2019届高三英语二轮复习课件：第一部分语法专题第四节动词时态和语态(共66张PPT) 66页

第四节　动词时态和语态 考点一　一般时态 一、 一般现在时 1 ． 一般现在时的构成 一般情况直接加 -s work — works get — gets say — says read — reads 结尾为 -s ， -x ， -sh ， -ch 或 -o, 在词尾加 -es discuss—discusses wash—washes teach—teaches fix—fixes 　 go—goes 结尾为 “ 辅音字母＋ -y ” 变 y 为 i 再加 -es carry — carries study — studies 　 try—tries fly—flies 　 cry—cries 2. 表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词 ( 词组 )always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night 等连用。 ◆ ( 陕西卷 )On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work though the actual distance is only 20 miles. 周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有 20 英里。 3 ．按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于 go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come 等动词。 ◆ Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18 ： 20. 看看时间表。快点儿吧！ 4026 航班 18 ： 20 起飞。 4 ．用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。 ◆ ( 新课标全国卷 Ⅰ )If we don't act now to protect the environment, we'll live to regret it. 如果我们现在不行动起来保护环境，将来我们会后悔的。 二、一般过去时 1 ． 一般过去时的构成 一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加 - ed 构成，不规则动词的过去式及过去分词变化详见附录。 一般情况在动词后加 -ed work — worked play — played 　 want—wanted 以 -e 结尾的动词后加 -d hope — hoped 　 like—liked 以 “ 辅音字母＋ -y ” 结尾的动词，变 y 为 i 再加 -ed study — studied 　 try—tried 以重读闭音节或 /r/ 音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再 加 - ed stop — stopped prefer — preferred admit — admitted permit — permitted 2. 表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与 often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与 yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday 等过去的时间状语连用。 ◆ ( 2018· 北京卷 )—Hi, I'm Peter. Are you new here? I haven't seen you around. —— 嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。 — Hello, Peter. I'm Bob. I just started on Monday. —— 你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一刚刚开始住在这儿。 三、一般将来时 1 ． “ shall/will ＋动词原形 ” 表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语 tomorrow, next year, in ＋一段时间等连用。其中 shall 通常用于第一人称， will 通常用于各种人称。 “ will ＋动词原形 ” 还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。 ◆ ( 2016· 北京卷 )The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. 学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力 ( 将来 ) 一定会得到回报。 ◆ ( 北京卷 )—What time is it ？ —— 几点了？ — I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you. —— 我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。 2 ． “ be going to ＋动词原形 ” 表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 ◆ Look, dark clouds are gathering. It is going to rain soon, I think. 瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。 ◆ ( 天津卷 )Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. 无论是在家里还是在工作场所，在未来的几年里社交机器人将会变得越来越普遍。 3 ． “ be to ＋动词原形 ” 表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。 ◆ You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock. 到 10 点你得交上试卷。 4 ． “ be about to ＋动词原形 ” 表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。 ◆ Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird. 汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。 [ 对点演练 ] —— 单句语法填空 1 ． ( 2018· 广东惠州高三调 )Bike - sharing is a greener method of transportation and ________(provide) a more friendly experience. 2.( 2018· 福建厦门双十中学模拟 )Life is about giving and taking ， and it's generally true that if you give, you ___________(receive) ． 3.( 2018· 湖北重点中学高三联考 )In Tsinghua, he met his wife Yang Jiang, who was to become a successful playwright and translator, and _________(marry) her in 1935. provides will receive married 考点二　进行时态 一、进行时的构成 现在进行时由 “ am/ is/are ＋现在分词 ” 构成；过去进行时由 “ was/were ＋现在分词 ” 构成；将来进行时由 “ will/shall ＋ be ＋现在分词 ” 构成。其变化规则如下： 一般情况在词尾直接加 -ing work — working study — studying 以不发音的 -e 结尾的动词，去 -e 再加 -ing write — writing take — taking 　 face—facing “ 辅音＋元音＋辅音 ” 结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ing cut — cutting begin — beginning swim — swimming run — running put — putting sit — sitting plan — planning cut — cutting get — getting shop — shopping stop — stopping 以 -ie 结尾的动词，变 -ie 为 -y 再加 -ing lie — lying 　 die—dying 二、现在进行时 1 ．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。 ◆ ( 江苏卷 )We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it. 我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们要做什么。 2 ．表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常用于 go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out 等动词。 ◆ ( 重庆卷 )Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there's none left. 洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前马上行动。 三、过去进行时 1 ．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及 at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o'clock yesterday 等连用。 ◆ ( 2018· 北京卷 ) Susan had quit her well - paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。 2 ．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与 when, while 引导的时间状语从句连用。 ◆ ( 2016· 北京卷 )Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred. 突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。 四、将来进行时 表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如： at this time tomorrow ， by then, from 1 ： 30 to 4 ： 30 tomorrow 等。 ◆ ( 天津卷 )Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time. 简不能参加今天下午三点的会，因为她那个时间段有课。 [ 对点演练 ] —— 单句语法填空 1 ． ( 2017· 北京卷 )People have better access to health care than they used to, and they ___________(live) longer now as a result. are living 2 ． ( 2018· 河北正定中学高三期中 )A woman who ___________(sit) with her son made eye contact with me and asked me to come to her. 3.( 陕西卷 )—Can I call you back at two o'clock this afternoon? — I'm sorry, but by then I ___________(fly) to Beijing. How about five? was sitting will be flying 考点三　完成时态 一、现在完成时 1 ．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语： already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far 等。 ◆ ( 2018· 北京卷 ) China's high - speed railways have grown from 9 ， 000 to 25 ， 000 kilometers in the past few years. 在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从 9 ， 000 公里增长到 25 ， 000 公里。 ◆ ( 2016· 江苏卷 )He has already received three similar invitations this week. 本周他已经收到了三个相似的邀请。 2 ．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今 ( 可能还要延续下去 ) 的动作或状态。常用的时间状语： since ＋时间点； for ＋时间段等。 ◆ ( 湖南卷 )—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me? —— 我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？ — Sorry, I haven't played the piano for years. —— 抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。 3 ．在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。 ◆ Will you come to my office when you have finished your work? 你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？ 二、过去完成时 1 ．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示 “ 过去的过去 ” 的时间状语 ( 从句 ) 。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。 ◆ ( 2016· 天津卷 ) When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn't seen for years. 当沿着街道散步的时候，我遇见了多年未见的戴维。 2 ．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语： before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time ＋从句等。 ◆ ( 北京卷 )It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me. 很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我做的一切。 3 ．表示 “ 愿望、打算 ” 的动词 ( 如 hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend) 用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。 ◆ I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor. 昨天我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。 [ 对点演练 ] —— 单句语法填空 1.( 2016· 北京卷 )I __________(read) half of the English novel, and I'll try to finish it at the weekend. 2 ． ( 北京卷 )—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house? — Not really. She _________(give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily. 3 ． ( 2018· 成都七中诊断 )This is the first time I ___________(come) to Chengdu and I am truly impressed by the lifestyle of people here. have read had given have come 考点四　完成进行时 考纲对完成进行时要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时。其构成为： have/has been ＋现在分词。 1 ．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常见的时间状语： all this morning, this month, these few days, since 和 for 引导的状语从句等。 ◆ ( 2016· 北京卷 )—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for? —— 打扰了，你们在等哪部电影？ — The new Star Wars . We have been waiting here for more than two hours. —— 新上映的 《 星球大战 》 ，我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。 2 ．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。 ◆ ( 2016· 北京卷 )The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. 学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力 ( 将来 ) 一定会得到回报的。 [ 对点演练 ] —— 单句语法填空 1.( 2016· 江苏卷 )Dashan, who ________________(learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand - up tradition. 2 ． ( 福建卷 )—Where is Peter ？ I can't find him anywhere. — He went to the library after breakfast and ________________(write) his essay there ever since. has been learning has been writing 3 ． ( 2018· 浙江瑞安四校联考 )They ________________(work) on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we ____________(work) on it as no good results have come out so far. 