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2018届二轮复习 构词法在短文语法填空和短文改错中的讲与练
正确运用构词法知识,是词汇学习的重要途径,同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识,不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力,更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短文改错对于词性转化的考查当中。
[特别说明] 形容词变副词的词性转化在第3讲中已做具体讲解,本讲不再赘述。
在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀,加在词根之后的为后缀。
1.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
age
short→shortage 不足;短缺
cy
efficient→efficiency 效率;功效
fluent→fluency 流利;流畅
accurate→accuracy 准确性
private→privacy 隐私;私密
dom
free→freedom 自由;自主
wise→wisdom 明智;智慧
ence
different→difference 差异
silent→silence 沉默
ness
weak→weakness 虚弱;弱点
kind→kindness 仁慈;好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意
dark→darkness 黑暗
th
strong→strength 力气;强项
warm→warmth 温暖;热情
true→truth 真实
wide→width 宽度
y
ty
ity
difficult→difficulty 困难
cruel→cruelty 残酷;残暴
safe→safety 安全
disable→disability 无能;残疾
responsible→responsibility 责任
2.动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
al
approve→approval 赞成;批准
arrive→arrival 到来;到达
survive→survival 幸存
propose→proposal 提议;建议
ance
appear→appearance 出现;外貌
guide→guidance 指引;指导
perform→performance 表演;节目
ence
exist→existence 存在;生存
prefer→preference 偏爱
refer→reference 参考;查阅
ion
attract→attraction 吸引
construct→construction 建设
educate→education 教育
evaluate→evaluation 评估
graduate→graduation 毕业
ation
expect→expectation 期待;期望
explain→explanation 解释
consider→consideration 考虑
imagine→imagination 想象力
starve→starvation 挨饿
invite→invitation 邀请;请柬
(s)sion
discuss→discussion 讨论;辩论
decide→decision 决定
admit→admission 接纳;准许入学
ing
hear→hearing 听力;听觉begin→beginning 开始
ment
achieve→achievement 功绩;成就
argue→argument 辩论;论据
treat→treatment 对待;治疗
equip→equipment 设备
ure
fail→failure 失败;没做到
press→pressure 压力
ture
mix→mixture 混合;混合物depart→departure 离开;出发
y
recover→recovery 恢复;痊愈
discover→discovery 发现
其他
grow→growth 成长;发展
choose→choice 选择
vary→variety 多样化;种类
tend→tendency 趋向;趋势
3.动词、名词变形容词的后缀
后缀
例词
able
accept→acceptable 可接受的
comfort→comfortable 舒适的
fashion→fashionable 时髦的
suit→suitable 合适的
reason→reasonable 有道理的
al
music→musical 音乐的
origin→original 最初的
person→personal 个人的;私人的
center→central 中央的;中心的
nature→natural 自然的;天生的
form→formal 正式的
nation→national 全国的
ful
doubt→doubtful 怀疑的
forget→forgetful 健忘的
harm→harmful 有害的
hope→hopeful 有希望的
peace→peaceful 和平的
care→careful 细心的
use→useful 有用的
help→helpful 有帮助的
ed
scare→scared 感到恐惧的
confuse→confused 感到困惑的
puzzle→puzzled 迷惑的
worry→worried 担心的
bore→bored 感到厌倦的
excite→excited 激动的;兴奋的
underline→underlined 加下划线的
ing
surprise→surprising 令人惊讶的
convince→convincing 令人信服的
satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的
worry→worrying 令人担心的
bore→boring 令人厌烦的
ible
access→accessible 容易到达的;容易取得的
horror→horrible 可怕的;恐怖的
terror→terrible 可怕的
ive
act→active 积极的;活跃的
effect→effective 有效的;生效的
attract→attractive 有吸引力的
impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive 有教育意义的
expense→expensive 昂贵的
ous
continue→continuous 不断的;持续的
anxiety→anxious 忧虑的
caution→cautious 十分小心的;谨慎的
curiosity→curious 好奇的
humor→humorous 幽默的
some
tire→tiresome 令人厌倦的
trouble→troublesome 麻烦的
y
taste→tasty 美味的;可口的
health→healthy 健康的
wealth→wealthy 富裕的;丰富的
dirt→dirty 有灰尘的;脏的
rain→rainy 有雨的
sun→sunny 阳光明媚的
cloud→cloudy 阴天的
ern
east→eastern 东方的;向东的
west→western 西方的;向西的
ish
child→childish 孩子气的
fool→foolish 愚蠢的;可笑的
self→selfish 自私的
ic
science→scientific 科学的
economy→economic 经济的
history→historic 历史上著名的
ary
imagine→imaginary 想象中的
4.表示“人”的名词后缀
在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有:
后缀
例词
er
clean→cleaner 清洁工
