2021版高考英语一轮复习Unit4Astronomy：课后达标检测 人教版必修3 9页

Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars ‎(建议用时：40分钟)‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎(2020·大连高三一模)Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse(月食)—on the roof of their house.‎ Now a seventh grader at East Prairie Elementary School, Dobek recently won the national Discovery Education Lockheed Martin Beyond Challenge by designing a space station for travelling to Mars.‎ She says that night watching the lunar eclipse started a strong desire in her that has yet to run out of fuel. So when her teacher Andrea Smeeton received information about the national challenge, Smeeton said she immediately had one student in mind.‎ ‎“I knew she would love the challenge and that she would go way beyond in her search，” Smeeton said. “She immediately started researching bone density(密度) of astronauts and how to have food on Mars.”‎ ‎“My design will ensure the safety of the astronauts but also make sure their comfort is out of this world，” Dobek says.‎ Dobek’s design calls for building the MSS or Mars Storage Station to put the supplies in. It also includes the SGF or SelfGrowing Farm, and she details how it would work with the elements on Mars.‎ Then there is physical and leisure activity for the astronauts under Dobek’s design. A simulator(模拟装置) allows astronauts to choose their exercise machine and virtual reality environment. Rooms have circular ceilings so astronauts will be able to watch downloaded shows and even see places on Earth, such as their homes.‎ ‎“I want to tell other kids to follow their passions，” Dobek said. “Whatever they want to do, they should push for it and always try their best.”‎ ‎【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了小学生Emilia Dobek设计太空站，并赢得挑战的相关内容。‎ ‎1．Dobek first became interested in space when ________．‎ A．she was still a seventh grader 9‎ B．she studied at a junior high school C．she lived on the top of their house D．she watched an eclipse of the moon D　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse(月食)—on the roof of their house.”可知，Dobek对太空感兴趣是从她在三年级时的一个晚上观看的一次月食开始的。‎ ‎2．Smeeton recommended that Dobek take the challenge because ________．‎ A．she knew Dobek liked challenges in life B．she had no other students interested in Mars C．Dobek knew how to research bone density of astronauts D．she was sure that Dobek would have outstanding performance D　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段Smeeton的话可推知，她对Dobek很了解，对其可以接受这项挑战并出色完成充满信心。‎ ‎3．What does Dobek focus on when designing the space station?‎ A．The environment on Mars.‎ B．The safety of the supplies.‎ C．The activities for astronauts.‎ D．The comfort of the astronauts.‎ D　解析：推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的“make sure their comfort is out of this world”并结合对倒数第二段的整体理解可推知，Dobek的设计包含身体和休闲活动，让宇航员在太空中也感到舒适。‎ ‎【难句分析】　Whatever they want to do, they should push for it and always try their best.‎ 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。whatever＝no matter what，引导让步状语从句，意为“无论什么”。‎ 译文：无论他们想做什么，他们都应该尽力实现它，并且总是竭尽全力。‎ B ‎(2020·贵阳高三摸底)Many of us think, wrongly, that the moon doesn’t change. For example, the Tang Dynasty poet Zhang Ruoxu once wrote that “Generations have come and passed away; From year to year the moons look alike, old and new.”‎ However, a new study published in the journal Nature Geoscience shows that the moon is in fact slowly shrinking over time. For the study,‎ 9‎ ‎ a group of US scientists examined and analyzed thousands of photographs taken by the NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera(月球勘测轨道飞行器照相机). They found that there were lots of faults(断层) on the surface of the moon. These faults were formed by recent movement on the moon.‎ According to NASA, the moon is made up of pieces of rocks with a hot core. The moon continued to expand as it was born. But in this process, it released energy and cooled down. Then it began to shrink, in a way comparable to the shrinking of a grape into a raisin. Over the past several hundred million years, it has become 46 meters “skinnier”. But due to its hard and rocky layer, the moon’s surface continues to push up. “Some of these quakes can be fairly strong, around five on the Richter scale(里氏震级)，” said Thomas Watters, a senior scientist at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in the US.