2018届二轮复习定语从句全解课件（60张） 60页

2018 届 二轮复习 定语从句全解 知识梳理 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 意义 描述主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况 , 是主句不可或缺的一部分 , 若省去 , 主句意义不完整 , 甚至没有意义 对主句所描述的人或物提供一些附加情况 , 起补充说明作用 , 若省去 , 主句意义仍完整 结构要求 紧跟先行词 , 主句和从句间不用逗号分开 主句和从句间用逗号分开 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 功能 修饰先行词 既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子 引导词 关系代词 : who, whom, whose, which, that 关系副词： when, where, why 关系代词 : who, whom, whose, which, as 关系副词： when, where e.g. This is the house (which) we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮 , 是我们上个月买的。 The man (whom/that/who) I met in the street was a driver. 我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。 His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1998. 他的母亲很爱他 , 但在 1998 年去世了。 注意 : ① 专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义 , 通常 只能由非限制性定语从句修饰。 e.g. Lu Xun , who died in 1936, was a famous writer in China. 鲁迅于 1936 年去世 , 是中国一位著名的作家。 ② 既可以作为限制性定语从句又可作为非限制 性定语从句 , 注意意义上的差别。 e.g. There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China. 在这个班里 , 有 20 名来自中国东北的学生。 There are 20 students in this class, who are from the northeast of China. 这个班有 20 名学生 , 他们来自中国的东北。 ( 一 ) 关系代词 关系代词与关系副词 关 系 代 词 that 指物和人 在从句中作主语或宾语 which 指物 在从句中作主语或宾语 who, whom 指人 在从句中作主语和宾语 whose 指人和物 在从句中作定语 as 指物 在从句中作主语 ( 二 ) 关系副词 关 系 副 词 when 指时间 在从句中作时间状语 where 指地点 在从句中地点状语 why 指原因 在从句中原因状语 注意 : ① 在口语和非正式场合 , when, where 和 why 或相当于关系副词的“介词 + which” 结构可用 that 来代替并可省略。 e.g. Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink? 你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒吗？ ② why 或 that 引导的定语从句 , 先行词是 reason, 且 reason 又作主句主语时 , 表语从句不能用 because 引导 , 而要用 that 引导。其句型为： The reason why...is that... 或 The reason that...is that... 。 e.g. The reason why he was late for school was that he was injured in the traffic accident on his way to school. 他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通 事故中受伤了。 The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he had to look after his mother in hospital. 他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。 ③ “ 地点模糊”的先行词后跟 where 引导的定语从 句。当先行词为 point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job 等表示某人 / 物所处的情况、发展的 阶段或表达某事的某个方面时 , 用 where 引导定 语从句 , where 相当于 from which, under which 等 , 表示“在这种情况下” , “ 从 …… 中”等。 e.g. We’re just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈 的地步。 ( 三 ) 关系代词与关系副词的选择依据 1. 考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的语法成分 , 如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语 , 就用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中作状语 , 就用关系副词。 The house needs repairing. 他住的房子需要修理。 where he lives which/that he lives in 2. 辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还 是原因。 e.g. I don’t like the man who always speaks ill of others. 我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。 I will never forget the days when we worked together. 我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。 3. 判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。 e.g. A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words. 词典是解释词语意思的书。 A dictionary is a book, which gives the meanings of words. 词典是一本书 , 它给出词语的意思。 4. 判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语 , 取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。 e.g. This is the point where I disagree. 这就是我不同意的地方。 (disagree 为不及物动词 , 故关系词用 where 。 ) This is the point (which/that) I disagree with. 这就是我不同意的地方。 ( 从句缺少介词 with 的宾语 , 用 that/which 引导 , 也可以省略 ) 1. 关系代词 that 与 which 先行词指物时 , which 与 that 一般可以互换， 但也有特殊情况。 1) 只用 that 不用 which 引导定语从句的情况。 a. 先行词前有序数词或形容词用最高级修饰，或 先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时，用 that 不用 which 。 e.g. The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. This is the best film that I ever seen. 关系代词的辨析 b. 先行词是不定代词 all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, some 等时 , 用 that 不用 which 。 e.g. Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做了。 c. 先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, the last, few, just 等修饰时 , 用 that 不用 which 。 e.g. All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。 Give me any books that you would recommend. 给我你要推荐的书。 d. 先行词既有人又有物 , 兼顾两者 , 用 that 不用 which 。 e.g. They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。 e. 主句是以 who 或 which 开头的疑问句时 , 用 that 不 用 which 。 e.g. Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the Tshirt that fits me most? 哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？ f. 当先行词在主句中作表语 , 而且关系代词在 定语从句中也作表语时 , 用 that 不用 which 。 e.g. Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be. 深圳不再是过去的样子了。 g. 主句是 there be 句型时 , 修饰主语的定语从句 用 that 不用 which 。 e.g. There is a seat in the corner that is still free. 在那个角落还有一个座位空着。 h. 有两个定语从句时 , 一个从句的关系代词已用 which, 另一个要用 that 。 e.g. The country built up a factory which produces things that have never been seen before. 这个国家建立了一个生产以前从未见到过的 东西的工厂。 i. 用作关系副词 , 修饰表示时间的名词 , 如 day, time, moment 等代替 when 时 , 用 that 不用 which 。 e.g. It happened on the day that (when) he was born. 这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。 2) 只用 which 不用 that 引导定语从句的情况 a. 关系代词前有介词时 , 用 which 不用 that 。 e.g. The chair on which she sat is made of wood. 她坐的那把椅子是用木头做的。 b. 引导非限制性定语从句时 , 用 which 不用 that 。 