2019届二轮复习语法专题并列句、复合句课件（83张） 83页

考点一  并列句 一、表示并列的and和表示选择的or They worked day and night for a month and finally they achieved the goal. 她们没日没夜地工作了一个月,最终实现了目标。 You can stay here for the night or take the midnight train. 你们可以待在这里过夜,或者坐午夜的火车。 Work hard and you will find a way. 认真地想想,你就会找到方法。 考点 清单 2019 届二轮复习语法专题 并列句、复合句 Just stay here still or you will be in danger. 安静地待在这里,否则你就会有危险。 二、表示转折、对比关系的并列连词有but,while,yet等 It ' s an old car, but it ' s very reliable. 这是一辆旧车,但是性能非常可靠。 Some experiments are difficult while others are easy. 有些实验是困难的,而其他一些实验则是容易的。 It is very good,yet it can be better. 这很好,但还能精益求精。 三、表示因果关系的并列连词有for,so等 It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over. 昨晚一定下雨了,因为到处都是湿的。 The shops were closed, so I didn ' t get any milk. 商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。 四、when也可用作并列连词,意为“这时,那时”,相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式: ①sb. was doing sth. when...; ②sb. was about to do/going to do/on the point of doing sth.when...; ③sb. had just done sth. when...。 We were having a meeting when someone broke in. 我们正在开会,这时有人闯了进来。 We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. 我们正打算动身,突然下起了雨。 I had just finished my homework when Tom came to me. 我刚写完作业,汤姆就来找我了。 题组训练·用并列连词填空 ①Shall we go out to the cinema 　or     stay at home? ②There are many kinds of sports, 　but/and     my favorite is swimming. ③The students were having a test 　when     the power went off. ④Come closer 　and     you will see better. ⑤Hand in the paper on time 　or     you will not get the credit. ⑥Work hard 　and  you will make greater progress. 考点二  定语从句 一、定语从句的概念及分类 1. 定语从句实际上就是将两个完整的句子合成一个复合句,其中一个作 定语,修饰另一个句子中的一个名词或代词,或整个主句。 定语从句可 以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 2.定语从句的引导词 定语从句所修饰的词叫作先行词,定语从句一般位于先行词的后面,但 有些情况下也可以位于句首或句中。引导定语从句的词叫作关系词 (包括关系代词和关系副词),关系词既起连接作用,又作定语从句中的一 个成分(主语、宾语、表语、状语或定语)。如下表所示: 　　作用 指代　     关系代词 关系副词 主语 宾语 (表语) 定语 状语 时间 地点 原因 方式 人 who that (whom) (who) (that) whose / / / / 物 which that (which) (that) whose when where why (that) (in which) 主句 as which as which / / / / / 【 注 】 表中加括号的项目表示该关系词可以省略。打“ /” 的表示 没有该功能。 3.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句对先行词具有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体、更明 确。 这类从句不能省略,否则句子的意义就不完整,或不准确。 限制性 定语从句不能用逗号与主句隔开。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系 不十分密切, 只是作一些附加的补充说明,不起限制作用,这类从句可以 省略且不会对主句的主要意义产生重大影响,要用逗号与主句隔开。 非 限制性定语从句所修饰的还可以是整个句子所讲的内容。如: The old man who was helped by the pretty girl lived nearby. 被那个漂亮女孩所帮助的那个老人就住在附近。 The man who is speaking now is our headmaster. 现在正在讲话的这个人是我们的班主任。 以上两句的定语从句是限制性定语从句,如果没有定语从句,句子所表 达的意思就不清楚。 The old man has three sons, one of whom is working in the school.那个老 人有三个儿子,其中一个在学校工作。 There are 45 students in our class, most of whom are from the countryside. 我们班有45名学生,大部分来自乡下。 China Daily is also popular with students of English, who read it in order to improve their English. 学英语的学生也非常喜欢《中国日报》,他们读这报纸是为了提高他们 的英语水平。 Yesterday I borrowed a good book, whose name is Robinson Crusoe .昨天 我借了一本好书,书名叫《鲁滨逊漂流记》。 He has bought lots of storybooks, some of which are very useful. 他买了许多故事书,其中有些非常有用。 以上句子中的定语从句是非限制性定语从句,定语从句只是用来补充说 明情况。 题组训练·句型转换 ①That is his father,and he works in Shanghai. That is his father, 　who     works in Shanghai. ②I like the boy, who is very lovely. I like the boy, 　because/for     he is very lovely. ③He told me a story yesterday,and I think it is very interesting. He told me a story yesterday, 　which    I think is very interesting. ④This is the book. You bought me the book in England. This is the book 　which/that    you bought me in England. 二、关系代词的用法 (一)限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法 　　 作用 先行词     主语 宾语 定语 及物动词宾语或没被提前的介词宾语 被提前的介词宾语 指人 who/that,as who/whom/that,as whom whose/of whom 指物 which/that,as that/which,as which whose/of which 1.先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语,需用who/that引导,且不能省略。 She is the girl who/that lives next door. 她就是住在隔壁的女孩。 2.先行词指物且在定语从句中作主语,需用that/which引导,且不能省 略。 The work that/which has just been finished is very important. 刚刚完成的那份工作很重要。 3.先行词指物且在定语从句中作宾语,用that/which引导,且可省略that/ which。 That is the book(that/which) I want to read. 那就是我想要读的那本书。 