2020-2021学年人教版初二英语上册 第十单元语法单词 8页

语法 if 引导的条件状语从句 ‎1. if 意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，既可放在主句前面，也可放在主句后面。若if条件句放在句首，从句后面要加逗号与主句隔开。‎ If you go there, I'll go, too.‎ 如果你去那儿，我也会去。‎ My mother will take me to the park if she is free.‎ 如果我妈妈有空，她就会带我去公园。‎ ‎2. 时态运用：‎ 在含有if 引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句为下列情形之一的，条件状语从句通常用一般现在时。‎ ‎(1) 主句是一般将来时，即遵循“主将从现”的原则。‎ If he comes, he will bring his violin.‎ 如果他来，就会带上他的小提琴。‎ ‎(2) 主句是含有情态动词的句子，如may/might/can/must/should在含有if 引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中，条件状语从句通常用一般现在时，即遵循“主情从现”的原则。。‎ If you want to lose weight, you must eat less bread.‎ You can get good grades if you study hard.‎ 如果你努力学习，你可以取得好成绩。‎ If you drive too fast, you may have an accident.‎ 如果你超速驾驶，就可能会出交通事故。‎ 如果你想减肥，就必须少吃面包。‎ ‎(3) 主句是祈使句。‎ If you are not strong enough, please don't take part in such an activity.‎ 如果你不是很健壮，请不要参加这种活动。‎ ‎3. 句型转换：‎ ‎(1) 借助“祈使句+and/or+陈述句（一般将来时）”这一句型来转换。其中，在句意上and表示顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。‎ If you work hard, you'll pass the exam easily.‎ ‎=Work hard, and you'll pass the exam easily.‎ 努力学习，你将很容易通过考试。‎ ‎(2) 借助without或with来转换条件状语从句。‎ If there is no air or water, people can't live.‎ ‎=People can't live without air or water.‎ 如果没有空气和水，人们将无法生存。‎ If you help me, I'll finish the work soon.‎ ‎=With your help, I'll finish the work soon.‎ 如果你帮助我，我将很快完成工作。‎ 连词unless的用法 例句：‎ But unless he can hide his tail, he cannot turn himself into a man.‎ 语法讲解：‎ ‎1. unless用作连词，意为“除非；如果不”，引导条件状语从句，若主句为一般将来时、祈使句或谓语中含有情态动词时，从句常用一般现在时表示将来。‎ 例如：‎ The milk will go bad quickly in summer unless you put it in a fridge.‎ 除非你把牛奶放在冰箱里，否则在夏天它很快就会变质。‎ Don't touch the instruments unless the teacher allows you.‎ 除非老师允许，不要乱动仪器。‎ We can't understand the disease unless we first understand the person who has the disease.‎ 除非我们先了解患这种疾病的人，否则我们将无法了解这个疾病。‎ ‎2. unless可与if...not引导的条件状语从句进行相互转换。‎ I will go there unless it rains. =I will go there if it doesn't rain.‎ 如果不下雨，我就去那儿。‎ 情态动词should的用法 ‎1.should为情态动词，意为“应该；应当”，后接动词原形，无人称和数的变化。常用来表示征询意见、建议、劝告、要求和义务等。‎ ‎(1) should用于表达义务或责任，意为“应该”。‎ As students, we should follow the school rules.‎ 作为学生，我们应该遵守学校的规章制度。‎ ‎(2) should用于表达建议或劝告，意为“应该”。‎ You should give up smoking.‎ 你应该戒烟。‎ ‎(3) should用于表达推断，意为“可能，应该”。‎ They should be there by now, I think.‎ 我想他们现在应该到了。‎ ‎(4) should用于表达要求或命令。‎ You shouldn't talk loudly in class.‎ 你不许在课堂上大声讲话。‎ ‎(5) should用于表达意外或惊讶，意为“竟然”。‎ I am surprised that he should say so.‎ 他竟然这样说，这使我很惊讶。‎ ‎2. 基本句式 动词不定式作宾语,作宾语补足语,状语，表语 动词不定式的肯定形式是“to+动词原形”，否定形式为“not to+动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语。