2020届二轮复习专题四任务型阅读第一讲信息查找题课件 18页

江苏高考任务型阅读近 5 年考情分布 年份 标题 词数 文体 考查题型 信息查找题 信息转换题 信息概括题 2019 The Cost of Thinking 417 说明文 4 4 2 2018 How Arts Promote Our Economy 416 说明文 2 7 1 2017 Population Change 488 说明文 1 3 6 2016 An Extension of the Human Brain 430 说明文 2 1 7 2015 What News Stories Do You Read ？ 411 说明文 3 3 7 【图解题型】 【解题步骤】 一般根据题目特点，可分为以下三步： (1) 略读 — 快速浏览抓住文章中心大意以及文章的结构 ( 借助所给图表结构 ) 任务型阅读图表高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读图中的内容，然后在原文中进行定位，定位后进行定词，定词后定性 ( 如名词、动词、形容词、副词 ) ，最后定形 ( 如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等 ) 。 (2) 细读 — 定位，定词，定性，定形。带着问题，找到文章对应点，确认题型，分析整理归纳信息并且准确表达信息。 (3) 复读 — 复读文章，反复揣摩所填之词是否符合文章内容，其拼写是否正确。 第一讲　信息查找题 信息查找题即原文词汇复现，属于最简单的基础题，要求考生能快速地在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词或其适当形式填空。解题关键是根据问题查找并准确定位信息。 信息查找题考查的都是原文词汇，但现在其呈现形式越来越隐蔽，考生做题时一定要细心。 [ 典例 ] 　 (2019· 江苏卷 ) The Cost of Thinking Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs. The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals.It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.Mammals ( 哺乳动物 ) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm 3 .Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm 3 .We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power ， more must be better.Unfortunately, that is not the case. The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body.It’s not easy to carry around ， especially when boxed inside a massive skull ( 颅骨 ).It’s even harder to provide energy.In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2% - 3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest.By comparison, the brains of apes ( 类人猿 ) require only 8% of rest-time energy.Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways.Firstly, they spent more time in search of food.Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker.It’s hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive.A chimpanzee ( 黑猩猩 ) can’t win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll. Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright.Standing up, it’s easier to find food or enemies.In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling.As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands. Yet walking upright has its disadvantage.The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and had a relatively small head.Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull.Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks. We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages.It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures.Thus humans who lived a million years ago ， despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals. The Cost of Thinking Introduction ·Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two (71)________ of human beings. The (72)________ of large human brains ·The larger brains may not be better because of the cost. ·The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy. ·The animal brain requires less (73)________ when the body is at rest. ·Large human brains consume more food ， and weaken muscles. The (74)________ of walking upright ·Walking upright makes it easy to find food or (75)________ against enemies. ·Freed hands can serve some (76)________ purposes and perform complex tasks. ·Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and (77)________ the size of brains. ·Walking upright results in (78)________ sufferings. Conclusion ·With a large brain, human beings (79)________ other beings in terms of intelligence. ·Weak and marginal, human beings remained (80)________ of meat-eating animals. 【语篇解读】　 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人类大脑进化带来的诸多影响。任务型阅读要求我们既要在宏观上把握语篇的结构、提炼文本的主旨、概括分论点、区分事实与观点，又要在微观上能转述信息。 71.characteristics 　 [ 信息查找题。根据第一段中的 “ Despite their many differences...walk upright on two legs. ” 可知，大脑体积大和直立行走的能力是人类最典型的两个特征 (characteristic) 。 ] 72.disadvantages 　 [ 信息概括题。文章第二段和第三段主要介绍了人类大脑体积大的缺点 (disadvantage) 。 ] 73.energy 　 [ 信息查找题。根据第三段中的 “ In modern man ， the brain...require only 8%of rest-time energy. ” 可知，当身体休息而不活动时，动物的大脑消耗更少的能量 (energy) 。 ] 74.impact(s) 　 [ 信息概括题。文章第四段和第五段主要介绍了直立行走的优点和缺点，即直立行走的影响 (impact/impacts) 。 ] 75.guard 　 [ 信息转换题。根据第四段中的 “ Standing up ， it ’ s easier to find food or enemies. ” 可知，直立行走时，人类更容易找到食物或发现敌人，即直立行走使得找到食物防范 (guard against) 敌人很方便。 ] 76.other 　 [ 信息查找题。根据第四段中的 “ In addition ， their arms...like throwing stones or signaling. ” 可知，用于协助四处走动的手臂被解放出来后，另作他 (other) 用，像丢石块或者发信号。 ] 77.limits 　 [ 信息转换题。由第五段内容可知，人类直立行走确实是个挑战。再由第三段的前三句可知，人类直立行走之后大脑的容量不能无限变大，大脑的容积是在身体提供的能量能供携带它时消耗的范围之内。也就是说，直立行走限制了大脑的容积，故填 limits 。 ] 78.physical 　 [ 信息转换题。根据第五段最后一句可知，人类进化之后，有了宽阔的视野和灵巧的双手，但也付出了背痛和脖子痛的代价。即直立行走导致身体的 (physical) 疼痛。 ] 79.beat 　 [ 信息转换题。根据最后一段的前两句可知，我们假设大脑越大，优势越大。很明显，这使得人类成为地球上最强大的动物。拥有庞大的大脑，人类在智力方面可以击败 (beat) 其他生物。 ] 80.fearful/afraid 　 [ 信息查找题。根据最后一段的最后两句可知，人类仍然害怕 (afraid) 肉食动物。 in fear of 可同义替换为 fearful 或 afraid 。 ] 解题技巧 解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息。常用方法是带着问题有意识地在关键处做标记。如： (1)5W and 1H ： who ， what ， when ， where ， why ， how (2) 时间先后： first ， then ， after that ， next ， finally (3) 因果： because ， thus ， lead to ， cause ， as a result (4) 比较： similarly ， differently (5) 转折： but ， while ， however ， instead ， on the contrary 。