成人高考复习资料1 19页

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  • 2021-05-14 发布

成人高考复习资料1

  • 19页
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第一,虚拟语气。‎ ‎  它主要可分为以下情况: ‎ ‎  A,表建议,要求,命令的动词,及与其相关的名词、形容词或分词,后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓语,should可省略。 ‎ ‎  B,某些特殊的形容词,后面常跟虚拟语气。这一点要尤其注意。 ‎ ‎  C,wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。 ‎ ‎  D,would rather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气,也可以直接加do sth宁愿做…。 ‎ ‎  E,If引导的条件状语中,表示与现在情况相反的假设,表示与过去情况相反的假设时。 ‎ ‎  虚拟语气这个考点在近两年当中出现的考分这两年稍微偏高,这一点尤其大家要格外的关注一些。 ‎ 第二,定语从句。‎ ‎  这次考试对定语从句的考察是重点考察关系词选择和非限定性定语从句。关系词的选择关键要从其在从句中担任着的成分决定的,而不是在主句中的。非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开,而且只能由which,who,whom,whose引导,其中which既可以指物,也可以指前面一整句话,这一点大家一定要注意。另外介词和上面的关键词连用构成符合关系词的情况也很多。 ‎ 第三,反意疑问句。‎ ‎  可以有两点,句子本身含有否定意义的时候,比如seldom后面用肯定形式的反问。第二,考察祈使句的反问,对陈述部分是肯定句的祈使句。第三,I think,I believe,I suppose等表示主观看法的句子,其反意疑问句由后面的宾语从句相对应。 ‎ 第四,倒装句。‎ ‎  倒装句一共有三项应该注意: ‎ ‎  A,only后面加状语,并放于句首时,句子用倒装;而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装。 ‎ ‎  B,表示否定意义的副词或短语,如seldom,never,rarely,in no time。 ‎ ‎  C,注意Hardly/scarcely/barely had sb done…when这一句型,表示一——就…(as soon as后不加倒装) ‎ 第五,主谓一致。‎ ‎  a,当主语后跟有with,together with,as well as,but ,except等短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 ‎ ‎  b,表示时间,距离,金钱,速度等的数量词作主语时,通常将其看作是一个整体,为单数。 ‎ ‎  c,就近原则either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also…等结构作主语时,由第二个词后的名词决定谓语形式。 ‎ 第六,强调句。‎ ‎  大家记住强调句的基本结构it is/was+强调部分that/who(人)+句子中其他成分。 ‎ ‎  大家记住这个结构之后,在这次考试当中它有可能在单选题当中占到两到四分。 ‎ 第七,连词的辨析。‎ ‎  *that:可引导同位语从句、表语从句、主语从句、宾语从句等;that在这些从句中无实际含义,也不担任任何成分。 ‎ ‎  *So+形容词/副词that…such+(冠词或形容词)名词that,表示如此…以至于。 ‎ ‎  *what:可引导名词性从句,并在从句中担任主语、宾语等。 ‎ ‎  *wheher…or…/whether or no…是否…,if则无此用法。 ‎ ‎  *by加表示过去的时间,则主句用过去完成时;加现在,则主句用现在完成时;加将来时间,则主句用将来完成时。 ‎ ‎  *时间状语,条件状语还有某些让步状语中,不出现将来时,要用现在式表示将来时。 ‎ ‎  *分辨一下表示因和果的连词,表示转折的连词,容易出选择题。 ‎ 第八,省略句 ‎  在一些时间,条件或让步状语从句中,当主句和从句的主语相同,而从句为主系结构时(即有be),可将从句主语和系动词一起省略。 ‎ 第九,现在分词作状语 ‎  A,在某些动词或词组后常用现在分词作状语,对前面内容进行补充。 ‎ ‎  B,还可表示时间状语。有时要用完成形式,表示动作已经在主句动作前先完成。 ‎ ‎  C,现在分词短语还可作原因状语。 ‎ ‎  D,有时还可表示伴随情况或方式。 ‎ ‎  E,注意在一些动词短语中to为介词,后加名词或动名词。 ‎ 一般现在时 ‎  1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:‎ ‎  I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。‎ ‎  2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:‎ ‎  The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。‎ ‎  Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。‎ ‎  3)表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。‎ ‎  注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。‎ ‎  4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:‎ ‎  I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。exam8.com ‎  Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。‎ ‎  二、一般过去时 ‎  1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago,‎ ‎  the other day, in 1982等。例如:‎ ‎  Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?‎ ‎  2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:‎ ‎  When I was a child, I often played football in the street.‎ ‎  Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.‎ ‎  那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。‎ ‎  3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth  "到……时间了"  "该……了"‎ ‎  例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。‎ ‎  It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"  "早该……了"‎ ‎  例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。‎ ‎  would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。‎ ‎  例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。‎ ‎  三、一般将来时 ‎  1)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:‎ ‎  Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?‎ ‎  Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?‎ ‎  2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。‎ ‎  a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow?‎ ‎  b. 计划,安排要发生的事。exam8.com ‎  例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。‎ ‎  c. 有迹象要发生的事。‎ ‎  例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.‎ ‎  看那乌云,快要下雨了。‎ ‎  3)be +to表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:‎ ‎  We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。‎ ‎  4)be about to +动词原形,意为马上做某事。例如:‎ ‎  He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。