‎ But does that mean the moon is a dangerous place that human shouldn’t try to explore and live on in the future? Maybe not, reported The Telegraph. “This isn’t anything to worry about. The moon may be shrinking, but not by much. It’s not going anywhere，” Watters comforted us.‎ The new discovery proves that the idea that the moon is a dead, boring place is wrong. “We have been to the moon and we’ve done some great science, but there is still a lot we don’t know. The moon is shrinking—we didn’t really realize that until recently. It’s a much more active and interesting place than we thought and we should explore that，” NASA scientist Nathan Williams said.‎ ‎【解题导语】　月球并非如唐代诗人张若虚在诗中描绘的那样是亘古不变的。一项最新的科学研究表明，月球正在随着时间慢慢地缩小。此外，这项研究还表明月球还有许多我们不了解的东西，它是一个比我们认为的更活跃、更有意思的地方，我们应该探索它。‎ ‎4．Which point of view about the moon may the writer agree to?‎ A．It stays the same as before.‎ B．It is becoming slightly smaller.‎ C．It is getting older and older.‎ D．It has passed away.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“However, a new study...shows that the moon is in fact slowly shrinking over time.”可知，一项新的发表在《自然·地球科学》上的研究表明，月球正在随着时间慢慢地缩小，据此可知B项正确。‎ ‎5．What can we learn about the moon from the third paragraph?‎ A．It has become 46 meters fatter due to expanding.‎ 9‎ B．It has changed from a grape into a raisin in recent years.‎ C．It quakes even at seven on the Richter scale.‎ D．It has a hot core and releases energy during expanding.‎ D　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段前三句中的“the moon is made up of pieces of rocks with a hot core. The moon continued to expand as it was born.But in this process, it released energy”可知，月球由带有一个热核的岩石块组成，当它形成时月球在持续膨胀，在这个过程中它会释放能量，故D项正确。‎ ‎6．Who thinks that we needn’t worry about the moon?‎ A．Zhang Ruoxu.‎ B．Thomas Watters.‎ C．Nathan Williams.‎ D．The journalist.‎ B　解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中Thomas Watters说的话“This isn’t anything to worry about...It’s not going anywhere”可知，Thomas Watters认为我们不必担心月球，尽管月球在缩小，但它并没有缩小很多，故B项正确。‎ ‎7．What does Nathan Williams think of the moon?‎ A．It is a dead and boring place.‎ B．It has lots of faults on the surface.‎ C．It is valuable to do more science.‎ D．It isn’t a place where we can live.‎ C　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中Nathan Williams说的话“We have been to the moon and we’ve done some great science...we should explore that”可知，Nathan Williams认为月球有许多我们不了解的东西，值得我们去探索，据此可推知，他认为研究月球是有价值的，故C项正确。‎ ‎【难句分析】　The new discovery proves that the idea that the moon is a dead, boring place is wrong.‎ 分析：该句为主从复合句。句中“that the idea that the moon is a dead, boring place is wrong”为that引导的宾语从句，其中“that the moon is a dead, boring place”为that引导的同位语从句，作the idea的同位语。‎ 译文：新的发现证明“月球是一处死气沉沉的无聊之地”这一说法是错误的。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 ‎(2020·武汉高三训练)It’s 27 years since my last conversation with my mother, who didn’t finish school like many of her contemporary girls. She often told me, “I never got my __1__ but one day you will.”‎ 9‎ Pointing to a tree or cow, she asked me to __2__ their English names after her. Feeling __3__， I asked, “Mama, why do I have to learn these __4__ phrases？” She held her pen right before my eyes. “Hold it firmly，” she __5__ me, “for this pen and the new foreign language will be your compass to __6__ around the world.” Sadly, my mother died of breast cancer when I was six.‎ Turning seven, I traveled 30 miles to live closer to my school. But “closer” is a __7__ term in Uganda, which __8__ I had to get up as the __9__ sun rose and then ran 8.8 miles barefoot to school. Also, I needed to carry a stick in __10__ that I came across snakes and dogs. During the __11__ season, the path to school was __12__ daily and I’d swim with one hand, using the other hand to __13__ the book bag on my head.‎ Research shows 70 percent of poor children don’t __14__ primary school in Uganda. Among the reasons for this __15__ dropout rate are the long __16__ some children must __17__ and the life pressure.