初一上册英语语法总结 11页

初一上册英语语法总结 一、动词be（is,am,are）的用法：‎ 口诀：我(I)用am, 你(you)用are，‎ is跟着他(he)，她(she)，它(it)。 单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。 变否定，更容易，be后not加上去。 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。‎ 还有一条须注意，句首大写莫忘记。‎ u be动词包括“am”, “is”, “are”三种形式。 1）第一人称单数(I)配合am来用。 句型解析析：I am+… 例：I am a student . I am a boy. 2）第二人称(You)配合are使用。 句型解析：You are+… 例：You are my good friend. You are a good person. 3）第三人称单数(He or She or It)配合is使用。 句型解析：She(He, It) is +… 例：She is a good girl. It is so big. 4）人称复数 (we /you/they)配合are使用。 句型解析：We (You, They) are +… 5）We are in Class 5,Grade 7. You are good students.‎ 注意： 1、使用be动词的时候，前面要先加上人称。be动词前面的人称，是不可随意替换的。‎ 例如：I am, You are, She is，并不会出现I is, You am, She are 这样的情形。 2、当只有第一人称和第二人称或第三人称时应该把第二人称或第三人称放在前 例如:you and I, Tom and I 当第二人称和第三人称放在一起时把第二人称放在前面， 例如：you and Tom 当三者都有时，排序为：2 3 1‎ 练习：‎ Where ______ Ann ？ She ______ here.‎ ‎ How old ______ you ？ I ______ thirteen.‎ ‎ ______ you Mr Read？ Yes, I ______.‎ What ______ your name？ My name ____ Ann.‎ 二、 情态动词Can 1 、can作“能、会”解，否定式是cannot，缩写为can’t。 “can+动词原形” “can’t+动词原形” ：表示某人能做或不能做某事 Can 是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化。 Can 表示的”能力”为现在的能力，而不是过去或将来的能力。 1).表示能力。例如： —Can you write in English? —Yes, I can.‎ ‎ I can run fast,can you? 2).表示获得的知识或技能。例如： —Can she speak Japanese? —No, she can’t.她会说日语吗？不，她不会。 3).表示许可。例如： Can I read your newspaper?我能看看你的报纸吗？ Can I take you home?我送你回家行吗？ We can’t wear jeans at work.我们上班时不准穿牛仔裤。 4). 表示要求。例如： Can you help me with this box?你能帮我弄这个箱子吗？ Can you feed the cat?你喂喂猫好吗？ 5). 表示可能性。例如： That can’t be Mary—she’s in hospital.那不可能是玛丽—她住院了。 He can’t have slept through all that noise.那么吵他不可能睡得着觉。 There’s someone outside—who can it be?外面有人—会是谁呢？ 6).用以提出建议。例如： We can eat in a restaurant, if you like.你愿意的话，咱们可以在饭馆吃饭。 I can take the car if necessary.必要时我可以开车去。‎ ‎2、 句式变化如下： ‎ ‎ 1. 在变否定句时，直接在can后加上“not”,可缩写成can’t或cannot, 但不能写成cann’t。例如： ‎ ‎ He can swim. → He can’t swim. ‎ ‎ Emma can see the pen on the desk.→ Emma cannot see the pen on the desk. ‎ ‎ 2. 在变一般疑问句时，直接移到主语前（原主语的首字母改成小写，第一人称应变为第二人称）即可。例如： ‎ ‎ I can see an orange on the table. → Can you see an orange on the table? ‎ ‎ 其回答可用Yes, OK或Certainly等作肯定回答；用No或Sorry等作否定回答。例如： ‎ ‎ —Can you look after my books, please? 你能照看一下我的书吗？ ‎ ‎ —OK. 可以。 ‎ ‎ 用Certainly回答。此时语气更为肯定。例如： ‎ ‎ —Can I see your guitar? 我能看看你的吉它吗？ ‎ ‎ —Certainly. 当然可以。 ‎ 练习：‎ ‎1 -Can you speak Japanese? -No, I___. A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. may not ‎2、I can play basketball.（变为一般疑问句，并作回答）‎ ‎ Play basketball？‎ Yes， .‎ No, .‎ 三、“there be”句型 （1）There be句型主要用以表达“某处（某时）有某人（某物）。‎ 基本结构为“There be＋某物（某人）＋某地（某时）”其中there是引导词，没有词义；主语是be后面的名词， be是谓语动词，在一般现在时中be只用is和are两种形式。 ‎ ‎（2）There be句型中的be动词如何确定呢？请先看看下面这首歌诀： Be动词，有三个，am，is还有are。“There be”真特别，不留am只留俩，那就是is还有are。要用is还是are，须看其后的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用is，否则就用are。如： ①There is a tree behind the house. ②There is some water（水）in the bottle（瓶子）. ③There are some pears in the box. (3)注意：如果“be”后的主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词，那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不如近邻”的原则。也就是说，“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名词来确定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is，是复数就用are。