‎ ‎  注意:‎ ‎  1、一般现在时表示将来 ‎  1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,‎ ‎  return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:‎ ‎  The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。‎ ‎  When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。‎ ‎  2)在时间或条件句中。例如:‎ ‎  When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。‎ ‎  I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。‎ ‎  2、用现在进行时表示将来 ‎  下列动词come, go, arrive, leave等现在进行时可以表示将来:‎ ‎  I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。‎ ‎  四、现在进行时 ‎  a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:‎ ‎  We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。‎ ‎  b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:‎ ‎  Mr. Green is writing another novel.‎ ‎  他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)‎ ‎  c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:‎ ‎  The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。‎ ‎  It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。‎ ‎  d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:‎ ‎  You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。‎ ‎  五、过去进行时 ‎  过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,常和表过去的时间状语连用,如:‎ ‎  I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。‎ ‎  They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。‎ ‎  难点释疑:‎ ‎  when作并列连词,表示“(这时)突然”之意时,第一个并列分句用过去进行时,when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如: .‎ ‎  I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步,突然遇见了他。‎ ‎  We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩,这时下起雨来了。‎ ‎  六、将来进行时 ‎  1)表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:‎ ‎  She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。‎ ‎  I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。‎ ‎  2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this ‎  time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。‎ ‎  注意:“主将从现原则”,主句用将来时,从句用一般现在时(代替一般将来时)‎ ‎  When, as soon as, if,等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:‎ ‎  He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing.‎ ‎  他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。‎ ‎  七、现在完成时 ‎  a. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响,后面通常不用时间状语,但句中常出现already, just,yet等副词。如:‎ ‎  Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。‎ ‎  I’ve just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。‎ ‎  Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗?‎ ‎  注:already和yet用法上的区别 ‎  already常用于肯定句,置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句,常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如:‎ ‎  b. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作,状态一直持续到现在,常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。‎ ‎  如: I have learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born.‎ ‎  注:‎ ‎  (1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间从句(从句中常用一般过去时)。‎ ‎  (2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。‎ ‎  如:Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven’t heard from him recently.‎ ‎  (3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情,常和often, ever, never, before, once,…times等时间状语连用。如: .‎ ‎  I’ve never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.‎ ‎  难点释疑:‎ ‎  1.点动词与延续性动词的区别 .‎ ‎  所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如:begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive,‎ ‎  join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:‎ ‎  I have bought a book.我买了一本书。 .‎ ‎  I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。‎ ‎  2. have got的含义 .‎ ‎  have got形式上是现在完成时,却和have是同一个意思 ‎  She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight ‎  temperature.她有点发烧。‎ ‎  3、用于现在完成时的句型 ‎  It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:‎ ‎  It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。‎ ‎  This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。‎ ‎  八、过去完成时 ‎  (1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用by,‎ ‎  before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,‎ ‎  (8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second,‎ ‎  etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如: .‎ ‎  Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。‎ ‎  No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。‎ ‎  九、将来完成时 ‎  a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:‎ ‎  They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。