初中英语初一名词及所有格 10页

第四讲 名词及所有格 姓名： 学校： 年级： ‎ ‎【学习目标】： 1. 了解名词及所有格的定义，及其用法 ‎ 2. 通过读写训练，掌握名词及其所有格的用法 ‎【知识要点】‎ 一、名词的概念及分类 名词是表示人、事物、物质种类、抽象概念的词，它属于一种重要的实词。名词可以从不同的角度进行分类，分类如下：‎ 1、 根据构词法进行分类：‎ ① 简单名词：man chair land water ‎ ② 复合名词：farmland roommate seaside ‎ ③ 派生名词：argument ability greatness questionnaire ‎ 2、 根据词汇意义进行分类：‎ 专有名词和普通名词，其中普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。‎ 3、 根据语法意义进行分类：名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。‎ 名词 普通名词 个体名词 表示人和事物的的个体 book chair house teacher doctor table 可数名词 集体名词 表示人或一些事物的群体或总称 family,police,people, baggage ,clothing 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词 water air tea snow rain wood 不可数名词 抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质等抽象概念 work health fun luck future 专有名词 专有名词 一个人和事物所特有的名称，如时间、地点、机构、国家等。‎ Mr. Brown, China ‎ the White House, ‎ 二、名词的数 ‎1、可数名词的规则变化 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 -s ‎1.清辅音后读/s/;‎ ‎2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/‎ map-maps ‎ bag-bags car-cars 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/‎ bus-buses box-boxes brush-brushes,watch-watches ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/‎ license-licenses 以y结尾的 ‎1)以辅音字母+y结尾的词 ‎2) 元音字母+y 结尾 变y 为i再加es 直接加s变复数 ‎1.清辅音后读/s/;‎ ‎2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/‎ ‎1)baby---babies,factory--factories story---stories ‎2)monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 以o 结尾的名词 ‎1)有生命的加es ‎ ‎2)没有生命的加s ‎3) 均可 ‎1.清辅音后读/s/;‎ ‎2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/‎ ‎1)potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes ‎2)photo---photos piano---pianos ‎3) zero---zeros / zeroes ‎ Volcano—volcanos/ volcanoes 以f或fe 结尾的名词 ‎1)去f,fe 加ves ‎2) 加s ‎3) 均可 ‎1.清辅音后读/s/;‎ ‎2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/‎ ‎1)half---halves wolf---wolves,wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves ‎2)belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs ‎3)handkerchief-- Handkerchiefs / handkerchiefs 例外 Stomachs, pianos, photos, roofs, safes保险箱, beliefs信条 ‎2、可数名词复数的不规则变化 ‎ 构成方式 例词 变内部元音 foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women goose-- geese 词尾加-en或-ren child---children ox--oxen 单、复数词形相同 a deer—two deer，a sheep—five sheep ，‎ a fish—three fish，a means – some means 汉语音译词如度量衡、币制等单位的名词无复数形式,但要用斜体 ten jin 100mu ten li seven dan 表示“某国人”的名词，其单、复数变化的3种情况 单复数形式相同 a Japanese--five Japanese a Chinese--ten Chinese 词尾的man为men a Frenchman—two Frenchmen an Englishwoman—seven Englishwomen 词尾加-s a German—five Germans a Russian—ten Russians ‎3、复合名词的复数形式 ‎1)．一般将主体名词变为复数。‎ mother-in-law→ mothers-in-law岳母 passer-by→passers-by过路人 looker-on→lookers-on旁观者 editor-in-chief→editors-in-chie主编 ‎2)．无主体名词构成的复合词，在词尾加一s。如：‎ go-between→ go-betweens中间人，媒人 grown-up→grown-ups成年人 ‎3)．由man或woman构成的复合名词，两者都要变成复数。如：‎ a man teacher→ two men teachers； a woman doctor→ ten women doctors ‎4、不可数名词的量的变化 ‎1)借助单位词表示不可数名词的量 a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice 2）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。 ‎ The rich man has a lot of money．　　‎ There is some milk in the bottle．‎ Is there any water in the glass？　‎ I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice． ‎5、名词单、复数的特殊用法 ‎1）有相同两部分组成的名词（谓语动词用复数）‎ glasses眼睛, contact lenses隐形眼镜, trousers裤子, scissors剪刀, ‎ shoes鞋, socks袜子, gloves手套 ‎ 三、名词所有格及其用法。 　 名词的格的种类 ‎ 　　英语名词有三个格，即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同，所以它们又统称作通格。当名词用作主语、宾语、表语时，用通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分-’s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。　‎ 定义：名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系的一种形式，名词所有格的构成包括’s所有格、of 所有格和双重所有格。‎ ‎（1）-’s所有格的构成方法 　①一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加 -’s： 　　children’s books 儿童图书 　　today’s paper 今天的报纸 　②带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(‘)： 　　girls’ school 女子学校 　　the Smiths’ car 史密斯家的小汽车 　　注：带词尾s的单数名词，通常仍加’s： 　　the boss’s plan 老板的计划 　　the hostess’s worry 女主人的担心 　③带词尾s的人名，可加’s 或只加省字撇(‘)： 　　Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说 　　Charles’s job 查理斯的工作 　　不带词尾-s却以咝音结尾者，一律加’s： 　　Marx’s works 马克思的著作 　　George’s room 乔治的房间 ‎ 注意：（考点）‎ ‎①如果一个事物为两个人或两个以上的人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词的末尾加’s。‎ E.g. This is John, Jack and Tom’s room. ‎ E.g. Mr. Green is Jim and Kate’s father. ‎ ‎②表示某人的家，店铺的所有格，一般可以省略它所修饰的名词。 ‎ the Green’s 格林家 the barber’s 理发店 at the tailor’s 在裁缝店 ‎ at the doctor’s 在医院 the Smith 史密斯这个人 the Smiths史密斯一家人 the Smith’s史密斯的家（住处） the Smiths’史密斯一家人的家（住处）‎ ‎③’s 所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西，‎ 如：时间，自然现象，国家，城市等实体，度量衡以及价值等。例：‎ ‎ five minute’s walk 五分钟步行的路程 today’s newspaper 今天的报纸 ‎ thirty dollar’s value 30美元的价值 China’s capital ‎ 注：一个七岁的女孩 ‎ a seven-year-old girl a seven years’ old girl ‎ ‎ a girl of seven a girl of seven years ‎ 一百米的赛跑 ‎ 100-meter race 100 meters’ race　‎ ‎④用and连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列连词后加-’s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-’s： 　　　Tom’s and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间 　　Tom and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间  ⑤ 用于某些固定表达中： 　　a stone’s throw 一箭之遥 　　at one’s wit’s end 黔驴技穷 　　at arm’s length 以一臂之距 　　out of harm’s way 在完全的地方 ‎（2）、of 所有格 ‎ 表示无生命的名词的所有格，一般用of 所有格。如：‎ the legs of the chair 椅子的腿 the cover of the book 书的封面 ‎（3）、双重所有格 双重所有格，即两种形式结合在一起应用“of +名词’s”。如：‎ the books of the library’s图书馆的书 a photo of Jim a photo of Jim’s (4) -’s 所有格与of 所有格的用法比较 　　(1) of 所有格既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西。of 所有格有时可以与-’s 所有格互换。如： 　　Mr Smith’s son = the son of Mr Smith 史密斯先生的儿子 　　Jim’s patience = the patience of Jim 吉姆的耐心  　　the Queen’s arrival = the arrival of the Queen 女王的到达 　　(2) 必须用 ‘s 所有格的情形： 　　①表类别时：men’s shoes 男鞋，children’s stories 儿童故事  　　②表来源时：John’s telegram 约翰的电报  　　③当被修饰的名词后有同位语修饰时：Mary’s husband, a policeman, has just been here. 玛丽的丈夫是个警察，刚刚来过这儿。 　　(3) 必须用of 所有格的情形： ‎ ‎ 　　①用于无生命的事物时：the subject of the sentence 句子主语  　　②表同位关系时：the City of Beijing 北京市 　　③当中心词是名词化的名词时：the life of the poor 穷人的生活 　　④当of 所有格中的名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时：Mr Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China. 史密斯先生是中国一所大学的外籍教师。‎ 名词所有格 ‎【经典例题】‎ ‎1. They got much _____ from those new books.‎ ‎ A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories ‎ 解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.‎ ‎2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here.‎ ‎ A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges ‎ C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges 解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。‎ ‎3. Every evening M r. King takes a _________ to his home .‎ ‎ A. 25 minutes’ walk B. 25 minute’s walk ‎ C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk 解析: 句中的 minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+’,而不能+s,因此选A。‎ ‎4. An old _______ wants to see you.‎ ‎ A. people B. person C. the people D. the person ‎ 解析: person 与people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”,‎ ‎“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选B。‎ ‎5. Help yourself to __________.‎ ‎ A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple ‎ C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples 解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。‎ ‎6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.‎ ‎ A. room’s number B. rooms’ number C. room numbers D. rooms’ numbers 解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 .‎ ‎ 类似的还有my phsics teacher,‎ two bus drivers 等. 应选C。‎ ‎7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________.‎ ‎ A. family B. house C. home D. room 解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C.‎ ‎8. ________ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .‎ ‎ A. Mary and Peter’s B. Mary and Peter ‎ C. Mary’s and Peter D. Mary’s and Peter’s 解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。‎ ‎9. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.‎ ‎ A. her uncle B. her uncle’s C. her uncles D. aunt’s ‎ 解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.‎ 因此选B。‎ ‎10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ________ in teaching.‎ ‎ A. many experiences B. much experience ‎ C. an experience D. a lot experience 解析: experience 作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。‎ ‎11. A classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.‎ ‎ A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sister’s 解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。‎ ‎12. A group of _________ are talking with two ___________.‎ ‎ A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans ‎ ‎ C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen ‎ 解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A.‎ ‎【经典练习】‎ ‎（ ）1.The team ________ having a meeting .