如： ①There is a book and some pens on the floor. ②There are some pens and a book on the floor. （4）There be句型的三种句式 1） 否定句 There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上not即可。 例如： There are some pictures on the wall. →There aren't any pictures on the wall.‎ ‎ There is a bike behind the tree. → There isn't a bike behind the tree.‎ ‎2）一般疑问句 There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。但同时要注意：当肯定句中有some时，要将其改为any（否定变化也一样）。例如： There is some water on Mars. → Is there any water on Mars? There are some fish in the water. →Are there any fish in the water?‎ 练习：‎ ‎1、1．There ________ a bed and a big wardrobe with a mirror．  A．are B．were C．was D．be ‎ ‎2、There are some children in the garden.(变为一般疑问句和否定句)‎ ‎ there children in the garden？‎ ‎ There children in the garden.‎ 四、冠词 a 与 an 的用法 a 与 an表示“一个”。a 用在辅音音素开头的可数名词单数前；an用在以元音音素开头的可数名词单数前。‎ 例如: an apple a CD 练习：‎ ‎(1)There is “U”in the word.‎ A a B an C the D/‎ ‎(2)This is pen. pen is green.‎ A a;The B a; / C the ;/ D the;The ‎(3)Do you have basketball? Let’s play basketball.‎ ‎ A an;a B a;a C /;/ D a; /‎ ‎(4)I have apple.‎ ‎ A a B an C much D many ‎(5)“What’s this in English ?”“It’s orange.”‎ ‎ A a B the C an D /‎ ‎(6)It takes me hour to school every day.‎ ‎ A a B an C the D /‎ ‎(7)---Do you have eraser?‎ ‎ ---Yes, I have.‎ ‎ A an B a C the D /‎ 五、指示代词的形式与用法 英语中的指示代词主要的有this(这个), that(那个), these(这些), those(那些)，其中this和that为单数，these和those为复数；this和these为近指，that和those为远指。‎ 例句:This is a very useful book. 这是一本很有用的书。‎ I don’t like that man. 我喜欢那个人。‎ I like these and he likes those. 我喜欢这些，他喜欢那些。‎ ‎【注】在打电话时，通常用 this 指自己，用 that 指对方：‎ 例句:Hello. This is Mary. Is that Jim? 喂，我是玛丽，你是吉姆吗?‎ 练习：‎ 一、填空 ‎1. I like _____ pants. _______ pants are red.(这些)‎ ‎2. I don’t like ____ shoes. ____shoes are too small.(那些)‎ ‎3. I want _____(这个) sweater. I don’t want________（那个） sweater._____ （那个）is too big.‎ 二、选择。‎ ‎（ ）1. __________ pen is red. ________ pencil is green.‎ A. this, that     B. These, Those C. That, Those    D. This, That ‎（ ）2. Is _____ a panda over there?‎ A. this        B. that       C. those       D. these ‎（ ）3. ________two boys are Mr. Green’s sons.‎ A. This      B. These      C. That      D. those ‎（ ）4. __________ two girls are Mary and Linda.‎ A. This      B. They       C. That      D. Those ‎（ ）5. _______is Mr. White and _____ is my father.‎ A. This,those     B. That,these    C. These,these    D. This,this 六、名词所有格 ‎1、单数名词后直接加 “ ’s ” Jim’s coat 吉姆的外套 Jeff’s mother杰夫的妈妈 ‎2、以s结尾的复数名词，只加“’” Teachers’ Day教师节 the twins’ books双胞胎的书 ‎ ‎3、不以s结尾的不规则的名词复数，加“ ’s ” Children’s Day 儿童节 men’s shoes男式鞋 4、表示两者共同拥有时，只在最后一个名词后加’s 表示两者各自拥有时，要在每个名词后加’s Lucy and Lily’s mother 露茜和莉莉的妈妈(共同的妈妈，一个妈妈) Lucy’s and Kate’s rooms 露茜和凯特的房间（各自的房间，两间房子）‎ 练习：‎ ‎1、The girl talking to Mary is a friend of ________.‎ ‎　　A. Mary’s sister B. Mary sister’s ‎　　C. Mary’s sister’s D. Sister of Mary’s ‎2、The woman over there is ______ mother.‎ ‎　　A. Julia and Shelley’s ‎　　B. Julia’s and Shelley’s ‎　　C. Julia and Shelley ‎　　D. Julia’s and Shelley ‎3. He is very tired. He needs ______.‎ ‎　　A. a night rest B. a rest night C. a night’s rest D. a rest of night ‎4． This is my dress. That one is ____.