‎ ‎  b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:You will have reached ‎  Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了 一语法重点串讲 语法是三级英语统考的一个重点,它将体现在所有五个题型中,但重点将集中在以下几个方面。   1、时态:常用的10—11种      2、语态:被动语态  3、情态动词             4、虚拟语气      5、动词的非谓语形式三种         6、各种从句(主、宾、表、定、状、同位语从句) 7、主谓一致   8、倒装句                      9、强调句                  10、附加疑问句 第一章 语法重点串讲      第一节 动词的时态 考试重点:一般现在时(if 从句和as soon as 从句);进行时表将来;现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别;完成时瞬间动词以及have (has)been, have(has)gone的区别;过去完成时的时间状语;将来完成时。   一、一般现在式: 1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态:常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。   例:He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。   2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实,所以一般不用时间状语。   例:The earth is round. 地球是圆的。   3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。   例:I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。   4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作:常用的连词有as soon as,when,till,if。   (1)They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.   A. have finished  B. finish  C. finished  D. was finishing  (答案:B)(1996年22题)   (2)When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.   A. will heat  B. will be heated  C. is heated  D. has heated   (答案:C)(1992年59题)   二、一般过去时:   1、表示过去的动作或状态:常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。   例:You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week.   A. missed  B. would miss  C. had missed  D. have missed   (答案:A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。)(1995年59题)   2、used to do sth:过去常常做…   例:I used to take a walk in the morning.   我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着现在不在早晨散步了。)   3、it is high time(that)…句型中,谓语动词用过去时。   例:Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?   A. give up  B. gave up  C. would give up  D. should give up   (答案:B)(1999年31题) 三、一般将来时   1、will(shall)+原形动词:表示将来的动作或状态。   例:He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。   2、be going to +动词原形:表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。   例:Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗?   3、be to +动词原形: 表示安排或计划好了的动作。   例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.  三环路将在国庆节前通车。   4、be about to +动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。   5、例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。   6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如:go ,come, start, arrive, leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。   (1)We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。   (2)The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。     四、过去将来时   表示在过去预计将要发生的动作,常用于宾语从句。   例:He wanted to know when the conference would start.  他想知道会议何时开始。     五、现在进行时   1、表示此时此刻(说话时)正在进行的动作。   例:The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。   2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作,但此刻并不一定在进行。   例:I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。     六、过去进行时   1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。   例:He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.  昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。   2、when 和while 的用法   (1)I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.   A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played   (答案:A。连接词when 表示时间上的点,其所引导的句子用过去时,while 表示持续的一段时间,其所引导的句子用过去进行时 ‎。)(1998年43题)   (2)When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more.   A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking  (答案为B)(1999年35题)   (3)One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry.   A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping  (答案为D)(1996年23题)   3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作,同样,过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。   例:He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.  他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。 七、现在完成时   1、表示动作刚刚结束(常和just, now, already, yet等词连用);或表示动作的结果(一般不用时间状语)。   (1)Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯已经关上了)   (2)I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。(说明过去某时丢的,现在我还没有找到这支笔。)   2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在,并且可能会继续延续下去(常用since引导的短语或从句,或由for 引导的短语连用)。   (1)He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。(现在还住在这儿)   (2)They’ve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。