‎ ‎ A. is B. are C. am D. be ‎（ ）2. “Would you like _________?” “________, please.”‎ ‎ A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees ‎ C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees ‎（ ）3. The Great Wall was made not only by _______, but also the flesh and blood of ________ men.‎ ‎ A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions ‎ C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions ‎（ ）4． Last night, there was a food accident. The _______ were ill, but no _______ were lost.‎ ‎ A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life ‎（ ）5. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young.‎ ‎ ---OK, how happy they both looked!‎ ‎ A. my father and mother B. my mother and father's ‎ C. my mother's and father's D.my father's and my mother ‎（ ）6. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.‎ ‎ A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class ‎ （ ）7. Today is September 10th. It's __________ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.‎ ‎ A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's ‎ （ ）8. The market isn't far from here. It's only _________ bicycle ride.‎ ‎ A.half an hours' B. half an hour's C. half an hour D. an hour and a half ‎ （ ）9. --- What would you like to drink, girls?‎ ‎ --- _________, please.‎ ‎ A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe ‎ C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees ‎ （ ）10. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _________.‎ ‎ A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks ‎ （ ）11. Some _________ are flying kites near the river.‎ ‎ A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs ‎ （ ）12. After the exam, we'll have________ holiday.‎ ‎ A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks' D. two week's ‎ ‎ 二．所有格练习 ‎1. Today is September 10th. It's ________ Day.‎ A. Teacher B. Teacher's　 C. Teachers' D. Teacher' ‎ ‎2. It's June 1st, it's ________ Day. ‎ A. Childrens B. Children's　 C. Childrens' D. Childrens's ‎ ‎3. This year, ________ is on May 9th. ‎ A.My mother's brithday　 B. My mothers' brithday　‎ C. My mothers brithday　 D. My mothers's brithday ‎ ‎4. Lin Tao is ill, so he has to go to the ________ . ‎ A. doctor B. doctor's　 C. doctors' D. doctor'　　‎ ‎5. Where is Mr. Zhang?　He is in the ________ . ‎ A. teacher's reading room　 B. teachers' reading room　‎ C. teacher reading room　 D. teachers reading room ‎ ‎6. This is ________ ball. It's not ________ . ‎ A. the boy's, girl's　 B. the boy's, the girl's　 C. the boy, the girl　 D. boys', girls ‎ ‎7. This year, the most popular ________ hat is that kind. ‎ A. woman's B. womens'　 C. women's D. womans'‎ ‎8. Look at the book, it's not mine, and it's not yours, so it must be ________ . ‎ A. somebody else's　　B. somebody else'　 C. somebody's else　 D. somebody' else ‎ ‎9. These are ________ . ‎ A.newspaper of today　 B.today's newspaper　　‎ C. today's newspapers'　 D. today newspaper's ‎ ‎10. It's about ________ from my home to our school. ‎ A. twenty minutes' walk　　 B. walk of twenty minutes'　‎ C. walk of twenty minutes' D. twenty minute's walk ‎【家庭作业】‎ ‎（ ）10. They are those _________ bags.Please put them on the bus.‎ ‎ A. visitor B. visitors C. visitor's D. visitors'‎ ‎（ ）11.--- How many workers are there in your factory?‎ ‎ --- There are two ___________.‎ ‎ A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of ‎（ ）12. ---What do you think of the _______ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?‎ ‎ --- It sounds really wonderful. ‎ ‎ A. subject B. music C. book D. animal ‎（ ）13. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the fridge.‎ ‎ A. place B. room C. field D. ground ‎（ ）14. _________ comes from sheep and some people like eating it ‎ A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk ‎（ ）15. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.‎ ‎ A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise ‎（ ）16. My school is about twenty ________ walk from here.‎ ‎ A. minute B. minutes' C. minutes's D. minutes ‎（ ）17. Mum, I have _______ to tell you!‎ ‎ A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news ‎（ ）18. Which is the ________ to the post office?‎ ‎ A. street B. way C. road D. address ‎（ ）19. I stayed at ________ last Sunday.‎ ‎ A. my uncles B. my uncles' C. my uncle's D. my uncle's family ‎（ ）20. Maths ________ not easy to learn.‎ ‎ A. are B. is C. am D. were