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动词不定式
基本概念
结构
时态和语态
句法功能
1.
动词不定式的基本概念
动词不定式由
“
to+
动词原形”
构成,因
to
后的动词
不受人称、数量、时态的限定
,所以称“
to+
动词原形”为动词不定式。
动词不定式是
非谓语动词
的一种,在句中不能充当谓语。
2.
动词不定式的结构
一般结构:
to do
I’m so glad
to hear from
you.
否定式结构:
not to do
I persuaded him
not to smoke
.
复合结构:
for/of sb to do sth
(
即在动词不定式前加上其
逻辑主语
)
It’s
difficult
for him
to give up
smoking
It’s
kind
of
you
to help
me.
特殊疑问词
+
不定式:
how/when/what to do
I don't know
how to help
you.
3.
动词不定式的
时态和语态
主动语态
被动语态
一般时
to
to
完成时
to
to
进行时
to
完成进行时
to
do
have
done
be doing
have been doing
be done
have
been done
3.
动词不定式的
时态和语态
一般时:
意义:
动作与谓语动作
同时发生
,
或
动作发生在谓语动作
之后
主动语态:
to do
被动语态:
to be done
I’m so glad
to hear from
you.(高兴和收到来信
同时发生
)
I hope
to meet
you soon
. (
meet you
发生在未来
,
后发生)
Practice:
1. He offered ________(help) me.
2. She is too young___________(attend) school.
3. The meeting is able __________(hold).
4. The problem remains_____________(settle)
to help
to attend
to be held
to be settled
一般时:
动作与谓语动作
同时发生
,
或
动作发生在谓语动作
之后
1. 谓语动作:过去
不定式动作:过去帮助
同时发生
2. 谓语动作:现在
不定式动作:现在
同时发生
3. 谓语动作:现在
不定式动作:将来
不定式发生在谓语动作后
会议被举办,用一般被动
4. 谓语动作:现在
不定式动作:将来
不定式发生在谓语动作后;问题被解决,用一般被动
3.
动词不定式的
时态和语态
完成时:
意义:
表示动作发生
在谓语动作之前
主动语态:
to have done
被动语态:
to have been done
I’m glad
to
have invited
you to attend my party.
(已经邀请,现在高兴
已经邀请
了你)
I’m glad
to have been invited
to attend your party.
(已经被邀请,现在高兴
已经被邀请
)
Practice:
1. She pretends ______________(know) the news already.
2. I'm sorry_______________(keep) you waiting so long.
3. He is thought ______________(write) the book ten years ago.
4. The is thought ___________________(write) ten years ago.
to have known
to have kept
to have written
to have been written
完成时:
动作发生
在谓语动作之前
1.
谓语动作:现在
不定式动作:已经发生,
假装已经知道,不定式的完成式
2.
谓语动作:现在
不定式动作:已经发生,
抱歉已经让你等这么久
不定式的完成式
3.
谓语动作:现在
不定式动作:已经发生,
被认为已经写了
不定式的完成式
3.
谓语动作:现在
不定式动作:已经发生,
被认为已经被写了
不定式的完成被动式
3.
动词不定式的
时态和语态
进行时:
意义:
表示谓语动作发生时
,
不定式的动作正在进行
主动语态:
to be doing
He seems
to be eating
something.
(现在
”
似乎
”
,
正在
”
吃
”
,
”
似乎
”
和
”
吃
”
同时发生
)
Practice:
1. She pretended ______________(study) English when her mom came in.
2. They seemd ____________(write)something for somebody.
to be studying
to be writing
完成时:
动作发生
在谓语动作之前
1.
谓语动作:过去
不定式动作:进行
假装正在学习,不定式的进行式
1.
谓语动作:过去
不定式动作:进行
似乎正在写,不定式的进行式
3.
动词不定式的
时态和语态
完成进行时:
意义:
表示动作发生在
谓语
动作
之前
且
一直持续
到谓语动作发生时
,
并
仍在进行
主动语态:
to have been doing
She is said
to have been teaching
English for over twenty years.
(
以前
开始教英语,
持续
到现在,并
仍在
教)
Practice:
1. The book is said _____________________
(
translate
)
into Russian.
2. An exhibition of Chinese paintings is __________(hold) this weekend.
3. The boy pretended _______________(clean) the floor when I passed by him.
4.I'm happy __________(see) you.
to have been translated
to be held
to be cleaning
to see
3.