(现在还继续来往)   3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since…..(过去时)   英语中有些动词不能延续, 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。   (1)He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.   A. gone into  B. joined in  C. been in  D. come into (答案:C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时,只能用含有持续意义的动词,不可用瞬间性动词。)(1995年49题)   (2)It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。   (如果是非延续动词,这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替,从句用过去时态。)   4、have(has)been to 和have (has)gone to 的区别   have(has )been to:去过某地(表示某人的一种经历),可以和once,twice,often,never,ever 连用。   have(has)gone to:去某地了(表示某人已经离开此地,在去某地的路途上或已在某地,所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称),此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。‎ ‎   (1)He has gone to America.(意思为他已经去了美国,现在不在此地)   (2)He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。   八、过去完成时   1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作(即过去的过去)。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。   例:About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.   A. invented  B. had invented  C. have invented  D. had been invented  (答案:B)(1997年35题)   2、表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。   例:The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.   A. had been on  B. was on  C. has been on  D. would be on  (答案:A)(1995年24题)   3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中,由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序,因此,主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示,而不用过去完成时。   例:I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。   4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…,一…就…。句型之中,句子到装。   (1)No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.   A. than  B. when  C. as  D. while  (答案为A)(1997年50题)   (2)Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 他刚打开门,蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。 九、将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。   1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.   A. will have  B. leaves  C. will have left  D. is leaving  (答案:C)(1995年25题)   2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.   A. shall finish  B. must have finished  C. have finished  D. shall have finished (答案:D) (2000年24题)   十、现在完成进行时:表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作,这个动作一般会继续延续下去,或是到说话时结束, 但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。   例:I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.   A. was knocking  B. am knocking  C. knocking  D. have been knocking(答案:D)(1998年49题) 第二节 被动语态 考试重点:感官动词和使役动词的被动语态;动词短语的被动语态;情态动词的被动语态;用主动表示被动的含义。   一、感官动词及使役动词(如:see,feel,hear,watch,make,bid)在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补,改为被动语态时要加to。   1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.   A. came  B. come  C. to come  D. have come  (答案为C)(2000年58题)   2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。   二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词,构成短语。变被动语态时,短语动词做及物动词用。   1第三节 情态动词    考试重点:情态动词+完成时   情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化,在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看,着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。   一、must +现在完成时   表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。   1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.   A. must have received  B. must have failed to receive  C. must receive  D. must fail to receive   (答案:B)(1998年44题)   2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.   A. would have had  B. could have had  C. should have had  D. must have had   (答案为D)(2001年58题)   二、‎ should (ought to )+完成时   表示应该做的事情而没有做,否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。   1、They have done things they ought _____.   A. not to do  B. not to be done  C. not to have done  D. not having done  (答案为C)(1999年59题)   2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.   A. had a telephone  B. have phoned  C. should have phoned  D. should be phoned   (答案为C)(2000年26题)   三、could +完成时   表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜,遗憾。   1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.   他本来能够参加我们的,但是他没有收到我们的请贴。   2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.  我本来能及格的,但是没有努力学习。 第四节 虚拟语气    如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时,称为虚拟条件句。   