4.先行词指人且在定语从句中作宾语,用whom/who/that引导,且可省略 whom/who/that。 That ' s the girl (whom/who/that) I teach. 那就是我教的女孩。 5. 先行词指人或物且在定语从句中作定语,用whose或of whom/of which 引导。 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. =This is the scientist,the achievements of whom are well known. =This is the scientist,of whom the achievements are well known. (注意等号后两个定语从句中的定冠词) 这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。 This is the house whose window broke last night. =This is the house, the window of which broke last night. =This is the house, of which the window broke last night. 这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。 6.as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式:   We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语) This book is not such as I expect. 这不是我期望的书。(as作宾语) I have the same book as he has. 我和他有同样的书。(as作宾语) 题组训练·用that,which,whose,as填空 ⑤Those volunteers are working in areas 　which/that    are really poor. ⑥John was once a good student 　whose     grades fell as he became ad- dicted to playing computer games. ⑦The film 　which/that     we saw yesterday is wonderful. ⑧Take the book 　which/that     is lying on the table. ⑨She is such a girl 　as     is always finding fault with other people. 　　 作用 先行词     主语 宾语 定语 及物动词宾语 被提前的介词宾语 指人 who,as who/whom,as whom whose/of whom 指物 which,as which,as which whose/of which 句子 which,as (二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法 1. 关系代词 在任何情况下都不能省略 。 I want to buy a dictionary,which is valuable to my learning.(which 不能省 略 ) 我想买本字典 , 字典对我的学习有价值。 2. who(主语,宾语),whom(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不能用that代替 。 This is New York,which I have visited for several times.(which不能用that 代替) 这就是纽约,我来这里好多次了。 3.which引导非限制性定语从句时, 先行词可以是一个词,也可以是一个 句子 。 He was late again, which made the teacher very unhappy.(先行词为一句 话 ) 他又迟到了 , 这使老师很不高兴。 4. 关系代词 as 也可引导非限制性定语从句 , 先行词为句子 ,as 在从句中作 主语、宾语等。 As is known to us all, China is in the east of Asia. 众所周知,中国在亚洲的东部。 As we know, China is a developing country. 我们知道,中国是个发展中国家。 (三)关系代词除上面的基本用法外,还有下列特殊用法: 1.有时为了使表达的意思更清楚,用“which+名词”引导定语从句。 He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.他建 议我躲在门后,我立即照着做了。 2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 (1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词常用which或whom,并且不 能省略。 He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn ' t been cleaned for at least a year. 他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户,这10扇窗户中大部分至少一年没擦 了。 In the dark street,there wasn ' t a person,to whom she could turn for help. 在黑暗的街道上一个人也没有,她没有人可以求助。 (2)在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which (指物)或that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代 词可以省略。 This is the pen   I wrote the letter with. 这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。 This is the hero   we are proud of. 这是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。 (3) 在非限制性定语从句中 ,“ 介词 +which/whom 从句”结构中的介词不 能移到从句的后面。 He has visited Zhejiang Hangzhou High School for several times, in which he has many friends.(in不能放在定语从句末尾) 他已经参观过浙江省杭州高级中学几次了,在那里他有很多朋友。 (4) “复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗 号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序 。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。 (5)“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。 The poor man has no house in which to live. =The poor man has no house (that/which)he can live in. =The poor man has no house in which he can live. =The poor man has no house to live in. 那个穷人没房子住。 题组训练·单句填空 ⑩He may win the competition, in 　which     case he is likely to get into the national team.   Frank ' s dream is to have his own garden in 　which   he can grow many beautiful flowers. (四)关系词的辨析 1.关系代词that 和which的区别 (1)限制性定语从句中,用关系代词that不能用which的情况: 1) 当先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,everything,anything,nothing, none,some等时。 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗? 2) 当先行词被the only,the very(恰恰,正好),any,every,no,all,few,little, much,the right,the last,just 等词修饰时。 This is the very bus that I ' m waiting for. 这就是我正在等的公共汽车。 The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money. 