动词不定式的
时态和语态
主动语态
被动语态
一般时
to do
to be done
完成时
to have
done
to have
been done
进行时
to be doing
完成进行时
to have been doing
总结
4.
动词不定式的
句法功能
动词不定式具有
名词
,
形容词
和
副词
的特性
动词不定式不能做谓语,是
非谓语
的一种形式。
主语、宾语,表语
定语、表语,补足语
状语
动词不定式作
主语
不定式作
主语
1.
To find new ways to save water
is an urgent task
2.
To love
and
to be loved
is sweet to us.
3.
To improve people’s lives
and
to speed up socialize construction
are two important tasks today.
考点一:不定式作主语时的
主谓一致
原则
思考: 为什么不定式作主语时,
谓语有时用单数,有时用复数?
1.
To find new ways to save water
is
an urgent task
2.
To improve English
is
difficult for me now.
考点一:不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则
单个
不定式作
主语,
谓语用
单数
To love
and
to be loved
is
sweet to us.
考点一:不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则
大于等于两个
不定式作主语,但
语义一致
或基本一致、或不定式作为
一个整体
时,谓语用
单数
To improve people’s lives
and
to speed up socialize construction
are
two important tasks today.
考点一:不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则
大于等于
两个
不定式作主语,但
语义不一致
,谓语用
复数
Practice:
1. To do that sort of thing_______(be) foolish.
2. To act like that _______(be) childish.
is
is
It’s difficult
for
him to give up smoking
= To give up smoking is difficult for him.
It’s kind
of
you to help me.
= You are kind to help me
考点二:为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用
it
做
形式主语
,
动词不定式
作句子
真正的主语
,
不定式
的复合结构:
for/of sb to do sth
It+be+adj.+
for sb
to do:
(用
for sb
时,
形容词修饰to do sth
,形容词常用修饰事或物的词,如easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, )
It’s
difficult
for him
to give up smoking
=
To give up smoking
is
difficult
for him.
It+be +adj.
+of sb
to do
(用
of sb
时,
形容词修饰sb
,形容词常用
修饰人品质
的词,如nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate, silly)
It’s
kind
of
you
to help me.
=
You
are
kind
to help me
It's our
duty
to take good care of
the old.
= To take good care of the old is our duty
考点三:It + is/was+
名词
+to do:
It
takes me an hour to do
homework everyday.
=To do homework takes me an hour everyday.
How long
did it
take you to finish
the work?
考点四:
It
takes / took sb + some time
+ to do:
用
动名词作主语
的情况:
no pleasure
no use
It is/was no good doing sth
no fun
a waste of money/time
worth
no
也可换成
not
或
of little
It is no good just being upset.
考点五:
动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
用
不定式作主语
的情况:
It is/was+adj.+for/of sb
It is/was+n +to do sth
It takes/took sb+some time
考点五:
动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
动词不定式作
表语
Your
task
today is
to wash
the curtains.
动词不定式作表语时,放在系动词后面,表示
将来的动作
或
解释说明主语的内容;主语常是
wish, idea, task, purpose, duty,aim, hope, mistake 等
表示意向、打算、计划的词
不定式
作表语: 表示
具体的
,
一次性的
动作
Your task today is
to wash
the curtains.
动名词
作表语: 表示
抽象的
,
多次经常的
动作
My favorite sport is
running
.
对比:动词不定式和动名词作表语的区别
动词不定式作状语
目的状语:
I come here
to see
you.
(来这里的目的是见你)
常用in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to…
结果状语:
表事先
没有预料到
的,
出乎意料的
结果,常放在
句子末尾
He arrived at the station ,
only to find
the train
had left.
常用enough to, only to. . . ,too. . . to
原因状语
:常放在表
情绪或心理活动的形容词之后
I’m glad
to see
you.(glad的原因是see you)
动词不定式作宾语
eg. I decide
to study
hard
from now on.
主
谓 宾
The driver failed
to see
the other car in time.
He offered
to help
me.
She loves to
talk about
the matter.
He promised
not to tell
anyone about it.