‎ 句法功能：‎ ‎1.作宾语：ask/wish/hope/want/expect/need/help/learn/promise/agree/ prepare + to do sth. ‎ 如：She promised to come.       ‎ Tom needs to buy some bananas.‎ ‎2.作宾语补足语：ask/tell/want/advise/allow/invite/warn + pron./n. + to do sth. ‎ 如：He asked me to open the door.      ‎ ‎     The doctor advises him to rest.‎ ‎     The teacher helped students to solve some problems.‎ 注意：以下两类动词后接动词不定式作宾语补足语要省略to。‎ ‎(1)使役动词：make/let/have 如： Don't make her think about it.‎ ‎(2)感官动词：see/notice/watch/observe/hear/feel 如：I often see the old woman walk her dog in the park.‎ 动词不定式在句中可以作表语，‎ 动词不定式作表语通常表示将要做的行为或一次性的行为。例如：‎ My dream is to be a teacher.我的梦想是成为一名老师。‎ His wish is to be a policeman.他的愿望是成为一名警察。‎ 单词 Advice/advise ‎ ‎1. advice n. 意见，建议；忠告，劝告 advice为不可数名词，常用piece这样的量词来修饰。‎ This is a good piece of advice.‎ 这是一个好的建议。‎ advice on/about sth./doing sth.关于……的建议/意见 I need some advice about my computer.‎ 我需要一点有关我的电脑的意见。‎ on sb’s advice 听从某人的建议 On her doctor’s advice, Mrs. Smith decided to take early retirement.‎ Mrs. Smith听从她医生的建议，决定提前退休。‎ 常用词组搭配：‎ give sb. some advice给某人一些建议 get some advice 获取建议 ask sb's advice 征求某人的建议 take/follow/accept sb’s advice 采纳/听从某人的意见 go/turn to sb. for advice向某人求教 ‎2. advise v. 劝告，忠告；建议 advise (sb.) on sth. 或 advise (sb.) about (doing) sth. 关于……给某人忠告/建议；(向……)提供(专业的)建议 We employed an expert to advise on new technology.‎ 我们聘用了一位专家担任新技术顾问。‎ advise (sb.) against (doing) sth. 劝告/建议不做（避免）某事 I’d advise you against saying anything to the press.‎ 我建议你对新闻界保持沉默。‎ advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事Evans advised him to leave London.‎ Evans劝他离开伦敦。‎ advise+that从句表示“建议……” that从句中的谓语动词用(should) do的形式。‎ They advise that you (should) carry your passport at all times.‎ 他们建议你要随身带着护照。‎ Understand/understanding understand v. （不用于进行时）‎ ‎1. 懂得；理解；明白 She doesn’t understand English.‎ 她不懂英语。‎ I am sorry, I don’t understand. Can you explain that again?‎ 对不起，我不明白。你能再解释一下吗？‎ make oneself understood 清楚表达自己的意思；被别人理解 I’m not very good at German, but I can make myself understood.‎ 我德语不是太好，不过我能说清楚自己的意思。‎ ‎2. （尤指通过学习或经历）了解，知道 Doctors still don't understand much about the disease.‎ 医生对这种疾病还了解不多。‎ understand how/why/where等+句子 I could never understand why she was fired.‎ 我怎么也不明白她为何被解雇。‎ ‎3. 理解；谅解；体谅 If you tell him how you feel, I’m sure he’ll understand.‎ 如果你告诉他你的感受，我相信他会理解的。‎ understanding n.& adj.‎ ‎1. (不可数名词) 理解；领悟；了解；认识 understanding of sth.对……的了解 The committee has little or no understanding of the problem.‎ 委员会对这个问题了解不多或根本不了解。‎ ‎2. (可数名词，常用单数形式) (非正式的)协议 come to/reach an understanding 达成协议 We finally came to an understanding about how many hours we would work.