初二英语上册知识点 14页

初二英语上册知识点（短语、句型）‎ MODULE1 ‎ ‎1、如有always ,often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, once a....,every...用一般现在时，第一、二人称复数后跟动词原形，第三人称单数后跟动词加's'/'es'。‎ ‎2、如有now ,look! ,listen, at the moment ....用现在进行时，结构是be (am, is, are) +v-ing ‎3、如有tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in +一段时间, some day, next....用一般将来时，结构：will + v原 be going to +v原（没有动词用be ）‎ ‎4、如有yesterday, ......ago , last....just now.....用一般过去时动词加ed give sb. Sth.=give sth. to sb. 给某人某物 every day每天, ‎ write down 写下，记下write it (them) down everyday每天的，日常的,‎ ‎ how about doing sth.=what about doing sth.做....怎么样 each other 互相.‎ thanks a lot= thank you very much非常谢谢 回答That's all right. =You're welcome.= That'OK.= It's my pleasure.=Not at all.Why don't you+V原...=why not+...V原 为什么不 help sb. with sth. 在某方面帮助别人 help sb. (to )do sth.帮助某人做某事 ‎ with one's help=with the help of sb.在某人的帮助help oneself to sth.请自用食物 watch sb. do sth. 看到某人做了某事，（现在没有做，做过）‎ watch sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事（正在做）see, hear类似 remember to do sth.想起记得要做某事，未做事 remember doing sth.相起记得做过某事 forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth.忘记做过某事 welcome back欢迎回来 , new term新学期 this term这学期 , next term 下学学期,‎ last term上学期, give you some advice给你一些建议 ‎ why not 为什么不, make a mistake=make mistakes犯错误 correct spelling正确的拼写, what else?=what other things? 还有什么 a piece of advice 一条建议, follow /take one's advice采用别人的建议,‎ send sth to sb.=send sb. sth. 寄给某人 send for派人去请/取 ‎ send up发射. all the time一直 enjoy oneself=have a good time=have a great time=have fun, 玩得愉快 lots of =a lot of =many(可数)much(不可数)许多 , ,‎ spend : sb. spend some time on sth.某人花费时间做某事 ‎ sb. spend some time (in) doing sth. 某人花费时间做某事 ‎ Sb. spend some money on sth. 某人花费钱买某物 ‎ Sb. spend some money (in) buying sth.某人花费钱买某物 ‎ Cost: sth. cost sb. some money 某物花去某人钱 ‎ pay: sb. pay some money for sth. 某人支付钱 Take: It takes (took) sb.some time to do sth.做某事花去某人时间 ‎ ‎ ask for 请求，要求, ask sb. for sth.向某人要某物 ‎ ask sb. to do sth.要求某人做某事 a piece of一块 enjoy doing sth喜欢做某事.finish,practise, mind, miss ,consider,keep, continue,这些词语后跟动名词形式V-ing ‎ place sth.in =put sth. in 把某物放在…里面 ‎ else常修饰不定代词，关系代词或副词，也可修饰all, much,little等，else要位于其后。所有格为else's.‎ take a deep breath深呼吸, catchhold one's breath屏住呼吸,‎ out of breath上气不接下气, wish sb. to do sth.希望某人做某事,‎ the number of …的数目，后跟名词复数，动词用三单, a number of =many,大量，许多后跟名词复数，动词用复数形式。a large number of， a small number of ,‎ invite sb.to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 find+ it+ adj+to do sth.发现做某事怎么样 ‎ try to do sth.尽力做事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事 try not to do sth .尽力不做某事 try one's best尽某人最大的努力,‎ a group of 一组，一群, borrow sth from sb.从某人处借入某物,‎ lend sth.to sb=lend sb.sth.借给某人某物 keep借一段时间 practice doing sth.,练习做做某事 come from=be from来自,‎ look for 寻找, look after=care for=take care of照顾 look up 向上看，查阅, look like看起来像,‎ look at 看着, look on sb. as把某人看作,‎ look forward to doing sth. 盼望，期待做某事 look over检查，翻阅 ,‎ look out当心，向外看 , look through仔细查看,‎ be ready for =get ready for=prepare for为…, be ready准备好 ,‎ be (get ) ready to do sth.