考点五 动词语态 一、被动语态的构成和基本用法 1 ．被动语态由 “ be ＋过去分词 ” 构成， be 动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态的构成形式还有： get/become ＋过去分词。各种时态的被动语态形式如下： had been working are working 形式 时间 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在 am/ is/ are done am/ is/are being done have/has been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done ◆ ( 2018· 北京卷 ) A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days. 一个救援人员冒着生命危险，挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。 ◆ ( 2018· 天津卷 )My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. 这周我的洗衣机正在修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。 ◆ ( 安徽卷 )While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted, Henry did his best to perform his duty. 在等待机会被提拔期间，亨利尽量履行好自己的职责。 2 ．被动语态的使用场合： (1) 不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时； (2) 强调动作的承受者时。 ◆ ( 安徽卷 )It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come. 据报道，人们在接下来的几年里将在月球上建一个空间站。 二、主动表示被动意义 1 ． “ 系动词 feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep 等＋形容词 / 名词 ” 构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。 ◆ This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。 2 ．当 sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn 等不及物动词后带状语 (well/easily 等 ) 修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。 ◆ Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers. 你买最近销售很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。 [ 对点演练 ] —— 单句语法填空 / 单句改错 1 ． ( 2018· 江苏卷 )I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________________(carry) out in the past two years. had been carried 2 ． ( 2017· 江苏卷 )He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he __________________(follow) ． 3 ． ( 2016· 江苏卷 )More efforts, as reported, _____________(make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply - side structural reform. 4 ． ( 2017· 北京卷 ) In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones hadn't invented yet. _________________ was being followed will be made 在 invented 前加 been Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1 ． ( 2018· 湖南长沙长郡中学月考 )The beauty of the views couldn't ______(imagine) and they left me with many great memories. 【 解析 】 句意：这些景色的美是无法想象的，它们给我留下了许多美好的回忆。 imagine 和 The beauty of the views 之间为动宾关系，且根据句意可知应用被动语态；含情态动词的被动语态的构成是：情态动词＋ be done 。 【 答案 】 be imagined 2 ． ( 2018· 山西运城期中 )The first electrical air conditioner ______(invent) by Willis Haviland Carrier in 1902. 【 解析 】 句意：第一台电动空调是由威利斯 · 哈维兰 · 开利于 1902 年发明的。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语；根据时间状语 in 1902 可知，此处应用一般过去时； invent 与 air conditioner 之间存在动宾关系，故用被动语态。 【 答案 】 was invented 3 ． ( 2018· 浙江嘉兴基础测试 )By that time ， she ______(accept) by Yale University and Harvard University in the U ． S. 【 解析 】 根据 by that time 可知，此处用过去完成时， she 与 accept 之间为被动关系，故填 had been accepted 。 【 答案 】 had been accepted 4 ． ( 2018· 聊城检测 )Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also ______(give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit. 【 解析 】 考查时态。 not only...but also 连接两个平行结构，因此所填动词与 makes 一致，故填 gives 。 【 答案 】 gives 5 ． ( 2018· 广东深圳二模 )It ______(rain) at that time and the streets were full of holes which were full of water. 【 解析 】 根据时间状语 at that time 可知，当时正在下雨，即 “ 下雨 ” 这一动作在过去某段时间内正在进行。故用过去进行时。 【 答案 】 was raining 6 ． ( 2018· 沈阳监测一 )This is the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again. 【 解析 】 考查动词的时态。根据 “ This is the first time ” 可知，从句用现在完成时。 【 答案 】 have experienced 7 ． ( 2018· 贵州适应性测试 )Hardly had I got home when the rain__________(pour) down. 【 解析 】 hardly...when... 意为 “ 刚 …… 就 ……” ，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 【 答案 】 poured 8 ． ( 2018· 梧州一模 )I say to him with a cheerful smile, “ Go to exercise and you______(feel) better.” 【 解析 】 此题考查时态，祈使句＋ and/or ＋陈述句，陈述句用一般将来时。 【 答案 】 will feel 9 ． ( 2018· 浙江台州期末考试 )We______(reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years, but cars are still major source of them. 【 解析 】 由句中的时间状语 in recent years 可知，应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。 【 答案 】 have reduced/have been reducing 10 ． ( 2018· 江西南昌一模 )At a young age, he______(move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona. 【 解析 】 根据时间状语 at a young age 可知，此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。 【 答案 】 moved 11 ． ( 2018· 浙江金丽衢州十二校联考 )I just graduated from West Coast University. I______(receive) job skill training just before that, but I had never worked. 