我们唯一能做的事情就是给你一些钱。 3) 当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best way that has been used against pollution. 这是已经用过的抗污染的最好的办法。 This is the most interesting film that I ' ve ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。 4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。 This train is the first that will go to Suzhou. 这是去苏州的第一趟火车。 What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么? 5)当先行词既有人又有物时。 Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about? 你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗? 6)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车? Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁? 7)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词用which,另外一个用that。 They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution. 他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产会造成污染的东西。 8)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。 9)主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时,用that不用which引 导。 There is a seat in the corner that is still available. 在那个角落还有一个座位可用。 (2)当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况: 1)在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him. 海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多,这当然让其他的儿子很嫉 妒他。 2)当动词短语中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that。 This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。 注意: 在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不 能把介词置于关系代词之前。 This is the pen(which/that)I ' m looking for. 这是我正在寻找的那支钢笔。 不可以说:This is the pen for which I ' m looking. 3)先行词后面有插入语时,只用which,不用that。 Here is the English grammar book which,as I ' ve told you, will help you improve your English. 这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它会帮你提高英语。 4)先行词本身就是that时,只用which,不用that。 What ' s that which flashed through the sky just now? 刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么? 题组训练·用关系代词that或which填空   You can do anything 　that     you think is helpful here.   Whenever I met her, 　which     was fairly often,she greeted me with a sweet smile.   All the presents 　that     your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.   This is the very book 　that     I have been looking for.   He was late for the opening ceremony, 　which     was very surprising to me. 2.as和which引导的定语从句 (1)as和which都可以在非限制性定语从句中作主语、宾语等,指代整个 主句。 He opposed the idea, as/which could be expected. 正如所料,他反对这个 想法。 (2)两个词引导的定语从句在复合句中所处的位置不同。as引导的非限 制性定语从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,还可以放在主 句之中,位置相当灵活,而which引导的非限制性定语从句则只能放在主 句之后。 As has been said before, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 如前所述,语法 并不是一套死板的规定。(不能用which) (3)as作关系代词还可用于the same...as,such...as等结构中,而which作关 系代词不能用在上述结构中。 Here is such a big stone as no one can lift. 这是如此大的一块石头以至于 没人能搬得动。 题组训练·用as,it,what填空   　What     is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world.   　It     is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world.   　As     is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world.   A lot of language learning, 　as     has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their children during that period.   There is no simple answer, 　as     is often the case in science. 三、关系副词的用法 (一)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时 间的介词(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on, under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which) 我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。 Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which) 你能告诉我他工作的办公室吗? Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which) 你知道他缺席的原因吗? 此外,当先行词为situation,case,stage,point等,且关系词在定语从句中作 状语时,也要用关系副词where引导。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了不得不分手的地步。 (二)where/when=介词+关系代词(which),有时为表达清楚,还可以在关 系副词where/when前加介词from/to等。 China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan, Thailand, India and so on. 中国是风筝的发源地,从这里放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等。 (三)关系副词when,where可用于非限制性定语从句中,而关系副词why 不可以。 四、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况 1.当先行词是way(意为“方式,方法”)时,引导定语从句的关系词有下 列三种形式。 