e.g. Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 足球 , 一项非常有趣的运动 , 在全世界流行。 c. 先行词后面有插入语时 , 用 which 不用 that 。 e.g. Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help you improve your English. 这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书 , 它能 帮你提高英语水平。 d. 先行词本身就是 that 时 , 用 which 不用 that 。 e.g. What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？ e. 代表主句中谓语的整体概念时 , 用 which 不用 that 。 e.g. He can swim in the sea, which I can’t. 他能在大海里游泳 , 我不能 ( 在大海里游泳 ) 。 f. 代表整个主句时 , 用 which 不用 that 。 e.g. He broke my cup, which made me angry. 他打破了我的杯子 , 这使我很生气。 2. 关系代词 that 与 who 1) 只用 who 而不用 that 引导定语从句的情况。 a. 先行词是指人的不定代词 , 如 : one, ones, anyone, no one, those, all, nobody, anybody, none 等时 , 用 who 不用 that 。 e.g. People all like those who have good manners. 人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。 b. 在 there be 句型中 , 多用 who 指代人。 e.g. There are some people who want to have holidays in Hainan . 有一些想去海南度假的人。 c. 当先行词指特定的人时 , 关系代词多用 who, 不 指特定的人时 , 多用 that 。 e.g. The aunt who came to see us last week is my father’s younger sister. 上周来看我们的姑姑是我父亲的妹妹。 d. 在非限制性定语从句中作主语时 , 用 who 不用 that 。 e.g. Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. 王教授已年过六旬 , 依然夜以继日努力工作 着。 e. 当先行词有较长的后置定语或在被分割 的定语从句中时 , 用 who 不用 that 。 e.g. Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. 史密斯教授不久就要来给我们作一场 关于如何学英语的讲座。 3. as 与 which 引导定语从句的区别 as 与 which 都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容 , 有时可以互换。 e.g. He married her, as/which was natural. 很自然地 , 他和她结婚了。 as 的特殊用法： (1) as 引导的定语从句可以放在句首 , 而 which 则不 能。 e.g. As is known to us all , China is developing rapidly. 众所周知 , 中国发展迅速。 (2) as 表示“正如 , 正像” , 而 which 无此意。 此时 , as 从句中常有 know, expect, happen, point out, plan, suggest 等单词或短语。 e.g. He came back home late, as we expected. 正如我们所料 , 他回家晚了。 注意 : as 引导的定语从句常见句式有： as is known to all( 众所周知 ), as is often the case( 经常是这个情形 ), as is mentioned above( 如上所述 ), as is announced( 如宣布的那样 ) 。 (3) 当先行词被 the same, such 修饰时 , 定语 从句需用 as 引导。 e.g. It is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out. 这么难的一道题 , 我们没人做得出。 He wears the same coat as I do. 他穿着跟我一样的外套。 注意 : 当先行词被 the same 修饰时 , that 也可引导定语从句 , 但意义有所不同。 the same...as 指同样或同类的事物； the same...that 指同一个事物。 e.g. This is the same watch as I lost. 这块表与我丢的那块一样。 ( 不是同一块表 ) This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块表。 ( 是同一块表 ) “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 1. 在“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介 词的选用和它前面的先行词或它后面的从句 中谓语的搭配有关。如： They tried to think of a plan with which they could complete their task ahead of time. It isn’t a subject to which I devote a great deal of thought. 2. “ 介词 + 关系代词”前可有名词、数词或 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词。如： The house, the windows of which were damaged, is being repaired now. She has four daughters, two of whom are teachers. The speed of growth of the plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which we have no control over. 3. “ 介词 + which” 引导定语从句时，介词可以 是 in (the) front of, at the foot of, in the middle of 等复合介词。如： He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree. 定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括： 1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如 : that, which 和 where, when 的区分 ; that, which 和 why 的区分等。 考点归纳 2. 考查 whose 的使用。 whose 可以指代人或 物 , 在定语从句中作定语 , 后跟名词。指 物时 , whose+ 名词 = 名词 +of which=of which+ 名词。如： The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 3. 考查 as/which 引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重 视 which ， as 引导的非限制性定语从句和 it ， what 引导的主语从句的区分。 4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。 如： I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. 5. 考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词＋ 关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用 whom ，指物时用 which ，不能用 that 。关系代词 作定语时也可用 whose 。 如： The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students. 同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。 如： He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. ( 定语从句 ) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him. ( 并列句 ) 此外，“介词 +which+ 名词”结构，也是一个较为特殊的结构。 如： He was very ill, in which case (=and in this case) we sent him to hospital first. 6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。如 : 当 situation, point, case, activity, scene 及 period, festival, occasion 等出现时 , 要注意具体情 况具体分析 ; 作主语、宾语和表语时 , 用关 系代词 that/which; 作状语时 , 用关系副词 where/when 或“介词＋ which”, 表示在某 种特定的情形下。 7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区 别。 如： The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family. ( 同位语从句 ) The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. ( 定语从句 ) It was 1914 when the war broke out. ( 时间状语从句 ) It was in 1914 that the war broke out. ( 强调句 ) 1. It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. ( 湖南 2015) A. as B. where C. that D. which D 真题再现 2. Opposite is St. Paul’s Church, ___ you can hear some lovely music. ( 北京 2015) A. which B. that C. when D. where 3. Creating an atmosphere ____ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. ( 浙江 2015) A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which D C 4. The books on the desk, _____ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. ( 四川 2015) A. which B. what C. whose D. that 5. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ____ he should be able to be independent. ( 陕西 2015) A. which B. where C. whom D. when C D 用适当的关系词填空。 1. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 67. ____ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks. （ 2016 新课标 全国卷 III ） 2. I live next door to a couple ______ children often make a lot of noise. （北京 2016 ） who whose 3. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65. _____ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. （ 2016 新课标全国卷 I ） 4. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved. （浙江 2016 ） when which 巩固练习 I. 用适当的关系词填空 。 1. Lighting bonfires at this time of the year is a tradition __________ goes back to the 17th century. 2. The thought of going home to his family was all ________ kept him happy while he was working abroad. 3. These people, ______ identities will be kept secret, will be paid $40 a day. which/ that whose that 4. The beach is the place ________ I most like to be in the summer. 5. Recent accidents, ________ fifteen people lost their lives, have renewed concerns over the safety of overnight buses. 6. Laura was always helping her brother with his physics after school, ________, of course, made her parents very happy. 7. The police are looking for two boys aged 14, _____ stole a computer from the office. 8. He has been unwell, and this may be the reason ________ he lost the match. where where which who why 9. Do you know the date ________ we have to submit the first essay? 10. Our flight from London to Hong Kong actually stopped in Singapore, ________ we hadn’t expected. which when II. 选用括号内合适的关系词填空。 1. It’s not what you say but the way ______ (which, that) you say it that annoys her. 2. There are a lot of students in the reading room, most of ________ (whom, which) have their heads bent down over their books. 3. The park ________ (which, where) I usually go running in is across the road. 4. Have you met with a situation ________ (where, which) you can’t deal with? 5. A huge amount of oil was spilled, the effects of ________ (which, that) are still being felt. that whom which which which 6. The danger of driving is something ________ (which, that) worries me each time I travel. 7. About 30 of her friends and relations came to the airport to welcome her back, some of ________ (that, whom) had traveled long distance. 8. The difficulties of living near the volcano are well understood by the people ________ (who, whom) farm the land there. that whom who 9. There are times ________ (when, which) I wonder what my life would be like without friends. 10. _____ (As, Which) you will find, I will never let you down. when As III. 用适当的“介词+关系代词”填空 。 1. They showed enormous kindness to me, ________ I will always be grateful. 2. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person, ________ she could turn for help. 3. She has recently published a collection of short stories, most ________ first appeared in the magazine. 4. Jane, ________ I placed the greatest trust, failed to meet my expectations. for which to whom of which on whom 5. The wedding, ________ only members of the family were invited, took place last Friday. 6. Fortunately we had a map, ______________ we would have got lost. 7. She has now moved back to the house on Long Island ________ she was born. 8. In the novel by Peters, ________ the film is based, the main character is a teenager. 9. There are still many things in our solar system ________________ we know nothing. to which without which in which on which of/ about which IV. 将下面每组句子合并成一个含非限制性定 语从句的复合句 。 1. Mr. Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him on the phone last night. → _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2. The street I live in is very noisy at night. This makes it difficult to sleep. → _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan. The street I live in is very noisy at night, which makes it difficult to sleep. 3. The Queen’s last visit was in May. She opened the new hospital then. → _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 4. I have sent my friend two letters. She has received neither of the letters. → _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 5. The new stadium will be opened next month. It can hold 90,000 people. → _______________________________________ _______________________________________ The Queen’s last visit was in May, when she opened the new hospital. I have sent my friend two letters, neither of which she has received. The new stadium, which can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next month. 6. Sheila is away from home a lot. Her job involves a lot of traveling. → _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 7. John is one of my closest friends. I have known him for a very long time.→ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Sheila, whose job involves a lot of traveling, is away from home a lot. John, who / whom I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends. 8. She lived in Rome for a couple of years. She taught English there. → _______________________________________ _______________________________________ She lived in Rome for a couple of years, where she taught English.