准备做某事，乐意做某事 ‎ translate…into… 将…译成…，‎ take a message捎个信， leave a message留个信，‎ be good for 对…有好处， be good at =do well in擅长于…‎ be poor at =be bad at =do badly in=be weak in不擅长… Think of想起，‎ think about想出， think over仔细考虑，‎ else修饰不定代词something,everything,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody,‎ nobody和who, what,when,where时放后，‎ 四说，1,speak说语言，2.say说内容，3,talk与谁说，4,tell告诉，讲述，‎ 四看，1,watch观看电视，比赛和表演，2,see看人，电影，医生，风景，‎ ‎ 3,read看书，报，4,look就看。 看场电影要用see，读书看报用read 电视、戏剧、比赛，凡是表演用watch,observe细观察，一时注意用notice.‎ make+宾语+补足语（形容词）使某人某物怎么样。‎ ‎.make+宾语+do 让某人做某事 make+宾语+过去分词 使某人被怎么样；make friends with sb.与某人交朋友，‎ hear of听说， hear from收到某人的来信， ‎ be bad for对…有害， it is +adj.+of sb +to do sth.写性格，品质 kind, good ‎ nice ,right,wrong,clever,careless,polite,foolish等。‎ It is+adj+for sb +to do sth. 对物的评价difficult,easy hard,dangerous,important,等 write to… 给…写信， next to 在…旁边，‎ do some concerts办音乐会， speak to sb.和某人讲话，‎ say hello to sb. 给某人问好， say bye to sb.向某人说再见，‎ show sb. around somewhere带某人参观某地， ‎ learn sth from sb.向某人学习 choose the correct answers选择正确答案, correct the mistakes改错,‎ match …with…把…和…搭配起来 建议：1.why don't you do sth?=why not do sth?‎ ‎ 2.How about doing sth?=what about doing sth?‎ ‎ 3.You should /can do sth. 4.Remember to do sth.‎ ‎ 5.Don't forget to do sth. 6.can you do sth ?‎ ‎ 7.Let's do sth. 8.It'sa good idea to do ‎ 9.would you like to do ? 10.Shall we do ‎ 11.You'd better (not )do sth.‎ 回答：That's a good idea.Thanks a lot.‎ ‎ Great, OK. That's right. All right. Good idea. Sure.‎ 现在，小学生开始学习英语的时间越来越早，一年级就开设了英语课。但是，由于许多孩子未养成良好的学习习惯，觉得学英语太枯燥、太难，导致对英语学习产生厌烦甚至畏惧心理。 初中英语语法介词用法口诀大全52009年12月29日星期二07：14 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。‎ He's composition is good,except for some spelling mistakes.‎ 他的这篇作文写得很好，只是有几处拼写错误。(非同类比较用except for)‎ She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt.除了有一个老姑妈，她别无亲人。‎ Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without her.(without=except)当安娜发现除她外，他们都去游泳了，她感到很失望。‎ Lion Head Hill is not worth seeing except for its old temples.‎ 除了那些古寺以外，狮头山没什么可看的。‎ Among other things,we are interested in drawing.‎ 我们对图画和别的一些东西很感兴趣。(among之内即包括在内)‎ 原状because of,owing to,due to表语形容词 例：Owing to our joint efforts,the task was fulfilled ahead of schedule.‎ 由于我们的共同努力，任务提前完成了。‎ 注：Owing to和because of都做原因状语，而due to只能做表语形容词。所以此句。owing to的介词短语做原因状语。‎ AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party.‎ 我们的一切成绩都归功于党。(due to做表语形容词)‎ Under后接修、建中，of，from物化分 例：The road is under repair now.这条路正在修建中。‎ The now railway is still under construction.新铁路尚在修筑中。(不能用in)‎ under discussion在讨论中(不能用in)under considerate在考虑中(不能用in)‎ The desk is made of wood.桌子是木头做的。(物理变化用of)‎ The wine is made from grape.这种酒是用葡萄酿造的。(化学变化用from)‎ The bridge is made of steel.这座桥是钢制的。(物理变化)‎ Steel is made from iron.钢是由铁炼成的。(化学变化)‎ before,after表一点，ago,later表示一段 即before,after常表示一个点的时间状语，而ago，later常表示一段的时间状语。‎ 例如：前天the day before yesterday；前年the year before last；大上星期the week before last等等都表示点状语的。‎ 要想准确无误地使用好before和ago,after和later比较困难，但要是以"点"和"段"来区别就容易得多。‎ 例：晚饭前before supper 解放前before liberation 1970年前before 1970‎ 文革前before cultural revolution 国庆前before National Day 入大学前before coming to college 这些都是"点"状语，因为1970年前即‎1970年1月1日前。国庆节即‎10月1日前。‎ ago表示一段时间。‎ 例：一分钟前a minute ago 半小时前half an hour ago 两天前two days ago 一星期前a week ago 五年前five years ago 因为a minute,half an hour,two days,a week,five years等都表示一段时间，所以用ago。以及ten days later等皆如此。‎ before可接完成时，ago过去级有限 这时的before是连词(也可做介词)‎ 例：We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain.‎ 我们刚离开学校，天就下雨了。(完成时)‎ I had studied French for four months before Icame here.‎ 我来这儿以前就已学了四个月法语了。(before接完成时)‎ He fell ill three days ago.‎ 他病了三天了。(ago则只能接动词过去式，同时注意瞬间动词的问题。)‎ He left two months ago.两个月前他离开了。(同上)‎ I met her afew minutes ago.我在几分钟前碰到他了。(同上)‎ Since以来during间，since时态多变换 与之相比beside,除了last but one。‎ 即beside的一般用法是"在…旁边",但还有"和…相比"等特殊用法。‎ 例：I felt so weak in spoken English beside them.和他们相比，我感到我的口语太差。‎ Beside work and study,all else was trivial.同工作和学习比起来，其他一切都是小事。‎ 除了last but one，即but多指"除了"的意思，也有"倒数第几"的意思。last but one即不是最后一个。‎ 例：I haven't told anybody but one.除了我爱人，我谁也没告诉。(除了)‎ Who but afool would study foreign language well if he is ahard working one.‎ 如果他勤奋好学的话，除了傻瓜谁都能学好外语。(除了)‎ Look at the last page but one.请看倒数第2页。‎ He was the last but three in maths examination this time.他这次数学考试成绩倒数第四。‎ They live in the next house but one.他们住在隔壁过去一家。‎ 复不定for、找，价，原，对，给，段，去，为，作，赞 复不定for，即用for引出的不定式复合结构，也就是for加名(代)加不定式；找，意为找到，提供；价，意为价格、工资；原，意为原因；段，意为时间或距离；去，意为去某地或开往某地；作，意为作为；赞，意为赞成(用于系表结构。)‎ 例：It is high time for us to start.我们不该再迟延了。‎ The most urgent thing is for us to get the preparation done.‎ 最重要的事情是我们要把准备工作做好。‎ I don't think it advisable for him to study medicine.我想她学医不适合。‎ Your parents and relatives are anxious for you to go to college.‎ 你的父母和亲戚渴望你上大学。‎ My home town has changed too much for me to recognize.‎ 我的家乡变化太大，简直认不出来了。‎ 以上例句都是for在不定式复合结构中的用法。‎ Someone is asking for you on the telephone.有人找你接电话。(找)‎ You'd better write to me for more information about it.‎ 如需更多这方面的资科和信息，你最好给我写信。(提问，索要)‎ They worked in the company for 200 yuan amonth.他们在这个公司干活，每月嫌200元。(价格)‎ How much did you pay for the second-hand colour TV?这台用过的彩电你花了多少钱?(价格)‎ Thank you very much for your coming.谢谢您的光临。(原因)‎ Thank you for your warm hospitality.谢谢您的热情款待。(原因)‎ Forgive me for being tardy.请原谅我迟到了。(原因)‎ I'm much obliged to you for telling me.非常感谢你给我谈了这个情况。(原因)‎ We have boundless admiration for your struggle.对你们的斗争我们无限钦佩。(对)‎ Listening comprehension materials are good for training our minds.‎ 听力材料对训练我们的脑子根有好处。(对)‎ Take the bitter medicine.It's good for you.吃下这药吧，对你有好处。(对)‎ There is atelegram for 这有一份王先生的电报。(给)‎ May Iuse it for aminute?我用一会儿好吗?(一段时间)‎ I followed the stealer for some distance.我跟踪那个小偷一段路。(一段距离)‎ The ship was for Dalian.这破船开往大连。(去某地)‎ We are off for Shanghai tomorrow.明天我们去上海。(去某地)‎ The medicine is for reducing your temperature.这药是退烧的。(为…目的)‎ After breakfast,I'll go for astroll round the town.‎ 吃完饭我要在城里到处走走。(为…目的)‎ I'll keep the lighter given by aforeign friend for asouvenir.‎ 我要把外宾送给我的打火机作为纪念。(作为)‎ It is only meant for ajoke.这只是当笑话说说罢了。(作为)‎ We are all for cutting down the cost of production.我们都赞成降低生产成本。(赞成)‎ 快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、上、北、南 例：It's getting on towards the end of term now.现在已快到学期未了。(快到)‎ Towards midnight my husband came back.快到半夜了我的丈夫才回来。(快到)‎ Our teacher was very lenient towards us.我们的老师对我们很松。(对)‎ What you have invented is really abig contribution towards our company.‎ 你所发明的对我们公司确实是一大贡献。(对)‎ The boy came running towards his mother.那个男孩向他母亲跑去。(向着)‎ 所谓工、学、军、城、上、北、南，是说up和down的用法。这也是汉英翻译时要注意的。例如：招工，上大学，参军，进城，‎ 上山，向北方等都属于up。而相反的下乡，向南，落榜等都属于down。"大军南下，北上抗日"大概由此而来。‎ but for否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。‎ but for是"若不是"的意思。