What surprised me was not what he said but the way   he said it. 让我吃惊的不是他说的话,而是他说话的方式。 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较: The way   he explained to us was quite simple. 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 The way   he explained the sentence to us was good. 他向我们解释句子的那种方式很好。 2. 先行词是time,若time作“次数”讲时,应用关系代词that引导定语从 句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间,时代”讲时,应用关系副词when或 介词at/during+which引导定语从句。 This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总 统第二次访问这个国家了。 This was at a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets. 这是在一个没有收音机、没有电话,也没有电视的时期。 题组训练·用适当的关系代词、关系副词或“介词+关系代词”填空   This is the place 　where    you can find whatever you are interested in.   I don ' t like the way 　that/in which    he laughs at her.   This is the second time 　that     I have been here. 五、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的比较 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外, 它们还有一个重要的作用,那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体 地说, 关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词 在定语从句中作状语。 因此,在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定 语从句中所缺的成分, 若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么需用 关系代词,若从句中缺状语,那么需用关系副词。 试比较下面的句子: (1)Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗? (2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗? 在句(1)中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此可用关系代词that/which来引导从句, 也可省略;在句(2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,因此需用关系副词when来 引导从句。 题组训练·用合适的关系词填空   I will never forget the date 　when     we came to this high school to- gether.   I have forgotten the date 　that/which     you told me.   Do you know the reason 　why     he is absent today?   That is the reason 　that/which     I want to know.   This is the factory 　that/which     his father built.   That is the factory 　where     he worked for many years. 考点三  名词性从句 一、名词性从句的结构和功能总述 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 名词 性从句主要有四种从句结构:以that引导的从句;以whether/if引导的从 句;以连接代词/副词who,where,why等引导的从句;以what或wh-ever等 引导的名词性从句。此外,as if/as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法 见下表: 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 作及物动词宾语 作介词宾语 that 一般不省略 可以省略 一般不省略 一般不省略 一般不省略 whether/if(是否) 放于句首时常用 whether 用whether/if均可,但有区别 常用whether 常用whether 常用whether 连接代词/副词 注意语序要用陈述句语序 what或wh-ever等 注意语序要用陈述句语序 题组训练·完成下列句子 ①Can you tell me 　how I can   (我如何能)get to the railway station? ②These photographs will show you 　what our village looks/is like     (我 们村看上去是什么样子的). 二、由that引导的从句 (一)主语从句 1.that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有: (1)It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny, possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that 从句。 It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 可以肯定她会考得很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切告诉了她。 (2)It+be+名词词组(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise, etc.)+that 从句。 It ' s no surprise that our team has won the game. 我们队已经赢了那场比赛并不令人惊奇。 (3)It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,ar- ranged,etc.)+that从句。 It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到北京了。 It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 已经定下来了,会议推迟到下周一了。 2.在口语中,that常可省略,尤其是在非常短的句子中,但that从句位于句 首时,that是不能省略的。 It ' s a pity(that)you ' re leaving.你要离开,真遗憾。 That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us. 我们被邀请去参加今晚的音乐会,这对我们来说是个好消息。 (二)宾语从句 1.常见的可以接that从句作宾语的动词有see,say,know,imagine,discover, believe,tell,show,think,consider等。在可以接复合宾语的动词(如:think, make,consider等)之后,可以用it作形式宾语。 Do you know(that)he has joined the army? 你知道他参军了吗? We think it highly probable that he is dead. 我们认为他很可能死了。 We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation.他应当 改进他的发音,我们认为这是必要的。 He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他不会屈服的,这一点他已明确表示了。 2.that从句一般不能充当介词宾语,偶尔可作in的宾语。 He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to read- ing.他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把空闲时间用在了读书上。 其他介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时,需用it作形式宾语。 You can depend on it that I shall always help you. 你可以相信我会一直帮助你的。 (三)表语从句 that引导表语从句时,一般不省略。 