考试重点:虚拟语气的基本形式和用法;if的省略形式;含蓄条件句;以wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句;would rather 引导的从句;以as if, as though 引导的从句;以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句;It is necessary(important)that引导的主语从句;It is time (that)…句型中。   一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法:   虚拟(条件)语气中,主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类: 1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him.   A. had known  B. have known  C. knew  D. know   (答案:C。与现在的事实相反,从句用过去时)(1995年38题)   2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language?   A. spoke  B. speak  C. had spoken  D. will speak   (答案:A。与现在的事实相反,从句的谓语动词用过去时。)   3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time.   A. would come  B. would have come  C. had come  D. came   (答案为C。与过去的事实相反,从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。)(1995年59题) 二、if的省略形式   在虚拟条件句中, 如谓语包含were , had, should等词, 则可以把这些词放到主语前面,省略if。   1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.   A. If I realized  B. Had I realized  C. Did I have realized that  D. As I realized (答案:B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if,而将谓语中的过去式were,had,或should等移至主语之前。1996年39题)   2、_____, I should ask them some questions.   A. Should they come to us  B. If they come to us  C. Were they come to us  D. Had they come to us   (答案:A。与将来事实相反。)(1997年30题)   三、含蓄条件句   有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示 ‎,而用其它方式来表示,这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with,without,but for。   1、Without your help, we _____ so much.   A. didn’t achieve  B. would not have achieved  C. will not achieve  D. don’t achieve (答案:B。这是一句含蓄条件句,条件暗含在介词短语without your help中,因此要用虚拟语气。)(1996年33题)   2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.   A. should have  B. would have had  C. would have  D. will have had  (答案:B。2003年28题)   四、以wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句   wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用:主语+wish +从句(主语+过去时);表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用:主语+wish +从句(主语+过去完成时);   1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college.   A. could study  B. studied  C. had studied  D. would study  (答案:C)(2000年53题)   2、I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.   A. were  B. would be  C. had been  D. will be  (答案:C)(2001年53题) 五、would rather+句子(过去时)   1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind.   A. rather  B. better  C. happier  D. further  (答为案:A)(1998年45题)   2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.   A. come  B. would come  C. came  D. have come  (答案为C)(2002年46题)   六、以as if,as though引导的从句   在as if,as though引导的从句中,如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时,它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气,动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。   1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.   A. knows  B. knew  C. had known  D. would have known (答案:B。as if(though)从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑,所以用过去时。)   2、You are talking as if you had seen them   你谈的那么起劲,好像你真的见过似的。(表示想象中的过去的动作)  七、以suggest,advise,insist等词后引导的宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。   类似的动词有:propose,insist,suggest,order,demand,require,request等。   1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.   A. had  B. would have  C. have  D. was going to have  (答案:C)(1998年28题)   2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.   A. put on  B. puts on  C. to put  D. putting on  (答案:A)(1999年58题) 八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词,should可以省略。   1、It’s desired ‎ that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week.   A. comes  B. will come  C. come  D. may come  (答案:C)(1997年29题)   2、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.   A. will be arranged  B. must be arranged  C. be arranged  D. would be arranged(答案:C)(2003年45题)   九、It is time (that)…引导的定语从句中,谓语动词用过去时。   1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident.   A. do  B. will do  C. did  D. must do  (答案:C)(1996年43题)   2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?   A. give up  B. gave up  C. would give up  D. should give up  (答案:B)(1999年31题) 第五节 非谓语动词    非谓语动词分三种,即:不定式,动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。     2、The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now.   