store . 5.The global journey is led by an expedition leader ， Steve Moore ， ___ memory of his father ， a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63. 6.The paper had fallen down the desk and the wall. 7.Thanks to the Internet ， there are many ways to make friends now _______ even leaving your home . on in between without 8.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are it. 9.Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients name ， not case number. 10.Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek __ food safety problems. against by to Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1.It ’ s easy to say sorry ， but who will make up the loss? 2.The book I ’ m reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain. 3.Mr . Johnson is a hardworking teacher . Every day ， he spends too much time with his work. 4.Gradually ， I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college. on ∧ for 5.There had been a terrible accident on the highway and ， for a result ， there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles. 6.But on today ， at this special time ， I just want to tell you loudly ： I love you ， Mom! 7.To begin with ， all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only when we have a real need . as 8.When I tore apart my fifth birthday toy train ， my father said ， “ That ’ s it.No more toys to you. ” 9.Sometimes ， human beings are too cruel at their best friends—animals. 10.I agree to his suggestion in condition that he drops all charges . for to on Ⅲ . 语法填空 ( 介词专练 ) I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1 . a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was ， they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2 . ___ them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3 . their own ， without any children or friends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it ， and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4 . me.Finally ， with for on to I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid 5 . them.All of us were nearly 6 . tears ： the couple ， the manager ， the waitresses and me. Two months later I got a call 7 . a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasn ’ t expecting anything 8 . ___ return ， but I became famous 9 . that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10 . us if we always practice such acts of kindness on family ， friends ， neighbors and strangers? for in from in for to ◆ 书面表达中介词易错点聚焦 1. 句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少 ( 误 ) He is the man I just spoke . ( 正 ) He is the man I just spoke to. ( 误 ) I don ’ t know which school he studies . ( 正 ) I don ’ t know which school he studies in . ( 正 ) I don ’ t know in which school he studies . ( 正 ) I don ’ t know where he studies. 2. 因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成语句混乱、搭配不当等错误。 ( 误 )I often come to school take bus ， but sometimes I come by my father ’ s car. ( 正 )I often come to school by bus ， but sometimes I come in my father ’ s car . 3. 英汉差异造成的介词错用 ( 误 ) He got married with her last month . ( 正 ) He got married to her last month . ( 正 ) He married her last month. ( 误 ) He has a knife wound with the leg . ( 正 ) He has a knife wound in the leg. ( 误 ) He drove onto a tree yesterday . ( 正 ) He drove into a tree yesterday. ( 误 ) A is different with B . ( 正 ) A is different from B. ( 误 ) under the help of the teacher ( 正 ) with the help of the teacher ( 误 ) He made holes on the wall . ( 正 ) He made holes in the wall. 精选模拟　强化训练 Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 ( 一 ) 1.It is universally acknowledged that everybody is going to die at one point.None of us know day ， or the hour. 2.A woman ， sitting next to the boy ， discovered he was a school trip and was told to meet his teacher at the bus stop. 3.I haven ’ t forgotten his name because his first name was the same as ____ ( I). 4.The problem is ， an hour of less sleep is not equal an extra hour of achievement. the on mine to 5.Children ’ s Day provides unique opportunity to contribute to international peace and solidarity( 团结 ). 6.It was not allowed to read from the paper ， so Jack had to give the speech his memory. 7.Moon ’ s Lake House was restaurant in New York in the 1850s.George Crum was the cook there. 8.She took my hands in ( she) and listened patiently as I mentioned my worries. 9.We can broaden our horizons and know more about the world by watching latest news and reports . a from a hers the 10.Jane was walking round the department store.She remembered how difficult was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father . 11.I believe that it is great use to keep a diary in English for the development of our writing skills. 12.Lionel Messi ， player from the South American country of Argentina ， is the greatest soccer player alive today. 13.Both teams were in hard training ； was willing to lose the game . 14.A farmer ， Mr. Tan ， said that the storm began early the morning and lasted for over an hour. 15.English is now international language.It is used in many aspects. it of a neither in an ( 二 ) 16.Look back and think how often you ’ ve judged roughly ， said unkind things ， pushed yourself ahead the cost of a friend. 17.There are only a few stands in the canteen ， leading to lots of students having to line up for food.It is waste of time ， isn ’ t it? 18.At first ， they went on a day trip ， taking advantage special trip tickets on the railways. 19.It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot easy reach . 