‎ 我们最终就工作时长问题达成协议。‎ ‎3. (不可数名词) 理解；谅解；体谅 We are looking for a better understanding between the two nations.‎ 我们正在力求增进两国间的理解。‎ ‎4. (形容词) 善解人意的；体谅人的 Luckily, I have a very understanding boss.‎ 幸运的是，我有一位非常善解人意的老板。‎ experience experience n.& v. 经验；经历；体验；感受到 ‎1. experience (不可数名词) 经验；阅历 experience in/of...表示在某方面有经验/有某方面的经验 I had some experience in fashion design.‎ 我有一些时装设计方面的经验。‎ gain/get experience 获得经验 in one’s experience 根据某人的经验 know/learn/speak from experience  从经验中得知/习得/据经验而谈 experience (可数名词) 经历 Failing an exam was a new experience for me.‎ 考试不及格对我来说还是第一次。‎ ‎2. experience v. 经历；经受；感受；体会 Everyone experiences these problems at some time in their lives.‎ 每个人在人生的某个阶段都会经历这些问题。‎ I experienced a moment of panic as I boarded the plane.‎ 我上飞机时曾一度感到恐慌。‎ ‎3.experienced adj. 有经验的；有阅历的；有见识的；老练的 He's very experienced in looking after animals.‎ 他照顾动物很有经验。‎ keep keep v. 保持；处于；保留；继续 ‎1. keep作系动词，意为“（使）保持，（使）处于”，常用keep (sb./sth.) + adj.‎ We huddled around the fire to keep warm.‎ 我们挤在火堆边取暖。‎ Please keep your room tidy.‎ 请保持房间整洁。‎ keep away (from sb./sth.) 远离；勿靠近 Keep away from the edge of the cliff.‎ 切莫靠近悬崖边。‎ keep (sb./sth.) back/off/out 使……远离；不接近 The police put up barriers to keep the crowds back.‎ 警方设置了障碍物来挡住人群。‎ ‎2. keep (on) doing sth. 保持一直做某事 I keep telling you, but you won’t listen.‎ 我一再跟你说，但你就是不肯听。‎ keep (sb./sth) from (doing) sth. 不让某人做某事；不让某事发生 You must keep the little boy from hurting himself.‎ 你一定要提防那小男孩伤了自己。‎ keep sb. waiting 让某人一直等候 ‎3. keep...to oneself  对……保密；绝口不提……‎ You'd better keep your salary to yourself. ‎ 你最好保密自己的工资。‎ 注意：此用法经常和下面的表达互换。‎ keep one’s word/promise 遵守诺言 keep a secret 保守秘密 careful/careless ‎ careful/careless adj.‎ ‎1. careful adj. 谨慎的；小心翼翼的；细心的；周密的 Be careful! 当心！‎ He is a careful driver.‎ 他是一个谨慎的司机。‎ be careful (not) to do sth. 小心做（不做）某事 He was careful to keep out of sight.‎ 他小心翼翼地躲开别人的视线。‎ be careful of/with/about sth./doing sth. 当心……‎ Mara was careful about what she ate.‎ Mara吃东西很小心。‎ sb. cannot/never be too careful. 越小心越好，再小心也不为过。‎ ‎2. careless adj. 粗心的；不在意的 It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked.‎ 他忘了锁门，真是粗心大意。‎ be careless with/about sth. 在某方面粗心 He’s careless with his glasses and has lost three pairs.‎ 他用眼镜很马虎，已经丢掉三副了。‎ ‎3. care n. 照看；照料；小心；谨慎 take care 保重，珍重；小心，当心 take care of sb./sth 照看/照料某人或某物 care v. 在乎；在意 care about 关注；在乎 The only thing he seems to care about is money.‎ 他好像只在乎钱。‎ care for 照顾；照料(=take care of=look after)；喜欢 He thanked the nurses who had cared for him.‎ 他向照料他的护士致谢。‎ She does not care very greatly for art.‎ 她对艺术不十分感兴趣。‎