A. to translate  B. to have translate  C. to have been translated  D. to be translated  (答案:C)   (五)stop 和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别   动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情;不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。   1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____.   A. on rest  B. at rest  C. resting  D. to rest   (答案:D。“to rest”作目的状语,意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。)(1999年29题)   2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy.   A. search  B. to search  C. searching  D. searched  (答案:C)   3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on _____ like that?   A. talking  B. to talk  C. doing talking  D. talk  (答案:A)   (六)remember 和forget接不定式和动名词的区别   remember, forget + doing sth:表示动作发生在过去。   remember, forget +to do sth:表示动作尚未发生。   1、Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room.   A. to have closed  B. to close  C. having closed  D. closing   (答案:B。to close表示一个在leaving 之后发生的将来的动作)(2001年28题)   2、I remember giving the letter to him.   我记得把信给他了。(giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作。)   (七)have sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法   1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer.   A. to rearrange  B. rearrange  C. rearranged  D. rearranging   (答案:C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。)(2002年50题)   2、I’ll _____ that I’m a qualified engineer.   A. have you know  B. have known you  C. have you knowing  D. have you know   (答案:A。表示让某人做某事。)(2003年25题)   二、现在分词和过去分词的区别   1、She told me that it was the most _____ gift her daughter had received.   A. delighting  B. delighted  C. delights  ‎ D. delight   (答案:A。现在分词修饰的是事物,常译作“令人……”,具有主动、进行的意思。过去分词修饰人,常译作“感到……”,具有被动、完成的概念。又如:a moved audience:受感动的观众。)(2003年38题)   2、My parents are _____ with my progress.   A. please  B. pleased  C. pleasing  D. being pleased   (答案:B。) 三、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别。   1、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _____ answers the questions.   A. to be interviewed  B. interviewing  C. being interviewed  D. interviewed   (答案:C。现在分词的被动式。表示动作正在发生)(1997年33题)   2、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _____ with all kinds of goods.   A. loading  B. being loaded  C. to be loaded  D. having loaded   (答案:B。现在分词的被动式。)(2000年23题)   3、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。   (过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。)   四、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致。   1、Arriving at the bus stop, _____ waiting there.   A. he found a lot of people  B. a lot of people were  C. he found a lot of people’s   D. people were found  (答案:A。分词短语做伴随状语时,和主句共用一个主语。)(1996年37题)   2、_____ tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep.   A. Felt  B. Feeling  C. Being felt  D. To feel  (答案:B)(1998年50题)   五、分词的独立主格:分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语,(一般由名词担任)称为分词的独立主格。   1、The plane crashed, its bombs _____ as it hit the ground.   A. exploded  B. were exploded  C. exploding  D. were exploding  (答案:C)(1999年43题)   2、Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace.   如果天气允许的话,我们去颐和园。   六、with (without) 引导的分词的独立结构。   1、He walked across the meeting room _____ everyone looking at her.   A. with  B. as  C. while  D. when   (答案:A。with或without可以引导分词的独立结构,做伴随状语。)(1997年49题)   2、With the old man _____ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.   A. leading  B. led  C. lead  D. to be led  (答案:A)(2000年27题) 第六节 各种从句 英语中从句包括:名词从句、定语从句、同位语从句和状语从句。 (二)表语从句   .   他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。 (三)宾语从句   考试重点:宾语从句用陈述句的语序;介词后面的宾语从句;suggest,insist,order,demand等动词后接宾语从句时,用虚拟语气 ‎;if和whether的区别。   1   ②The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.   A. had  B. would have  C. have  D. was going to have  (答案:C)(1998年28题)   4、在下列情况下不能用if , 而用whether。   后跟不定式:He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay. 他没有告诉我是走还是留下。   前面有介词:He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.   他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。   引导主语从句:Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.   他们胜利也好,失败也好,对我来说都是一样的。   后面直接跟or not:I wonder whether I’ll catch the last bus or not.   我不知道我能否赶上末班车。 二、定语从句     A. no of which  B. none of which  C. some of which  D. neither of which   (答案:B。“名词(代词)+of+which(whom)”引起的定语从句常表示部分与整体的关系。)(1995年36题) 三、同位语从句 考试重点:同位语从句的基本用法;含有suggestion,proposal等词的同位语从句。   