20.In eyes of children ， playing on the Internet can only bring them great fun . at a of within the 21.When he came to life ， he found ( he) lying on the ground ， bleeding in the head. 22.If you could exchange lives someone for a short time ， would you like to do that? 23.You can never meet the needs of every customer . Some may prefer light colors while enjoy dark ones. 24.Driver: I ’ m terribly sorry ， officer . I won ’ t do it again . Could you please let me off with warning ? 25. He didn ’ t leave today . Instead ， he decided to stay for two days. himself with others a another Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) ( 一 ) 1.Nothing is impossible ！ If you have a dream ， your dream will come true as long as you always work hard.To tell you truth ， my dream is common. 2.Very glad to know that our school broadcasting station needs a new member this term.I ’ m writing to apply to the position. 3.On every side of the road were green fields and some farm houses. ∧ the for either/each 4.In the summer holiday ， we travelled to Qingdao and paid visit to my uncle there. 5.As you know it ， London is the capital of Britain ， which is on the bank of River Thames. 6.I was very disappointed when we got on the place where she had bought her car! 7.Technology is changing its life rapidly ， so we should get ready for it . ∧ a to our 8.This afternoon ， we held a class meeting to say goodbye to Zhang Qiang ， who was going to study in abroad. 9.The little boy looked her and asked whether she was God. 10.It will make you familiar to Chinese characters and enlarge your vocabulary even before you notice it! 11.Though I spoke to them only in simple English that day ， I believe in future I will make a greater progress . ∧ at with 12.I want to have a pen friend ， hopefully a girl in the early twenties ， and with interests similar to mine. 13.I ’ ve always been dreaming of having an opportunity to travel in English-speaking countries like your to practise and improve my English. 14.We checked in at the airport a hour before our plane took off. 15.Most online classes let students learn at them own pace . yours an their her ( 二 ) 16.I told about the firemen that it was my careless cooking that caused the heavy smoke. 17.Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came suddenly and went on for more than three hours. 18.As a student ， you ’ d better learn how to write down notes in class before you forget it . the them 19.Personally ， it ’ s not good habit to use the Web Language.It may be popular ， but you may also make yourself misunderstood. 20.The first thing you must do it is to smile at your classmates. 21.Hiking is great fun.You will get close to the nature and take exercise at the same time. 22.Recently wildlife protection has become the increasingly popular topic all over the world . an ∧ a 23.82.8% of the students don ’ t want to share their secrets their parents. 24.An incident happening in a rainy Sunday afternoon changed my attitude. 25.With no better way to express feelings of love and appreciation ， that is easy to see why everyone turns to the flower shop on Mother ’ s Day. ∧ with on it Ⅲ . 语法填空 (2017· 陕西商洛模拟 ) I was telling my boy Sonny the story of the hare and the tortoise.At the end I said ， “ Son ， remember ： Be slow and steady 1. you will win the race.Don ’ t you think there ’ s something to learn 2. the tortoise ？ ” 句意为：慢一些，稳一些，你就会赢得比赛。本句考查 “ 祈使句＋ and ＋陈述句 ” 结构。故填 and 。 答案 解析 and from 答案 解析 句意为：你不认为可以从乌龟身上学点什么吗？从 …… 中学习，故填 from 。 Sonny opened his eyes wide ， “ Do you mean next time when I ’ m entering for the 60-metre race I should wish that Billy ， Tony and Sandy would all fall asleep halfway ？ ” I was 3. (shock) ， “ But the tortoise didn ’ t wish that the hare would fall asleep ！ ”“ He must have wished that ， ” Sonny said. “ Otherwise how could he be so foolish as to race with the hare ？ He knew very 4. (good ) the hare ran a hundred times faster than he 5. (him ) did . ” 句意为：我感到很震惊。 shocked( 人 ) 感到震惊的。故填 shocked 。 答案 解析 shocked well 句意为：他非常了解兔子比他自己跑得快百倍。此处应用副词。故填 well 。 答案 解析 答案 解析 himself 根据句意可知应用反身代词。故填 himself 。 “ He didn ’ t have such 6. wish ， ” I insisted. “ He won the race by perseverance and by pushing on 7. (steady). ” 答案 解析 句意为：他没有这样一个愿望。 wish 为可数名词。故填 a 。 a 句意为：他通过持之以恒和稳步的推进赢得了比赛，此处应用副词修饰动词。故填 steadily 。 steadily 答案 解析 Sonny 8 . _______ ( think ) for a while. “ That ’ s a lie ， ” he said. “ He won it because he was lucky.If the hare hadn ’ t happened 9. _____ (fall) asleep ， the tortoise would never have won the race.He could be as steady as you like ， or a hundred times steadier ， but he ’ d never have won the race.That ’ s for sure. ” 答案 解析 本文主要使用了一般过去时，故填 thought 。 thought to fall happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事。故填 to fall 。 答案 解析 I gave up.Today ’ s children are not like 10. we used to be. 句意为：现在的孩子已不再像我们过去那样了。此处 what 引导宾语从句，且在从句中作表语，故填 what 。 答案 解析 what Ⅳ . 短文改错 (2017· 安徽六校教育研究会联考 ) Mental health is important to us and it decide our quality of life. Have such a state of mind is beneficial to our study and work.It can also help us be energy in life.Here are my advice ， which may show what you should do it every day.First ， be aware your advantages and accept you . decides Having energetic is ∧ of yourself Remember that nobody likes loneliness and you should go out of your house to make friend with others.What ’ s more ， enjoy your life and work in your own way.Little by little much will found to help you keep mental healthy. friends ∧ be mentally 本课结束 更多精彩内容请登录： www.91taoke.com