My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o ' clock tomorrow morning. 我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。 (四)同位语从句 that引导同位语从句时,用在某些抽象名词(如:fact,hope,desire,thought, suggestion,idea,news,problem,possibility等)之后,对前面的名词起补充说 明的作用,that只起引导同位语从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,一 般不省略。 There ' s a feeling in me that we ' ll meet again. 我有一种感觉,我们会再见面。 题组训练·单句填空 ③It is obvious to the students 　that   they should get well prepared for their future. ④The news 　that  we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 三、由whether/if(是否)引导的从句 1.whether和if可以引导宾语从句。 I don ' t know whether/if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。 2.当主语从句放于句首时,常用whether引导而不用if。 Whether the meeting will be held is still a question. 是否要举行会议仍然是一个问题。 3.表语从句和同位语从句常用whether引导而不用if。 The problem is whether the meeting will be held. 问题是是否要举行会议。 I have no idea whether the meeting will be held. 我不知道这个会议是否会举行。 4.当it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面时,用whether或if引导均可,但是如 果被后置的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or not时常用whether。 It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.这一 想法是否付诸实践还有待于观察。 5.介词后的宾语从句常用whether引导。 It depends on whether you can do the work well. 那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。 题组训练·用whether/if填空 ⑤It is still under discussion 　whether/if     the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. ⑥I am not sure 　whether/if     he will come here or not. ⑦This decision will have effects on 　whether     or not he will succeed. 四、由连接代词/副词引导的名词性从句 (一)主语从句 连接代词/副词引导主语从句时,常用it作形式主语。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。 It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.由谁来主持 会议还没有决定。 (二)宾语从句 1.能接连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句的动词有很多,常见的有see,tell, ask,know,decide,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,show,discuss,understand, inform,advise等。 I can ' t imagine how he did it. 我不能想象他是如何做的这件事。 They couldn ' t understand why I refused it. 他们不明白我为什么拒绝它。 2.作介词宾语。 It all depends on how we solve the problem. 这完全要看我们如何解决这个问题。 We are thinking about what we should do next. 我们正在考虑下一步该做什么。 (三)表语从句、同位语从句 The problem is where we should stay. 问题是我们应该待在哪里。(表语从句) My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.我如 何能和他取得联系这一问题还没有得到答复。(同位语从句) 题组训练·单句填空 ⑧ I ' m afraid he ' s more of a talker than a doer, which is 　why     he nev- er finished anything. ⑨Many young people in the West are expected to leave 　what     could be life ' s most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck. 五、由what( …… 的)或wh-ever等引导的名词性从句 what可用来引导名词性从句,此时what=the thing(s)which/that,有时what 可以用作前置定语,如what help,what funny stories等。此外,whoever= anyone who;whichever=anything that/anyone who(whichever也可指人); whatever=anything that(whichever和whatever也可作前置定语)。 (一)主语从句 What they need is a good textbook. 他们需要的是一本好课本。 Whatever he likes will be given to him. 他喜欢的任何东西都会给他。 Whoever did this job must be rewarded. 无论谁干了这项工作一定要得到酬谢。 (二)宾语从句 She will give whoever(=anyone who)needs help warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。(作动词宾语) I spent what little time I had with my family. 我仅有的那一点时间都与家人在一起度过了。(作动词宾语) I can judge by what(=the things that)I know of him. 我可以根据我对他的了解来判断。(作介词宾语) You can write about whatever topic(=any topic that)you prefer.你可以写 你喜欢的任何话题。(作介词宾语) (三)表语从句 This is what we need.这就是我们需要的。 (四)同位语从句 I gave the girl a big doll,exactly what she longed to have. 我给了这个女孩一个大洋娃娃,那正是她渴望拥有的东西。 题组训练·单句填空 ⑩You can choose 　whichever     book you like from this library.   The book can be of help to 　whoever     wants to do the job.   She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do 　whatever     it takes to save her life.   —How about camping this weekend, just for a change? —OK, 　whatever     you want. 六、名词性从句的几个易混点 (一)that通常不可省略的情况 1. that引导的主语从句置于句首时。 That prices will go up is certain. 物价要上涨是肯定的。 2. 当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后几个 从句的that不可省略。 He told me he had to leave and that he would be back soon. 他告诉我他得离开且很快就回来。 3.由it作形式宾语时,引导宾语从句的that大多不可省略。 You can put it that it was arranged before. 您可以说这是以前安排好的。 (二)as if/as though,because,why也可引导表语从句。 It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天好像要下雨。 That ' s because he didn ' t work hard enough. 那是因为他没有足够努力工作。 That was why I asked for three days ' leave. 那就是为什么我请了三天假。 注意: because引导表语从句时,主句主语不能是reason或cause,而且since 和as不能引导表语从句。 (三)同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 同位语从句一般放在主句中某些表示抽象概念的名词如thought, idea,fact,news,truth,hope,belief,doubt等后面,起补充说明的作用。而定 语从句对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。 The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.我们的足 球队赢了那场比赛的消息令人鼓舞。(同位语从句) The news that you heard is not true. 你听到的消息不是真的。(定语从句) (2) 引导定语从句的关系代词 that 在定语从句中充当某个成分,而引导 同位语从句的that 在从句中不充当任何成分。 The fact that we talked about is very important. 我们谈论的那个事实非常 重要。(that充当从句中介词about的宾语) The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. 他在实验 中取得成功的事实使每个人都很高兴。(that在从句中不充当任何成分) (3)如果引导从句的词为when,where,why,而其前面分别为表示时间、地 点、原因的名词,则它为关系副词,引导定语从句,否则为连接副词,引导 同位语从句。 I still remember the day when I first came here. 我还记得我第一次到这儿 的日子。(定语从句) I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她什么时候回来。(同位 语从句) That is the house where Li Ming was born.那就是李明出生的房子。(定 语从句) That arose the question where we should go.那引出了我们该去哪儿的问 题。(同位语从句) I don ' t know the reason why she was absent.我不知道她没来的原因。 (定语从句) He has solved the question why he is ill.他已解决了他为何生病的问题。 (同位语从句) 考点四　状语从句 一、时间状语从句 (一)when,while,as 1. 从属连词when既可引导一个持续性动作,也可引导一个短暂性动作; 可用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生,也可用于从句动作先于主句动作 发生。 When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. 我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。 When the film ended, the people went back. 电影一结束,人们便回去了。 当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构,而且其主语和主句的主语一 致,其表语又是一个名词时,就可以用由as引导的省略结构来代替when 引导的从句。 As a young man(=When he was a young man),he was fond of hunting. 他年轻时喜欢打猎。 2. 从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作 相对比。 Please don ' t talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作时请别这么大声谈话。 3. 从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行,可译为“一边 … … ,一边 …… ”或“随着 …… ”。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他匆匆忙忙回家去,一边走一边回头望。 As time goes on, it ' s getting warmer and warmer. 随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖和了。 4.如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示 在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时when,while与as可互换使用。 When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 当我沿大街行走时,碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。 题组训练·用when,while,as填空 ① 　When/While/As     I was waiting at the bus stop, I noticed a police car in front of the store. ② 　When     John arrived, I was cooking. ③ 　As     he grew older,he lost interest in everything except gardening. (二)as soon as,immediately,directly,the moment,the minute,the instant和 once(一 …… 就 …… ) The moment I heard the voice,I knew my father was coming. 一听到那个声音,我就知道我父亲来了。 The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother. 那个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。 注意: no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when...也可表示“一 …… 就 … … ”,这一结构的时态搭配为:no sooner与hardly/scarcely所在的主句的 谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的从句的谓语动词应用一 般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,其所在的 主句应用倒装语序。     题组训练·单句填空 ④He had no sooner finished his speech 　than     the students started cheer- ing. ⑤Just use this room for the time being,and we ' ll offer you a larger one as 　soon     as it becomes available. (三)till,until和not...until 1. 肯定句:主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句、从句都为肯定式, 意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。 He remained there until/till she arrived. 他待在那儿一直到她来。 You may stay here until/till the rain stops. 你可以在这里待到雨停。 2. 否定句:主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,意为 “某动作直到某时间才开始”。 He won ' t go to bed till/until she returns. 直到她回来他才会去睡。 3.till不可以置于句首,而until可以。 Until you told me I had no idea of it. 直到你告诉我,我才知道此事。 4.not...until...句型的强调和倒装用法。 not until引导的句子经常用在It is/was...that...的强调句中。也经常用于 倒装句,这时要将not until提前到句首。 It was not until you told me that I knew it. =Not until you told me did I know it. 