‎ ‎　　A. Mary B. Mary’s ‎　　C. sister D. mother ‎5、 The is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.‎ ‎　　A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop ‎　　C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’shop 七、名词的数 可数名词 ‎　　可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下：‎ ‎　　1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如：‎ ‎　　book → books room → rooms ‎　　house → houses day → days ‎　　2. 以s,　ss, ch,　sh, x 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es 。如：‎ ‎　　bus → buses glass → glasses ‎　　watch → watches ‎　　dish → dishes box → boxes ‎　　3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词，要先将y改为i再加-es。如：‎ ‎　　city → cities body → bodies ‎　　factory → factories等等。‎ ‎　　4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：‎ ‎　　half → halves leaf → leaves ‎　　knife → knives wife → wives ‎　　5. 特例　　① child → children ‎　　② man → men woman → women ‎　　policeman → policemen ‎　　（规律：man → men）‎ ‎　　③ tomato → tomatoes ‎　　potato → potatoes ‎（初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的当然加-s）　　‎ ‎④ foot → feet tooth → teeth ‎⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形　‎ ‎⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；　people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。‎ 不可数名词 ‎1. 不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ ‎　　如：The food is very fresh.　食品很新鲜。‎ ‎2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但他们的意义往往发生变化。‎ ‎　　如：water （水） → waters （水域）orange （橘汁） → oranges （橘子）‎ ‎3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表示种类时就可数，但意义大多不发生变化。‎ ‎　　如：fruit → fruits food → foods ‎　　fish → fishes hair → hairs 初一上册不可数名词归纳：news bread milk wheat beer juice salt soup information coke work time meat pork fish water hair tea coffee oil beef chicken rice food orange 注意：可数名词表示复数意义时可用many、具体的数词等来修饰。如：many apples，a lot of tomatoes，a few pens ‎ ‎    不可数名词则要用much、a little等词修饰。如：much meat，a little bread，little water ‎ ‎  这两类名词都可以被some、any、a lot of （lost of） 等修饰。如：some eggs/paper（纸）。 ‎ 句子单数变复数，注意以下五要素 (1)主格人称代词要变成相应的复数主格人称代词,即I→we, you→you，she,he,it→ they。 She is a girl. →They are girls. (2)am，is要变为are。如： I’m a student. →We are students. (3)不定冠词a，an要去掉。如： He is a boy. →They are boys. (4)普通单数名词要变为复数形式。如： It is an apple. →They are apples. (5)指示代词this，that要变为these，those。如： This is a box. →These are boxes.‎ 练习：选择填空：‎ ‎1．The deer has four ______.‎ ‎  A. foot    B. feet    C. feets    D. foots ‎2．Her two brothers are both ______.‎ ‎  A. policeman    B. policemans    C. policemen    D. policemens ‎3．There are four _____ and two ______ in the group.‎ ‎  A. Japanese, Germen    B. Japaneses, Germen    C. Japanese, Germans ‎4．Two ______ would come to the village.‎ ‎  A. woman-doctors    B. women doctor    C. women doctors    D. woman doctors ‎5．Can you see nine _____ in the picture?‎ ‎  A. sheep    B. dog    C. pig    D. horse ‎6．The _____ has two ______.‎ ‎  A. boys, watches    B. boy, watch    C. boy, watches    D. boys, watch ‎7．The boy often brushes his _____ before he goes to bed.‎ ‎  A. tooth    B. tooths    C. teeth    D. teeths ‎8．The Japanese ____ will not leave China until she finishes her study.