【 解析 】 此处根据 just before that 可知，我在之前受过职业技能的培训，根据上句中的一般过去时可知，此处应用过去完成时。 【 答案 】 had received 12 ． ( 2018· 浙江金华十校模拟 )Doctors and scientists ______(learn) a great deal about sleep in the last thirty years. 【 解析 】 根据 in the last thirty years 可知，本句应用现在完成时。 【 答案 】 have learned 13 ． ( 2018· 合肥第一次检测 )It's fun for amateurs to try, but to become good at it, not only years of practice but also natural talent______(need) ． 【 解析 】 考查主谓一致和被动语态。 “ not only...but also... ” 作主语，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则，故此处谓语动词应用单数。 natural talent 与动词 need 之间是动宾关系，故用 is needed 。 【 答案 】 is needed 14 ． ( 2018· 重庆巴蜀中学一诊 )For more than 50 years ， travelers______(use)the international driver's license to travel in foreign countries. 【 解析 】 句意： 50 多年来，游客们一直在使用国际驾照到外国游玩。根据时间状语 for more than 50 years 可知， 此处应该用现在完成时或者现在完成进行时。 【 答案 】 have used/have been using 15 ． ( 2018· 吉林长春外国语学校 )It was the fourth time she______(shop) online for hours. I had already reminded her to think twice before buying anything ， but my wife ignored what I had said. 【 解析 】 “ It was ＋第几次＋过去完成时 ” 是固定句式。 【 答案 】 had shopped 16 ． ( 2018· 湖南郴州第一次质检 )The first practical cooling system for use in industry______(invent)by Willis Carrier in New York ， the USA. 【 解析 】 设空处是句子的谓语动词，动作与主语之间是被动关系，此处描述过去的事实，故用一般过去时的被动语态。 【 答案 】 was invented 17 ． (2018· 山西太原期末 ) The reason for this is that Britain's supermarkets______(experience) huge changes in the past decades. 【 解析 】 根据题干中的时间状语 in the past decades 可知，此处应该用现在完成时。 【 答案 】 have experienced 18 ． ( 2018· 辽宁东北育才中学五模 )In today's world we are constantly surrounded by technology. It's true to say that technology ______(make) our lives easier. 【 解析 】 句意：在当今世界上我们始终被科技包围着。说科技让我们的生活变得更容易这是真的。设空处是从句的谓语动词，根据语境和 are constantly surrounded 可知，此处应该是现在时，由于描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，故填 makes 。 【 答案 】 makes 19. (2018· 安徽合肥重点中学联考 )The full railway, which includes 72 - kilometer section through Beijing, ______ (complete) in four and a half ago. 【 解析 】 句意：这一整条铁路，其中有 72 千米经过北京，将在四年半内完工。设空处作主句的谓语，根据时间状语 in four and a half years 可知，应用一般将来时；且主语 The full railway 与 complete 之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。 【 答案 】 will be completed 20 ． ( 2018· 辽宁六校期末联考 )When we got home ， she was fine except that all her books______(throw)out of the window. 【 解析 】 句意：当我们到家时，她一切都好，就是把她所有的书都扔到了窗外。设空处是 that 从句的谓语动词，与从句主语 all her books 是被动关系，且该动作发生在 got 之前，是过去的过去。所以此处要用过去完成时的被动语态。 【 答案 】 had been thrown 【 答案 】 lighting → lighted/lit/light 2 ． (2018· 长沙市联考 )To collect opinions from the public, an online survey has made these days. __________ 【 解析 】 an online survey 与 make 之间是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态。 【 答案 】 has 后加 been 3 ． ( 2018· 周口市模拟 )I'm glad to know you are interested in Chinese songs and wanted to learn them. __________ 【 解析 】 and 前的动词 am ， are 说明句子整体时态为一般现在时，根据时态的一致性，把 wanted 改为 want 。 【 答案 】 wanted → want 4 ． ( 2018· 河北邯郸一模 )It has been a long time since we meet in China last time. __________ 【 解析 】 It has been ＋一段时间＋ since... 句式中时间状语用过去时。 【 答案 】 meet → met 5 ． ( 2018· 贵阳监测 )Once I went to the market with my mum for a big dinner on Saturday. When we were walking past the stalls ， a loud noise was caught my attention. __________ 【 解析 】 考查动词语态。主语 a loud noise 与 catch 之间构成主谓关系，表主动，故删除 was 。 【 答案 】 删除 was 6 ． ( 2018· 洛阳统一考试 )When Dad came home, he noticed my uneasiness and asked me what has happened. __________ 【 解析 】 考查动词时态。与 asked 呼应可知，此处应用过去完成时，表示过去的过去。 【 答案 】 has → had 7 ． ( 2018· 重庆西北狼教育联盟联考 )Although the best doctors called for him, he could still find no relief. I have realized that health is worth all the money in the world. __________ 【 解析 】 考查主谓一致、时态和语态。主语 the best doctors 为复数且和动词 call 之间为动宾关系，故用被动语态；这里讲述的是过去发生的事情，故用 were 。 【 答案 】 called 前面加 were 8 ． ( 2018· 安徽马鞍山期中测试 )With the development of technology, more and more consumers are given up traditional payment methods for digital currency. __________ 【 解析 】 句意：随着科技的发展，越来越多的消费者正在放弃传统的支付方式，转而使用数字货币。这里表示当前阶段正在发生的动作，应用现在进行时，且主语与 give up 之间是主动关系，应用主动语态。 【 答案 】 given → giving 9 ． (2018· 福建福州十三中期中考试 )Today I've got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance. __________ 【 解析 】 根据句意可知，指过去的动作对现在造成的结果，应用现在完成时。 【 答案 】 had → have 10. ( 2018· 山东青岛模拟 )What's more, thousands of tourists from the world came here every year, which is really splendid. __________ 【 解析 】 根据时间状语 every year 及从句为一般现在时可知，主句应用一般现在时，故将 came 改为 come 。 【 答案 】 came → come