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2018届 二轮复习 名词讲与练
种类
例词
单复数同形
deer, sheep, Chinese, means, series, species, works, headquarters, aircraft
形单意复
people, police, youth, cattle, staff
形复意单
news, physics, politics
1.
可数名词的复数不规则变化
一、名词的单复数
知识梳理
种类
例词
合成词变复数
1
)将最后一部分变为复数,
如
filmgoer → filmgoers
。
2
)将主体词变为复数,如
son-
in-law → sons-in-law
。
3
)将两部分皆变为复数,如
man doctor → men
doctors
。
词形变化
man→men, child→children
,
tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice
,
medium→media
2.
不可数名词的数
(1)
有些抽象名词在具体化时,以复数形式出现;表示特指时,可以和定冠词连用;表示“某种”或“一次”的意义时,可以和不定冠词连用。
in surprise“
惊讶地”,
a surprise“
一件令人惊讶
的事”;
win success“
获得成功”,
a success“
一个
/
件成功的人
/
事”;
by experience“
靠经验”,
an experience“
一次经
历”;
with pleasure“
乐意”,
a pleasure“
一件乐事”。
(2)
物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类
之多时,可以用作可数名词,有单、复
数。
some coffee“
一些咖啡”,
three coffees“
三杯
咖啡”;
some drink“
一些饮料”,
three drinks“
三杯
饮料”;
his hair“
他的头发”,
a few grey hairs“
几根
白发”;
glass“
玻璃”,
a glass“
一只玻璃杯”。
(3)
有些不可数名词的复数形式表示特殊的意
义。
time“
时间”,
times“
次数,时代,倍”;
wood“
木头”,
woods“
树林”;
sand“
沙子”,
sands“
沙滩”;
work“
工作”,
works“
工厂,著作,工程,
工事”。
注意:
有些名词的单复数具有不同的含义,
如:
game
游戏,比赛
→ games
运动会;
mass
大
量,众多,团,块
→ masses
群众,民众等。
二、名词的作用
名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语、状语。
注意:名词作定语时,一般用单数形式,如:
shoe repairers, pencil boxes, tooth brushes
。但也有例外,如:
a sports car, a customs officer, a clothes shop
,
a goods train
等。
另外,“
man / woman +
名词”变为复数时,作定语的
man / woman
和中心词都要变复数。如:
men teachers
。
三、名词的所有格
名词的所有格在句中表示所属关系,用来作定语,修饰名词。
1. -’s
所有格,多用来表示有生命的东西,如:
Peter and Tom’s school
。
2.
如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名
词的词尾加 “’
s”
;如果不是共有,就要在两
个名词的词尾都加“’
s”
。如:
Tom and Mike’s room (
共有
)
Tom’s and Mike’s books (
不共有
)
3. of
所有格(名词
+ of +
名词)多用来表示无生
命的东西,如:
the legs of the chair, the door
of the house
。
4.
双重所有格指“
of +
名词的’
s
所有格”或“
of +
名词性的物主代词”,如:
a friend of my
brother’s, a picture of mine
。
5.
表示时间、距离、价格、重量、国家、城市
的无生命名词,可以在词尾加“’
s”
或“’”表示
所有格。
today’s papers; ten minutes’ walk; five
pounds’
weight; ten dollars’ worth of coffee; the
world’s
population; China’s industry; New York’s
parks
6.
表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之
后省去。如:
the tailor’s; the doctor’s, my
uncle’s
。
考点一 名词词义辨析
高考对名词词义辨析的考查主要体现在单项填空和完形填空中,其选项基本上是形似的词、意义相近但用法不同的词或者形式和意义都不相关的词。解这类题的关键是要弄清楚选项中各个名词的含义,同时也要注意联系上下文的搭配和语境。
考点归纳
1.
【
2014
江苏
】
She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful _____ in last year’s election.
A. symbol B. portrait C. identity D. statue
2.
【
2015·
湖北
】
When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ___ and had a bad fall.
A. balance B. chance C. memory D. place
3.
【
2015·
湖北
】
He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out the secret task.
A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. treasure
4.
【
2015·
安徽
】
There is no need to tell
me your answer now. Give it some ______
and then let me know.
A. thought B. support
C. protection D. authority
【解析
】
试题分析:句意:现在没必要告诉我答案,
你再思考一下,之后告诉我。
A
思考;
B
支持
;
C
保护;
D
权威,当局。这里指让对方再好
好想想,故选
A
。
5.