用法一:
动词不定式跟在某些
及物动词的后面
作宾语
这样的及物动词有:
afford
,
ask
,
agree
,
arrange
,
attempt
,
aim
,
bother
,
choose
,
care
,
decide
,
desire
,
demand
,
expect
,
fail
,
hope
,
hesitate
,
learn
,
long
,
manage
,
offer
,
plan
,
pretend
,
promise
,
prepare
,
refuse
,
seem
,
seek
,
threaten
,
tend
,
wait
,
wish
,
want
用法一:
动词不定式跟在某些
及物动词的后面
作宾语
只跟动词不定式
不跟动名词的及物动词有:
(decide/determine, learn, manage, try)
(refuse, promise, pretend, agree)
(want, help, choose, plan)
(hope/expect/wish, care, offer, wait)
(happen, fail, afford)
The question is
how to put
it into practice.
能接“疑问词
+to do”
的动词
(
短语
)
有
:
be, decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, find out, understand, see, wonder, hear, explain, tell
等。
用法二:
“疑问词+to do”
I think
it
hard
to get up
early in the morning.
He feels
it
his duty
to help
the poor.
it
作形式宾语
,
真正的宾语为后面的不定式,
make
使
..
think
认为
..
. it +
adj/n
+(for sb) +
to do sth
feel
感觉
...
find
发现
...
consider
认为
..
用法三:
主语
+
动词
+it+
宾补
+to do (
宾补常为形容词或名词
)
动词不定式作宾补
I like
to keep
everything tidy.
I like
you
to keep
everything tidy.
I will ask
to do
it again and again.
I will ask
you
to do
it again and again.
既可以
跟不定式作宾语
,又可“
动词+宾语+不定式
”的动词:
ask
,
beg
,
choose
,
expect
,
help
,
intend
,
like
,
love
,
need
,
prefer
,
prepare
,
promise
,
want
,
wish
等。
用法一:
动词+宾语+不定式
We
consider Tom to be
the best student in our class.
常见动词:
acknowledge,
believe,
consider,
think,
declare(
声称
),
discover, fancy(
设想
),
feel,
find,
guess,
judge,
imagine,
know,
prove,
see(
理解
), show,
suppose,
take(
以为
),
understand
用法二:
动词
+
宾语
+ to + be
The book is believed
to be uninteresting.
The movie is considered
to be boring.
动词
+
宾语
+to be+
形容词
如
think, consider, imagine, prove, find, know, suppose
等。
用法三:
to + be+
形容词(常用于被动)
有些动词后面用省略
to
的不定式作宾补,即:
动词
+sb do sth
He
made
me
work
all night long.
I
saw
a child
play
in the street
.
这类动词主要有:
我看三室二厅有感觉
“
我看
=
五看”
(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)
“
三室
=
三使”
(make, let, have)
“
二厅
=
二听”
(hear, listen to)
“
有感觉”
(feel)
。
用法四:
省略
to
的不定式
注意:当
“
动词
+ sb do sth”
结构中
sb
放在主语位置,
句子变为被动语态时,省略的
to
要加上去
。
He
made
the man
work
all night long.
变被动
: The man was made
to
work all night long.
The policeman saw a child play in the street.
变被动
: A child was seen to play in the street.
用法四:
省略
to
的不定式
动词不定式作定语
He was the right
person
to do the job.
She was the first
woman
to win the gold medal
.
不定式作定语时,常
放在其修饰的名词或代词之后
,做后置定语。
注意:动词不定式只能做后置定语,不可做前置定语。
1. I have a lot of
homework
to do
.
逻辑上:
do
homework
2. I have
something
to say
.
逻辑上:
say
something
有些不定式作定语时,不定式中的
动词
会和
其修饰的词
构成
逻辑上的动宾关系。
考点一 不定式与所修饰词构成
动宾关系
He told me he had no
pen
to write with
.
to
write with
修饰
pen
, 逻辑上:
write with
pen
不定式做定语时,若其中动词为
不及物动词
,必须在后面加上对应的
介词
。即
....sth to
vi
+
prep
1. I have a comfortable
house
to live in
(live)
.
2. Do you have a
cup
to drink water with
(drink water)
?
考点一 不定式与所修饰词构成
动宾关系
用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any,the only,the next,the last等限定的中心词, 且与中心词为主动关系
,这是用不定式做定语。
He is
the first
Chinese citizen
to win
this award.
He was
the only
one
to survive
the plane crash.
He was
the right
person
to do
(do)the job.
考点二 注意
动词不定式
基本概念:
to+
动词原形
结构:一般结构,否定结构,复合结构,疑问词
+to do
时态和语态
:
一般时,完成时,进行时,完成进行时
句法功能:主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补