‎ ‎  A. woman    B. women    C. man    D. men ‎9．There are lots of _____ in the basket on the table.‎ ‎  A. tomatos    B. tomato    C. tomatoes    D. tomatoss ‎10. The cat caught two ______ last night.‎ ‎  A. mouses    B. mice    C. mouse    D. mices 八、人称代词 数 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 第一人称 单数 I me my mine 复数 we us our ours 第二人称 单数 you you your yours 复数 you you your yours 第三人称 单数 he him his his she her her hers it it its its 复数 they them their theirs ‎1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语，用于动词之前,例如： 　He gets up at 6o’clock every day.他每天六点起床。  2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,用于动词/介词之后,例如： 　例:1.I see her with them.我看到她和他们在一起。（her做宾语 them做介词宾语.‎ ‎2. Listen to me , Dad .       3. Peter is sitting behind me .       4. Let me go there now .       5. Give me an orange , please .  3）you既是"你"或"你们"的主格，又是它们的宾格；her既是"她"的所有格，又是它的宾格。我们可以根据它们在句子中的位置来判断它们属于主格、所有格还是宾格。  4）and是一个我们常用来连接两个词的连接词。它虽然与介词with有同样的意思，但它的前后可以是人称代词的主语，也可以是人称代词的宾格，而with只能跟人称代词的宾格。  如：You and I are going to school .  You are going to school with me .) 5）人称代词在句中的作用 1)主格作主语。如： I am Chinese.我是中国人。 2)宾格作宾语，放在及物动词或介词之后，有时还可以在口语中用作表语。如： ①I don't know her.我不认识她。(动词宾语) ②What's wrong with it?它怎么了？(介词宾语) ③-Open the door, please. It's me.请开门，是我。(表语) 6）人称代词并列用法的排列顺序 （1）单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为： 第二人称->第三人称->第一人称 即：you and I; he/she/it and I; you, he/she/it and I （2）复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为： 第一人称->第二人称->第三人称 即：we and you;   you and they;       we，you and they ‎ 练习：‎ 一、选择题：  1. She is a student， _____ name is Julia.      A. its B. her C. hers D. his 2. Could you help _____ with _______ English， please.      A. I，my B. me，me C. me， my D. my，I 3. A friend of _____ came here yesterday.      A. my B. his C. him D. himself 4. ______ pencil-box is beautiful. But ____ is more beautiful than ______.      A. Toms， my， he B. Tom's， mine， his ‎ C. Tom's， mine， him D. Tom's， my， his 5. Most of ______like Chinese food.       A. they B. Their C. Them D. theirs 6. Don't you let ____ help you ？      A. I and my friend B. my friend and I  ‎ ‎ C. my friend and me D. my friend and I to ‎7. How hard______ works！     A. we B. him C. he D. his 8. ______ have been chosen.    A.I，you and he B. He，you and I C. You，he and I D.You，and me 9. She gave the erasers to Lucy and _______ .     A. I B. me C. my D. mine 二、用适当的人称代词和物主代词填空 ‎ ‎1. Your football clothes are on the desk. Please put _________(they，them，their，theirs) away. ‎ ‎2. (We，Us，Our，Ours)_________ English teacher is Mrs. Green. We all like _________(she，her，hers). ‎ ‎3. (I，Me，My，Mine)_________ can't get my kite. Could you help _________(I，me，my，mine)? ‎ ‎4. Tom can't get down from the tree. Can you help _________(he，him，his)? ‎ ‎5. Her kite is broken. Can _________(you，your，yours) mend it? ‎ ‎6. We can't find our bikes. Can you help _________(we，us，our，ours)? ‎ ‎7. These are _________(he，him，his) planes. The white ones are _________(I，me，mine). ‎ 九、一般现在时：‎ ‎1．构成：‎ 一般现在时的构成主要有两种形式： ‎ ‎（1）be型：句子的谓语动词只有be（am，is或are） ‎ 肯定句中，只出现be， eg： I am a student． ‎ 否定句中，要在be后面加not， eg：She isn't a teacher． ‎ 一般疑问句，要将be放在句子开头（注意句首字母大写），‎ 句尾用问号，答语用Yes，主语 + be．