直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事情。 题组训练·同义句转换 I didn ' t leave until she came back. ⑥ 　Not until     she came back 　did I     leave. ⑦ 　It was     not until she came back 　that     I 　left     . (四)before和since 1.若表达“还未 …… 就 …… ;不到 …… 就 …… ; …… 才 …… ;还没来得及 …… 就 …… ”时,需用连词before。 We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。 We hadn ' t run a mile before he felt tired. 我们跑了还不到一英里他就感到累了。 Before I could get a word in, he had measured me. 我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。 2.before从句中谓语不用否定式。 Before they reached the station, the train had gone. 他们到火车站前(他们还没到火车站),火车就已开走了。 3.“It will be/was+一段时间+before...”常翻译成: …… 才; …… 就。 It was half a year before I came back.半年后我才回来。 4. since从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是延续性 的或者是反复发生的动作。since从句的时态若是一般过去时,主句中 的时态常是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。 I have written home four times since I came here. 自从我来到这儿,我已经给家里写过四封信了。 She has been working in this factory since she left school. 她离开学校以后就一直在这个工厂工作。 5. 在“It is+一段时间+since从句”句型中,since引导的从句的谓语动词 若是延续性动词,常理解为某一状态的终止;若是非延续性动词,则理解 为某一动作的开始。 It is three years since the war broke out.(非延续性动词) 自战争爆发以来已有三年了。 It is three years since I smoked(=since I stopped smoking).(延续性动词) 我不吸烟已有三年了。 如果表达“我吸烟已有三年了”,应为:It is three years since I began to smoke.(非延续性动词) (五)every time,each time,next time,the last time,any time等名词短语用来 引导时间状语从句,表示“每当 …… ;每次 …… ;下次 …… ”等。 Every/Each time I was in trouble,he would come to help me out. 每当我处于困境,他就会来帮助我。 Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here. 下次你来这里的时候,一定记着把你儿子带来。 The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed. 上次她看见詹姆斯的时候,他正躺在床上。 题组训练·英译汉 ⑧It is three years since he was a soldier. 　他退役已经有三年了。     ⑨It is three years since he lived here. 　他不在这儿住已有三年了。     ⑩It is three years since I came here. 　我到这里已经三年了。     单句填空   Because of the heavy traffic, it was time for lunch when     she got to her office.   A lot of things have happened 　since     you went to study abroad. 二、地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的从属连词where,wherever指具体地点时,从句可用 于主句之前或之后;表示抽象含义时,从句需放在主句之前。 We should go where the Party needs us most. 我们应到党最需要我们的地方去。 You are free to go wherever you like. 你愿意去哪里就去哪里。 Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。 Where there is smoke,there is fire. 无火不生烟。/无风不起浪。 题组训练·单句填空   After the war, a new school building was put up 　where     there had once been a theatre.   I have kept the portrait 　where     I can see it every day,as it always re- minds me of my university days in London. 三、原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有:because,as,since,now that。每个 连词的含义不尽相同。 　　　　区别 连词　　　     位置 内涵 语气 能否回答why 能否被强调 because(因为) 主句前或后 直接因果关系 强 能 能 as(由于) 主句前或后 双方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能 since/now that(既然) 主句前 I was absent from the meeting because I was ill. 因为我病了,所以我缺席了会议。 As it is raining, we shall not go to the park. 由于在下雨,我们不去公园了。 Now that/Since everybody is here, let ' s begin our meeting. 既然大家都在这里,我们开始开会吧。 题组训练·用now that, since, because填空   　Now that/Since     you are here, just stay and have lunch with us.   You can ' t come in 　because     children are not allowed in this place. 四、目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的从属连词有: so that,in order that,in case等。 1.in order that,so that 两者都意为“以便 …… ;为了 …… ”,它们引导的状语从句中常用情态 动词。in order that比so that正式,引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之 后,而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。 I ' ll speak slowly so that you can understand me. 我会慢慢说,以便你能明白我的意思。 In order that we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early.为了能 看到日出,我们很早就出发去了山顶。 2.for fear that与in case 引导目的状语从句时,for fear that表示“害怕,担心”某事会发生;in case 表示“以防”出现某种情况。 Mary didn ' t want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby (up).玛丽不想起床,生怕吵醒她的宝宝。 Take your raincoat in case it rains.带上雨衣以防下雨。 题组训练·用in case, for fear that填空   Y ou ' d better take your driving license with you when traveling in F rance 　in case     you may hire a car.   She finally ran away 　for fear that     her parents would scold her. 