一、同位语从句的基本用法   常跟在fact,idea,news等名词的后面,通常用连词that引导。   1、Would the news _____ he failed to pass the exam bother you?   A. which  B. that  C. of which  D. on which   (答案:B。同位语从句。)(2003年58题)   2、I had no idea that you were here. 我没有想到你会在这里。   二、如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是suggestion,proposal等名词的时候,谓语动词用should+原形动词。should可以省略。   1、My suggestion that we do the experiment again is accepted by them.   我的再做一次实验的建议被他们所接纳。   2、His proposal that they(should)challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher. 他提议他们和别的组挑战,来一场友谊竞赛。这个提议受到了老师的表扬。                          四、状语从句 考试重点:状语从句的种类及一些连词的基本用法;让步状语从句;unless,supposed (that),whomever,whenever,wherever等连词的含义和用法。   在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。   一、时间状语从句   常用的连词有:when,whenever(无论什么时候),since,as,until,hardly…when,no sooner…than,as soon as,before,after,the moment,the minute(一…就…)   1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard.   A. when  B. than  C. then  D. after   (答案:B。no sooner…than 引导的时间状语从句。)(2002年57题)   2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young ‎ girl.   A. long  B. often  C. always  D. ever   (答案:D。时间状语从句,ever since表示从…以后一直。)(1997年56题)   二、条件状语从句   常用if,unless(除非,如果不),as/so long as只要。   1、_____ I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before.   A. Unless  B. If  C. Because  D. Provided  (答案:A。unless引导条件状语从句)(2001年40题)   2、_____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.   A. Until  B. Unless  C. If  D. Provided  (答案:B)(1998年60题)   三、原因状语从句   常用:because, as, since。如果表示必然的因果关系,一般用because引入;而since表示一种间接或附带的原因;用as 只是提一下。   1、He cannot go to school because he is ill. 他因为生病不能上学。   2、Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest. 人人都喜欢你,因为你既和气,又诚实。 四、让步状语从句常用though/although,as (尽管),even if/though,however,whatever,wherever,whoever,no matter how/what/who等。   1、In short, _____ he lives, a man belongs to some society.   A. whatever  B. whenever  C. whichever  D. wherever   (答案:D。wherever引导让步状语从句,wherever = no matter where)(1997年44题)   2、_____, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.   A. No matter whoever you are  B. Whomever you are  C. Whoever you are  D. No matter who are you   (答案:C。whoever,引导让步状语从句,= no matter who)(1997年59题)   3、_____ you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering.   A. Even if  B. If only  C. Instead of  D. Despite of  (答案:A。让步状语从句。)(1998年44题)   4、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.   A. that  B. as  C. although  D. however   (答案:B。as引导让步状语从句,被强调的部分放在句子之前,进行倒装。)  (2000年44题)   五、方式状语从句  常用as, just as, as if/though 等词。   1、_____ was pointed above, this substance can be used as a substitute.   A. It  B. That  C. What  D. As  (答案:D。As引导方式状语从句。)(1999年32题)   2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.   A. knows  B. knew  C. had known  D. would have known   (答案:B。as if(though)引导的方式状语从句,谓语动词用虚拟语气。)   六、目的状语从句  常用so that , in order that, lest (以免, 以防), in case。   1、I wrote it down _____ I should forget it.   A. in case  B. in case of  C. in order that  D. for fear of  (答案:A)(2002年27题)   2、I’ll give you my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive ‎ here.   我把我的电话号码告诉你,以便你到达这里后可以给我打电话。   七、结果状语从句   常用so…that, such…that   They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.   A. so diligent  B. such diligent  C. so much diligent  D. such very diligent   (答案:B)(2002年43题) 第七节 主谓一致 考试重点:形式上复数、意义单数的名词做主语;动名词、不定式,从句做主语;a number+of+复数名词和the number+of+可数或不可数名词做主语;主语由as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致;当用and连接的名词前有each,every等修饰时,谓语动词用单数。   一、名词physics (物理),maths(数学),news(新闻),means(方法),works(工厂)等一般被认为是形式是复数,意思是单数的名词,它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。 (答案:C。应改为is。)(2000年63题)   2、Every means has been tried. 每一种方式都试过了。   二、动名词、不定式、从句做主语时,谓语动词用单数。   When and where the new hospital will be built _____ a mystery.   A. to remain  B. remains  C. remain  D. is remaining  (答案:B)(2000年57题)   三、当主语是a number+of+复数名词时,谓语动词用复数;当主语是the number+of+可数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数 (答案:A。应改为the。1998年66题)   2、A number of cars _____ in front of my house.   A. was parked  B. were parking  C. is parking  D. are parked  (答案:D)   四、当主语由as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致。