‎ Fortunately, I’ve made it. Whenever I see the sun rise, I am __18__ of the wisdom of my mother, who __19__ me to dream big and to use the __20__ of the pen to make my dream come true.‎ ‎【解题导语】　在乌干达贫困生辍学率极高的情况下，母亲鼓励作者完成学业。是母亲让作者有大梦想，是母亲教会作者用笔的力量实现梦想。‎ ‎1．A.degree　　　　　　　　　　 B．scholarship C．recommendation D．admission A　解析：根据下文母亲鼓励作者完成学业可知，此处应是“获得学位”。A项意为“学位”；B项意为“奖学金”。结合语境，答案应选A。‎ ‎2．A.recite B．use C．repeat D．guess C　解析：根据语境以及后面的“after her”可知，母亲指着一棵树或一头牛让作者跟着她重复(repeat)它们的英文名字。‎ ‎3．A.anxious B．curious C．disappointed D．annoyed D　解析：根据后面的“have to”可知，作者很恼怒(annoyed)，问妈妈自己为什么非得学这些外语词组。‎ ‎4．A.tough B．new C．foreign D．old C　解析：参见上题解析。下文中的“the new foreign language”也是提示。‎ 9‎ ‎5．A.encouraged B．consulted C．blamed D．frightened A　解析：根据空后的“for this pen and the new foreign language will be your compass to ______ around the world”可知，母亲鼓励(encouraged)作者学习这些东西。‎ ‎6．A.fly B．turn C．walk D．sail D　解析：句意：因为笔和外语会成为你航行(sail)世界的指南针。‎ ‎7．A.relative B．real C．simple D．technical A　解析：句意：在乌干达，所谓的“近”是个相对(relative) 而言的说法，那意味着我得在晨阳升起时起床，赤脚跑8.8英里到学校。‎ ‎8．A.shows B．means C．proves D．states B　解析：参见上题解析。mean意为“意味着”。‎ ‎9．A.warm B．early C．bright D．hot B　解析：根据语境可知，作者不得不迎着早(early) 晨的太阳起床。故选B。‎ ‎10．A.search B．possession C．time D．case D　解析：句意：而且作者需要带一根棍以防遇见蛇和狗。in case意为“以防”，故答案选D。‎ ‎11．A.summer B．cold C．rainy D．dry C　解析：根据后面的“swim”可知，在雨季，道路被水淹没(flooded)，作者得一只手用来游泳，另一只手用来抓着头顶上的书包。rainy“多雨的”符合语境。‎ ‎12．A.damaged B．repaired C．blocked D．flooded D　解析：参见上题解析。‎ ‎13．A.drag B．hold C．put D．seize B　解析：hold“抓住”符合语境。drag意为“拖，拉”；seize意为“抓取”。‎ ‎14．A.attend B．enter C．complete D．continue C　解析：句意：研究表明，在乌干达70%的贫困生没能完成(complete)小学教育。‎ 9‎ ‎15．A.constant B．steady C．low D．high D　解析：根据上文可知，乌干达辍学率较高(high)。‎ ‎16．A.distances B．periods C．lists D．stories A　解析：此处与上文所述的走很远的路上学呼应，表示很远的距离(distances)。‎ ‎17．A.cover B．consider C．judge D．measure A　解析：参见上题解析。此处cover意为“行走”。‎ ‎18．A.informed B．warned C．reminded D．told C　解析：句意：每当看见太阳升起，作者总是想起(reminded) 母亲的智慧。‎ ‎19．A.enabled B．inspired C．expected D．intended B　解析：根据语境可知，母亲激励(inspired)作者有大梦想。‎ ‎20．A.value B．power C．symbol D．length B　解析：根据语境可知，母亲让作者有大梦想，是母亲教会作者用笔的力量(power)成就梦想。‎ Ⅲ.短文改错 ‎(2020·太原模拟)I live in a typical Chinese family of four generations lived together under same roof. Everyone has funs with each other here. Every night, we will have dinner together, talking or laughing around the dinner table so that all the worries of the day will be swept away. At weekends, Dad will take Grandpa, that likes outdoor activities a lot, to the countryside to fish. Mom and Grandma will cook delicious food for ourselves. When the weather is fine, I will push my 95－year－old great grandmother in a wheelchair to sunbathe in the yard. My family is such harmonious that I have been grown up into a person with love and a sense of responsibility. I will definite teach what I had already learned to my future children.‎ 答案：‎ I live in a typical Chinese family of four generations together under same roof. Everyone has with each other here. Every night, we will have ‎ 9‎ dinner together, talking laughing around the dinner table so that all the worries of the day will be swept away. At weekends, Dad will take Grandpa, likes outdoor activities a lot, to the countryside to fish. Mom and Grandma will cook delicious food for . When the weather is fine, I will push my 95－year－old great grandmother in a wheelchair to sunbathe in the yard. My family is harmonious that I have grown up into a person with love and a sense of responsibility. I will teach what I already learned to my future children.‎ ‎①lived改为living。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词live和其逻辑主语four generations为主谓关系，故用现在分词形式living。‎ ‎②在same前加the。考查冠词。此处为固定用法。the用在序数词和last, next, only, same等具有特殊意义的形容词之前。‎ ‎③funs改为fun。考查名词。fun是不可数名词，没有复数形式，故把funs改为fun。‎ ‎④or改为and。考查连词。根据语境可知，前后为并列关系，表示“说和笑”，故把or改为and。‎ ‎⑤that改为who。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是Grandpa，关系代词在从句中作主语，故用who引导该从句。‎ ‎⑥ourselves改为us。考查代词。此处表示妈妈和奶奶会给我们烹饪可口的食物。这里应该用宾格，故把ourselves改为us。‎ ‎⑦such改为so。考查副词。根据其后的形容词harmonious以及that可知，此处应用副词so。so...that...“如此……以至于……”。‎ ‎⑧删除been。考查语态。句意：我的家是如此和谐以至于我已经长成了一个有爱和责任感的人。根据句意可知，I和grow是主动关系，应用现在完成时的主动语态，故删除been。‎ ‎⑨definite改为definitely。考查副词。此处应用副词修饰动词teach，故把definite改为definitely。‎ ‎⑩had改为have。考查动词的时态。主句的时态是一般将来时，此处表示到现在为止我已经学到的东西。所以此处应用现在完成时，故把had改为have。‎ 9‎ 9‎