report→reporter 记者
strange→stranger 陌生人
or
invent→inventor 发明者
visit→visitor 游客
direct→director 导演
ar
lie→liar 说谎者
beg→beggar 乞讨者,乞丐
ee
employ→employee 雇员
interview→interviewee 参加面试者
train→trainee 受训者,学员
ess
host→hostess 女主人
act→actress 女演员
ian
music→musician 音乐家
politics→politician 政治家
history→historian 历史学家
ist
art→artist 艺术家
science→scientist 科学家
piano→pianist 钢琴家
ant
serve→servant 仆人
participate→participant 参加者
assist→assistant 助手,图书管理员
5.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前/后缀
例词
前缀
dis
agree→disagree 不同意
advantage→disadvantage 缺点
appear→disappear 消失
comfort→discomfort 不舒适的
honest→dishonest 不诚实的
il
legal→illegal 不合法的
logical→illogical 不合逻辑的
im
polite→impolite 无礼的
patient→impatient 不耐烦的
moral→immoral 不道德的
in
formal→informal 非正式的
convenient→inconvenient 不方便的
direct→indirect 间接引起的
ir
regular→irregular 不规则的
responsible→irresponsible 不负责任的
mis
lead→mislead 误导
understand→misunderstand 误解
un
usual→unusual 不寻常的
willing→unwilling 不愿意的
happy→unhappy 不高兴的
known→unknown 不出名的
后缀
less
hope→hopeless 绝望的
end→endless 没完没了的
care→careless 粗心的
help→helpless 无助的
use→useless 无用的
6.变动词的前缀和后缀
前/后缀
例词
前缀
en
able→enable 使能够
large→enlarge 扩大
rich→enrich 使充实;使丰富
danger→endanger 危及
courage→encourage 鼓励
后缀
en
broad→broaden 使变宽
ripe→ripen 使成熟
sharp→sharpen 使尖锐
wide→widen 加宽
short→shorten 变短
deep→deepen 加深
dark→darken 使变暗
hard→harden 使变硬
ify
class→classify 把……分类
just→justify 证明……正确
simple→simplify 简化
beauty→beautify 美化
ize
apology→apologize 道歉
emphasis→emphasize 强调
memory→memorize 记住
real→realize 认识到;实现
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。
转化规则
例词
注意
名词→动词
face(n.脸→v.面对)
shoulder(n.肩→v.肩负)
water(n.水→v.浇水)
back(n.背→v.支持)
name(n.名字→v.命名)
high, deep, wide用作副词时表示具体,而highly, deeply, widely表示抽象。
动词→名词
look(v./n.)看
try(v./n.)尝试
dream(v./n.)梦想
chat (v./n.)聊天
形容词→动词
empty(adj.空的→v.倒空)
slow(adj.慢的→v.减慢)
dirty(adj.脏的→v.弄脏)
warm(adj.暖的→v.使变暖)
形容词→副词
hard(adj.难的→adv.努力)
high(adj.高的→adv.高)
deep(adj.深的→adv.深)
wide(adj.宽的→adv.宽)
把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫作合成法。以合成法构成的单词称作合成词,包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。
1.合成名词
构成
例词
名词+名词
newspaper报纸
babysitter 保姆
airport 机场
schoolmate 校友
形容词+名词
greenhouse温室
highway 高速公路
mainland 大陆
shorthand 速记
动词+副词
gettogether联欢会
breakdown 崩溃
breakthrough 突破
副词+动词
outbreak爆发
output 产量
downfall 垮台
outcome 结果
其他构成
wellbeing健康
grownup 成年人
passerby 路人
gobetween 媒人
bridetobe 准新娘
parentstobe 准父母
soninlaw 女婿
byproduct 副产品
2.合成形容词
构成
例词
形容词/数词+名词+ed
warmhearted热心的
blueeyed 蓝眼睛的
absentminded 心不在焉的
middleaged 中年的
ninestoreyed 九层楼的
threelegged 三条腿的
onesided 片面的
名词/副词+分词
peaceloving热爱和平的
Englishspeaking 讲英语的
meateating 食肉的
manmade 人造的
snowcovered 白雪覆盖的
handmade 手工的
stateowned 国有的
welldressed 穿着体面的
newlybuilt 新建的
widespread 广泛流传的
名词+形容词
worldfamous世界著名的
icecool 冰冷的
snowwhite 雪白的
grassgreen 草绿的
taxfree 免税的
fatfree 无脂的
troublefree 无忧无虑的
形容词+名词
fulltime全职的
parttime 兼职的
secondhand 二手的
upperclass 上层阶级的,上流社会的
highgrade 品质优良的
largescale 大规模的
形容词+分词
goodlooking好看的
easygoing 随和的
slowmoving 移动缓慢的
数词+名词+形容词
200meterlong 200 米长的
1,000wordlong 1 000词长的
18yearold 18岁大的
20meterwide 20 米宽的
3.其他合成词
构成
例词
合成动词
upset使心烦意乱
overcome 克服
overjoy 使狂喜
overthrow 推翻
oversleep 睡过头
undergo 经历
overcharge 超额收费
overbook 超额预订
合成副词
afterwards以后,后来
inwards 向内地
upwards 向上地
downwards 向下地
forward 向前,前进
upstairs 在楼上
anywhere 任何地方
anyhow 无论如何
forever 永远
合成介词
outside 在……外面
without 没有
within 在……之内
into 进入
onto 到……之上
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.With the development (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious.