‎ 例：But for our great Communist Party,we could never have today's happiness.‎ 若没有伟大的共产党，我们决不会有今天的幸福生活。‎ But for this chemical the vapour inside the system would not have been absorbed so completely.若没有这个化学剂的作用，系统内的蒸汽不可能被吸收得这么彻底。‎ but for将在虚拟语气中详讲。‎ 例：in general一般说来 in short简言之 in other words换言之 in my opinion依我看 in simple words简言之 on the whole基本上 for instance例如 for short简称 after all毕竟 above all首先 此外考试中常出现的成语前置词也须牢记其用法。‎ by appearance从外表 by the aid of借…的帮助 by far…得多 by course of…照…常例 by reason of由于 by request应邀 by right of由于凭借 out of date过时 out of harmony with与…不一致 out of harmony with摆脱困境 out of bounds超出权限 out of proportion to与…不相称 out of reach力量不及 out of one's wits不知所措 out of question没问题 out of the question不可能的 to agreat extent很大程度上 to one's taste合…胃口 to one's thinking据…看来 to one's heart's content尽情地 to the utmost尽力 behind schedule不准时 behind the times过时的 behind the curtain在幕后 within reach能力所及 within ahair's breadth差-点 within astone's throw of在附近 beyond description无法形容 beyond reason毫无道理 beyond reproach无可指责 beyond one's expectation超出…范围 beyond expression无法表达 ing型由于、鉴，除了，除外与包含。‎ 之后，关于，在…方面，有关介词须记全。‎ 最后，英语中v.-ing分词转化而成的特殊介词，更须注意，根据其语法功能，把它们同现在分词，动名词和连同区分开来。即：‎ respecting由于,鉴于；considering由于,鉴于；excepting除了；concerning关于；excepting for除外；excluding除外；without excepting sb.包含；including包括，包含；following在…之后；regarding关于；respecting在…方面；concerning有关；‎ 例：considering由于；‎ Considering that table salt is the commonest source of sodium in food,the diet usually calls for eating salt-free foods.由于食盐是钠在食物中普遍的来源，医生给病人规定的，饮食通常要求吃无盐食品。‎ respecting鉴于：‎ Respecting the heavy rain,we had to put off the match.‎ 鉴于下大雨，我们不得不推迟了这场比赛。‎ excepting除了：‎ excepting可单独使用，可以与always或否定词not连用，也可以与for,without之类介词连用。‎ Excepting one of his close friends,they were present at the party.‎ 除了他的一个挚友外，他们都来赴宴了。‎ He is an honest man,excepting for his quick temper.‎ 他是个老实人，只是("除了"脾气暴躁。(同类比较except，加for异类记心间)。‎ Everybody is in high spirits,always excepting him.大家都情绪高昂，唯他"除外"(例外)。‎ Only afew survivors without excepting him were living in the settlement.‎ 包括他在内，只有几个幸存者住在新拓居地。‎ including包含：‎ The new apartment consists of three rooms including the kitchen.‎ 这套公寓有三间，包括厨房。‎ following在…之后：相当于after The week following his first visit to the newsroom he was appointed editor of the important column.在拜访该报社编辑部的"第二个"星期，他放任命为该报重要专栏的主笔。‎ regarding关于：相当于about Regarding research investment and number of researchers engaged in this field of research,the an overwhelming position followed by Japan."关于"投入该领域研究的投资额和研究人员的数量，美国占压倒优势，其次是日本。‎ respecting在…方面：‎ Respecting education,health,medical care as well as production and labor technological development will have to be evaluated with due thought given to social systems and humanism."在"教育、卫生、生产劳动"方面",评价技术的发展需根据社会制度和人道主义。‎ concerning有关：‎ The following are some of the arguments both pros and cons concerning computers,thinking,and artificial intelligence.下面是"有关"计算机、思维和人工智能方面持赞成和反对态度的一些论据。‎ 当然，这些ing型的介词，在句子中也有分词、动名词和连词的语法功能。excluding和including，表示排除与包含。‎ Last year British sales to the region were more than$8 billion,while French exports,excluding arms brought in around$3 billion.去年，英国对这个地区的销售额达80多亿美元，而法国的出口额(武器除外)约为30亿美元。‎ Stress may deplete vitamin Cin your body,as can smoking,drinking and avariety of drugs,not excepting aspirin.生活紧张会耗尽你体内的维生素C，正如吸烟、饮酒、服用某些药物(包括阿斯匹林)一样。‎