【
2015·
江苏
】
—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy
with my ______.
A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets
【解析
】
试题分析:句意:
—Dave
,去跟你的妈妈道歉
。
—
我想这样做,但是我担心她对我的道歉不
满意。
A
项“请求”;
B
项“借口”;
C
项“道歉”;
D
项“遗憾,后悔”。故选
C
项。只要抓住上文中
的关键词“
say sorry to”
就可以锁定正确答案
。
6.
【
2015·
江苏
】
Some schools will have to make ______ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments B. adjustments
C. comments D. achievements
【解析
】
试题分析:句意:为了与国家的足球改革相适应,一些学校必须做出调整。
A
项“判断,决断”;
B
项“调整”;
C
项“评价,评论”;
D
项“成就”。故选
B
项。
7.
【
2015·
福建
】
The failure was a big ______ to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
A. blow B. issue C. excuse D. factor
【解析
】
考查名词辨析
A. blow
打击
; B. issue
问题
; C. excuse
借口
; D. factor
要素。该句意思为:这个失败对他来说是一个打击,但是他没有泄气,很快振作恢复了原来的热情。故选
A
。
8.
【
2015·
浙江
】
One of the most effective ways to reduce _____ is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.
A. production B. stress
C. energy D. passive
考点二 名词固定搭配
【考例
】
You are working too hard. You’d better keep a _____ between work and
relaxation. (
天津
2012)
A. promise B. lead C. balance D. diary
【分析
】
选
C
。该题考查固定搭配。
keep a
balance between ... and ...
意为
“在
……
和
……
之间保持平衡”。
考点三 名词的格
名词所有格主要体现在短文改错中。如:
When I finally arrived at my
friend’s
he lent me lots of clothes.
(
2011
新课标全国卷短文改错)
考点四 名词的数
对名词单复数的考查主要体现在单词拼写、语法填空以及短文改错中。
【考例
】
1. Since then — for all these year — ... (2014
年新课标全国卷
I
短文改错
)
(
Key: year
改为
years
)
2. While there are amazing stories of instant
transformation, for most of us the 69.
_______ (change) are gradual and require a
lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a
polluted river. (2014
年新课标全国卷
I
第三
部分
)
(
Key: 69. changes
)
3. ... are pictured by artists in so many
Chinese
65
(painting).
(
2015
新课标全国
卷
I
第三部分)
(
Key: 65. paintings
)
3. The nursery team switches him every few
69. ____ (day) with his sister ...
(
2016
新课标全国卷
I
)
4. Recent 46. ________ (study) show that we are
far more productive at work if we take short
breaks regularly.
(
2016
新课标全国卷
II
)
5. Some people think that the great Chinese
scholar Confucius ... influenced the 68.
___________ (develop) of chopsticks.
(
2016
新课标全国卷
III
)
days
studies
development
6. Any smell might attract natural 65. ________
(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.
(四川
2016
)
7. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is
________ (honest).
(
2016
新课标全国卷
I
)
honesty
enemies
巩固练习
I.
根据下面各句句意以及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示词,写出该单词的正确形式(每空一词)。
1. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the
children’s r________.
2. The doctor said a fun and relaxing
____________ (
气氛
) could help the injured
recover faster.
reach
atmosphere
3. Read these notes carefully and keep them for
future r________.
4. Did you break the ________ (
习惯
) of getting
up too late on weekends?
5. People get most of their news about the
world through the mass m________.
6. There have been _____ (
迹象
) of
improvement seen in the economy of our
country.
habit
media
reference
signs
7. —It’s a w_____ of time trying to
persuade Lucy to change her mind.
—I can’t agree more. She is too stubborn.
8. The success of the product was largely due to
good ________ (
设计
).
waste
design
II.
用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
1. The company’s ____________ (commit) to
guaranteeing customer satisfaction is vital to
its success in promoting sales.
2. I’m very proud of my ____________ (achieve)
as program director.
3. There was complete silence in the room as the
play came to its ____________ (conclude).
4. The forest and the land left their __________
(impress) on the people.
conclusion
impression
achievement
commitment
5. The purpose of the campaign is to raise the
public’s __________ (aware) of the dangers of
passive smoking.
awareness