2.(2017·淮北市模拟)I’m so thankful (thank) that we had candles on hand that dark night.
3.(2017·湖北省七市联考)All of a sudden, my heart was filled with warmth (warm).
4.(2017·湖北省七市联考)I shared the photo and my unforgettable (forget) experiences with my friends.
5.(2017·西安市模拟)White tea is helpful in preventing cavities and building the strength (strong) of your teeth.
6.(2017·青岛市模拟)If you always go to bed and get up at about the same time, this will set a healthy (health) rhythm in your life.
7.(2017·河南省百校联盟质检)The soldiers stood about six feet tall, and each appeared to have his own personality (personal).
8.There are more and more cars, buses on the roads, and they give off poisonous (poison) gases.
9.(2017·九江市模拟)Most pubs have no waiters — you have to go to the bar (吧台) to buy drinks.This may sound inconvenient (convenient), but English people are used to doing so.
10.(2017·皖南八校联考)If you’re looking for some new and creative (create) ways to improve your health, try Fit Time.
11.(2017·唐山市调研考试)She asked me whether I would give a oneday lecture on stress management (manage) to 200 medical workers.
12.He looked so happy when he enjoyed the freedom (free) of running on the grass.
13.I bought her a bunch of colorful (color) sunflowers and tapped the envelope to it.
14.The high school boys love playing basketball, and it is a useful (use) way to release their study pressure (press).
15.(2017·海口市调研测试)He always spoke the truth.And his judgment (judge) of men was good.
16.(2017·琼海市模拟)Moreover, both students and teachers have expressed their happiness (happy) with these courses.
17.(2017·石家庄市一模)The book gives a detailed explanation (explain) of the origin, the processing skills and the classification of tea.
18.(2017·淮北市模拟)It was such a shock when they announced the winner (win) was Jim.
19.(2017·江南十校联考)The online books will be renewed and enriched gradually according to readers’ borrowing habits and preference (prefer).
20.(2017·厦门一中模拟)Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of achievement (achieve).
21.Keeping a diary in English is an effective (effect) way to improve our English writing ability.
22.(2017·淮北市模拟)Once following this routine, you will gradually see that you feel sleepy (sleep) when it’s 9 o’clock.
23.(2017·佛山市模拟)I believe my father is a talented (talent) man.He is decisive and efficient in doing things.
24.(2017·成都市模拟)Experts hope the whole society (social) pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents.
25.(2017·太原五中检测)If you have time, you should witness the true beauty (beautiful) of China’s landmark.
26.(2017·陕西师大附中模拟)I called the owner (own) of the restaurant and asked what was the matter with the man.
27.In an attempt to be open and friendly (friend), people in the United States smile a lot.
28.(2017·马鞍山市质检)But every driver who stopped to examine the note drove off without saying a word.There we were, helpless (help) and lost in China.
29.(2017·长沙市联考)However, customers must be convinced the goods they receive are real, and that the supplier is reliable (rely).
30.(2017·宝鸡市模拟)It’s natural that young people are often uncomfortable (comfortable) when they are with their parents.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2017·成都市模拟)As we know, challenge as it was, it was very benefit to us.benefit→beneficial
2.(2017·成都市模拟)It reflected their lack of concern for the safe of both others and themselves.safe→safety
3.(2017·江南十校联考)To my happy, she could cook some delicious food for me.happy→happiness
4.(2017·海口市调研测试)I am so luck to have some friends who share the same interest with me.luck→lucky
5.(2017·深圳市模拟)My suggest is: Tell your parents that you want to be trusted.suggest→suggestion
6.(2017·淮北市模拟)We’re living in a world where we can never stress the important of sharing too much.important→importance
7.(2017·成都市模拟)I am confidence to take care of myself, wash the clothes, and clean the rooms, which I never did when at home.confidence→confident
8.(2017·西安市模拟)It was the first time I had lived away from my home, so I found it difficulty to fit in.difficulty→difficult
9.(2017·兰州一中模拟)Her disappointing look showed that she failed the exam again.disappointing→disappointed
10.(2017·山师附中模拟)Unluckily, he was the only one who finally got the job, because the manager decided to give the job to whoever he believed was helpful.Unluckily→Luckily