当句中的主语后接as well as,along with,together with,including,accompanied by等短语+名词(代词)时,主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响,主语是单数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式时,谓语动词用复数。   1、John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party.  约翰和二十个朋友正在计划举行一个集会。   2、No one but Jane and Tom was there then.  那时除了珍尼和汤姆之外,没有别人在那儿。   五、当用and连接的名词前有each,every等修饰时,谓语动词用单数。当主语是each…and…,every…and every…,many a…and…结构时,谓语动词用单数。   1、Many a singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.  许多歌唱家和舞蹈家将参加我们的晚会。  2、In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.  在我们国家每个人都有接受教育的权利。 第八节 倒装句 考试重点:  1、否定词放置句首时,助动词或be动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有:not,scarcely,barely,seldom,not until,little,(in)under no circumstance,by no means,no sooner…than等。   2、only+adv.句子要倒装。   3、nor,neither,so用于句首时,句子要倒装。   4、虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。‎ ‎   一、否定词放置句首时,助动词或be动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有:not,scarcely,barely,seldom,not until,little,(in)under no circumstance,by no means,no sooner…than等。   1、Not until I reminded him for the third time _____ working and looked up。   A. that he stopped  B. does he stopped  C. did he stop  D. that he stopped  (答案:C)(2000年53题)   2、_____ the importance of wearing seat belts while driving.   A. Little they realize  B. They little do realize  C. Little realize do they  D. Little do they realize   (答案:D)(1996年31题)   二、only+ adv. 句子要倒装。   1、Only under such a condition will he make steady progress.  只有在这样的条件下,他才会取得扎实的进步。   2、Only this morning did I hear the sad news.  我今天早晨才听到这不幸的消息。   三、nor, neither, so 用于句首时, 句子要倒装。   1、So little _____about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me.   A. did I know  B. I had known  C. I knew  D. was I know  (答案:A)(1998年30题)   2、I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither _____.   A. did he  B. didn’t he  C. he did  D. he could  (答案:A)   四、虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。   1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions.   A. If I realized  B. Had I realized  C. Did I have realized that  D. As I realized  (答案:B)(1996年39题)   2、_____, I should ask them some questions.   A. Should they come to us  B. If they come to us  C. Were they come to us  D. Had they come to us   (答案:A)(1997年30题) 第九节 强调结构 考试重点:强调句型的基本形式It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)…;强调句型用来强调状语。   一、强调句型的基本形式It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)…。 (答案:B。应改为“that”)(1998年68题) (答案:B。应改为who)   二、强调句型用来强调状语。   1、It was in that small room_____ they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come.   A. where  B. in which  C. which  d. that  (答案:D。强调地点状语)(1997年58题)   2、It is because she is very devoted to her students _______she is respected by them.   A. that  B. which  C. what  D. who  (答案:A。强调原因状语)(2001年33题)   3、It was not until she arrived in class _________realized she had forgotten her book.   A. and she  B. when  C. she  D. that ‎ she  (答案:D) 第十节 附加疑问句 考试重点:附加疑问句的基本用法;含有否定词的疑问句;祈使句的附加疑问句;一些特殊用法。   一、附加疑问句的基本用法   附加疑问句由两部分构成:陈述句+附加问句。一般的规则是:前肯定,后否定;前否定,后肯定。   1、He had to finish the work yesterday, _____?   A. hadn’t he  B. had he  C. didn’t he  D. did he   (答案:C。have作“有”以外解释时,附加疑问句要用助动词do/does/did。)   2、There won’t be any concert this Saturday evening _____?   A. will there not  B. will there  C. is there  D. will it be   (答案:B。当陈述句为there be句型时,附加疑问句用其否定或肯定的疑问句式。)   二、含有否定词的用法   若陈述句部分已有表示否定的 hardly,scarcely,never,seldom 等词时,反问句部分要用肯定。   1、She scarcely cares for anything _____?   A. doesn’t  B. does she  C. is she  D. isn't she  (答案:B)(1995年45题)   2、You never told me you have seen the film, _____?   A. had you  B. didn’t you  C. did you  D. weren’t you  (答案:C)(2002年53题)   三、祈使句:   1、Please let us have more time , _____?   A. shall we  B. will you  C. won’t you  D. don't you   (答案:B。Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句,反问部分主语用we时,谓语用shall。如:Let’s go,shall we?)(1997年23题)   2、Don't forget to write to me, _____?   A. do you  B. won’t you  C. are  D. will you  (答案:D)(1994年37题)   四、一些特殊用法:   1、I suppose you’re not serious, _____?   A. don’t I  B. do I  C. are you  D. aren’t you   (答案:C。主句的谓语是suppose和think,主语是第一人称,反问句部分要和从句的谓语一致。)(1996年57题)再如 :“I don’t suppose you’re going today, aren’t you?”   2、I don’t think you’ve heard of him before, _____?   A. don’t I  B. do I  C. have you  D. haven’t you  (答案:C)(1992年33题)‎ 词语用法及语法结构  G5!|y#T   ‎