五、结果状语从句 1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that,so...that...,such...that...。在非 正式语体中,由so...that...,such...that...引导的句子中的that可以省略,注意 其结构:     Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him. =Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him. 迈克是一个如此诚实的工人,以至于我们都信任他。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天气如此晴朗,以至于我们都想去公园。 He earned so little money that he couldn ' t support his family. 他挣这么少的钱,以至于养不起家。 注意: (1)为了强调形容词和副词,当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装。 So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions. 他是一个如此聪明的学生,以至于能够解出所有难题。 (2)当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时,还可简 化为:so/such...as to...。 He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult questions.→ He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult ques- tions. 他是一个如此聪明的学生,以至于能够解出所有难题。 题组训练·用so或such填空   It was 　such     a cold night that we stayed at home.   The question is 　so     difficult that none of the students can answer it. 2.除结果状语从句外,too...to...(太 …… 而不能 …… ),enough to...(达到某 种程度可以 …… )等结构同样可以表示结果。 He didn ' t get up early enough to catch the bus. =He got up too late to catch the bus. 他起床太晚了,没有赶上那班公共汽车。 题组训练·同义句转换 He is so young that he can ' t join the army.   He is not old 　 enough     to join the army.   He is 　too     young to join the army. 3. such...that...引导的状语从句与such...as...引导的定语从句的区别。 首先观察两个句子: ①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明的男孩。 ②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. 他是一个如此聪明的男孩,以至于人人都喜欢他。 第①句中everyone likes成分残缺,缺少宾语,故可判断该句为定语从句; 第②句中everyone likes him结构完整,不缺任何成分,故可判断为状语从 句。 题组训练·用as,that填空   It is such an interesting film 　as     all the students want to see.   It was such a boring speech 　that     I fell asleep. 六、条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if,unless(=if...not),so/as long as,in case (that),on condition(that),suppose/supposing(that),providing/provided(that) 等。 You ' ll fail the exam unless you study hard(=if you don ' t study hard). 除非你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。 As long as you don ' t lose heart, you will succeed. 你只要不灰心就会成功。 Suppose/Supposing(that)they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁? In case there is a fire,what will we do first? 如果发生火灾,我们首先做什么? 题组训练·单句填空   You can join the club 　unless     you accept all the requirements.   You may use the room as you like 　as     long as you clean it up after wards. 七、方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有:as,as if,as though等。方式状语从句应 放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如 果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。 Do as you are told,or you ' ll be fired. 叫你做什么你就做什么,否则你会被解雇。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.(虚拟语气)这位老太 太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。 I feel as if I have a fever.(陈述语气)我感觉我好像发烧了。 题组训练·用as, as if填空   You must work 　as     I told you.   He acts 　as if     he were an expert. 八、让步状语从句 1.although/though(尽管,虽然),even though/even if(即使,尽管)引导的让 步状语从句。 although与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet,still或never- theless连用,但不能和but连用。 He is unhappy, though/although he has a lot of money. 虽然他很有钱,但他并不幸福。 Although/Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football.虽 然雨下得很大,但他们还是继续踢足球。 Even though it is raining, we ' ll go there. 尽管下着雨,我们也要去那里。 注意: though还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句末。 He said he would come;he didn ' t, though. 他说他会来,可是没有来。 2.whether...or...(不管 …… 还是 …… );疑问词+-ever与no matter+疑问词 (不管 …… ;无论 …… )引导的让步状语从句。 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你相信与否,那都是真的。 Whatever(=No matter what)you say, he won ' t believe you. 无论你说什么,他都不会相信你。 Whoever(=No matter who)you are, you must obey the rules.无论你是谁, 你都要遵守规则。 注意: whoever,whatever,whomever,whichever还可以引导名词性从句。 You can take whatever you like.(宾语从句) 你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。 3.as或though引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况(详见“特殊句式”专 题)。 题组训练·单句填空   　However     hard you try, you won ' t be able to do it well alone.   　Though/Although     it is difficult, we ' ll try to finish the work on time.