或No，主语 + be + not．‎ eg： —Are you ready？—Yes，I am． —No，I'm not． ‎ ‎（2）实义动词型：句中的谓语动词为实义动词（也叫行为动词） ‎ a．肯定句中，只出现实义动词， ‎ eg： I get up at ‎6 in the morning．She gets up at ‎6 in the morning． ‎ ‎ b．否定句中，要在实义动词前面加do（does）＋not，do（does）作助动词，本身无意义，常与not缩写成don't（doesn't）‎ ‎ eg： I don't like vegetables．He doesn’t like vegetables． ‎ 一般疑问句，要在句子开头加助动词Do（Does），句尾用问号，简略答语用Yes，主语 + do（does）．或No，主语 + do（does）＋ not eg： —Do you like oranges？—Yes，I do．—No，I don't.‎ ‎ —Does he like oranges? —Yes, he does. —No, he doesn’t.‎ ‎2、用法： 1)‎ ‎ 它表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。 e.g. I go to school on foot. He is very busy now. 2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。 e.g. He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV. 3)表示客观真理，表示格言或警句中 e.g. There are seven days in a week. The moon moves round the earth.‎ ‎4）与之搭配的时间状语为often、 usually、 always、 sometimes等频率副词，on Saturdays、 in the morning(afternoon evening) 、every day 等。‎ ‎3.第三人称单数 　‎ 在一般现在时中，如果主语是第三人称单数，谓语（动词）要有相应的变化.‎ A.一般情况加s，‎ 例如：looks, listens, visits；‎ B.以ch, sh, s, x和少数以o结尾的词，加-es，‎ 例如：teaches, washes, guesses, goes, does C.辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i加-es，‎ 例如：carry-carries, study-studies ‎ D．元音字母加y结尾，直接加s ‎ 例如：stay-stays，pay-pays 练习：‎ 一．用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎ ‎1. We often____(play) in the playground.‎ ‎2. He_____(get) up at six o'clock.‎ ‎3. ______you_______(brush) your teeth every morning？‎ ‎4. What (do) he usually_______ (do) after school?‎ ‎5. Danny__________(study) English, Chinese, Maths, Science and Art an school.‎ ‎6. Mike sometimes______(go)to the park with his sister.‎ ‎7. At eight at night, she______(watch)TV with his parents.‎ ‎8. ______Mike______(read) English every day?‎ ‎9. How many lessons ______ your classmate______(have)on Monday?‎ ‎10. What time ______ his mother______(do)the housework.‎ ‎11. His sister usually ______ (go) to school at 7:00 am. 12. Lin Tao ______ (like) his new sweater.‎ ‎13. ______ he ______ (like) English?‎ ‎14. People usually ______ (eat) dinner in the evening.‎ ‎15. What time ______ Mary usually ______ (play) basketball ?‎ 二、选择 (　) 1. _____ you have a book? 　　A. Do　B. Are　C. Is　D. Have (　)2. They _________ on a farm. 　　A. working　B. is work　C. work　D. is worked (　) 3. Does Peter like to watch TV? __________. 　　A. Yes, he like　B. No, he doesn’t　C. Yes, he’d like　D. No, he ‎ likes (　)4. She doesn’t __________ her homework in the afternoon. 　　A. doing　B. to do　C. does　D. do (　)5. How ____________ Mr. Brown ___________ to America? 　　A. do, go　B. is, go　C. does, go　D. does, goes (　)6. Where’s my camera? I____________ it. 　　A. am not finding　B. am not seeingC. can’t find　D. can’t look at (　)7. How ___________ he go to work? 　　　He ___________ to work by bike. 　　A. does; go　B. do; goes　C. do; go　D. does; goes (　)8. ______ you usually late for school? 　　No, _____________. 　　A. Do; I am　B. Does ;not　C. Are ; I’m not　D. Are ; I aren’t (　)9. _____ she _____ home at six every day? 　　A. Is, leave　B. Does , leave　C. Is , leaves　D. Does , left (　)10. Mr. Yang ____________ English this term. 　　A. teaches our　B. teaches us　C. teachs us　D. teach our