2020八年级英语上册 Unit 1 Playing Sports词汇知识精讲 （新版）仁爱版 5页

Unit1 Playing Sports ‎【词汇精讲】‎ ‎1. during during是介词，意为“在……期间”。例如：‎ ‎ I went to see my uncle during my stay in Beijing. 我在北京逗留期间去北京看我叔叔了。‎ ‎ 【辨析】‎ ‎ (1) during指“在……时间内，在……的期间”，一般有明确的时间长度和起止时间。谓语动词常为持续性的动作或状态，时间段前常有限定词（the; 物主代词等），表特指。例如：‎ ‎ He asked many questions during the three meetings. 在这三次会议期间，他问了许多问题。‎ ‎(2) in意为“在……时间内”，一般情况下可以和during互换，用in时往往强调某一动作发生在某一时间段中的某一时间点；during既可用在“在整个时间段期间”，也可用在“某时间段内的某个时间点”。例如： ‎ ‎ Mike put his hand up three times during/in the class. 在这节课内，Mike举了三次手。‎ ‎(3) for意为“（时间）长达……”，强调时间由始至终，动作也贯穿这段时间的始终，可以和完成时连用。强调持续时间的长短，回答how long的问题；而during则是指动作所发生的时间，回答when的问题。例如：‎ ‎ He stayed in Beijing for two years. 他在北京住了两年。‎ ‎ He swims every day during the summer. 夏天他每天去游泳。‎ ‎2. against against是介词，其用法如下：‎ ‎　　(1) 反对，违反。对应的反义词为for，常用于be against sb. / sth.反对某人/某事。例如：‎ ‎　　Are most people against having a part-time job? 大多数人反对做兼职工作吗？‎ ‎　　(2) 和……交战（指竞争、比赛等）。例如：‎ ‎　　We’ll have a basketball match against the team from No. 2 Middle School next week.‎ ‎　　下星期我们将与二中的球队举行一场篮球赛。‎ ‎　　(3) 碰、撞、擦。例如：‎ ‎　　Rain beats against the window. 雨打在窗户上。‎ ‎　　(4) 倚着、靠着。例如：‎ ‎　　There was a ladder propped up(支撑) against the wall.一把梯子靠着墙。‎ ‎　　(5) 防备，抗……。例如：‎ ‎　　She saved money against old age. 她攒钱防老。‎ ‎　　(6) 逆着……。例如：‎ ‎　　We are sailing against the wind. 我们（的船）正逆风航行。‎ ‎　　(7) 衬托，相映，对照。例如：‎ Red flags stand out brightly against the blue sky. 红旗在蓝天的衬托下显得分外鲜艳。‎ ‎3. win win是动词，意为“赢得；打败；战胜”，其现在分词要双写n，过去式和过去分词均为won。例如：‎ ‎ He won a prize last week. 他上周得奖了。‎ ‎ They won the basketball match yesterday. 他们昨天赢得了那场篮球比赛。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ 5‎ ‎ win和beat的辨析：‎ ‎ (1) win强调赢得“比赛、游戏、战争”，获得“名次、奖品”。例如：‎ ‎ win a prize得奖 ‎ ‎ win a game赢得比赛 win a honor赢得荣誉 ‎ win a battle 赢得战斗 ‎ win a match赢得比赛 ‎ win a scholarship赢得奖学金 ‎(2) beat强调“打败，战胜”，其后只能接比赛、竞争的对手，即beat只能接表示人的词语作宾语。例如：‎ ‎ beat a team 战胜/打败一队（组）‎ ‎ beat a nation战争/打败一个国家 ‎4. practice practice 作动词，意为“练习，实践”。既可以作及物动词，又可以作不及物动词。其后可以接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。例如：‎ ‎　　My little brother practices the piano every day.‎ ‎　　我的小弟弟每天弹钢琴。‎ ‎　　Do you often practice playing football after school？‎ 你经常放学后踢足球吗？‎ ‎5. dream dream意为“做梦”，作不及物动词，常用于短语dream of/about doing sth.意为“梦想/梦见做某事”。例如：‎ ‎　　He often dreams at night. 他在晚上经常做梦。‎ ‎　　She often dreams of / about her grandmother. 她经常梦到她的奶奶。‎ ‎　　Many young people dream of/about becoming famous basketball player.‎ ‎　　许多年轻人都梦想成为有名的篮球运动员。‎ ‎ 6. popular popular是形容词，意为“流行的；受欢迎的”。be popular with意为“受……欢迎”。‎ 例如：‎ This kind of sweater is very popular. 这种毛衣非常流行。‎ She is a popular teacher in our school. 她是我们学校一位很受欢迎的老师。‎ His songs are popular with young people. 他的歌很受年轻人的欢迎。‎ ‎7. mind ‎(1) mind 作名词，意为“思想，智力”。惯用法为：keep sth in mind 记住某事 ‎　　例如：‎ ‎　　He always keeps his father’s words in mind.‎ ‎　　他总是记着父亲的话。‎ ‎　　(2) change one’s mind 意为“改变主意”。例如：‎ ‎　　Have you changed your mind? 　你已经改变主意了吗？‎ ‎　　(3)make up one’s mind to do sth. 表示“下定决心做某事”。例如：‎ ‎　　He has made up his mind to succeed. 他下定决心要成功。‎ ‎　　(4)mind 作动词，意为“介意，反对”。例如：‎ ‎　　He doesn’t mind the cold weather at all.‎ ‎　　他对寒冷的天气一点也不在乎。‎ 5‎ ‎　　Do you mind if I smoke here? 　你介意我在这吸烟吗？‎ ‎　　(5)惯用句式为：Would you mind doing sth? 　你介意做某事吗？‎ ‎　　Never mind. = It doesn’t matter. 没关系。‎ ‎　　—Would you mind opening the window in the morning ?‎ ‎　　早上你介意开窗户吗？‎ ‎—Never mind. 没关系。‎ ‎8.invent ‎（1）invent 作动词，意为“发明；创造”。例如：‎ ‎　　Edison invented the light bulb. 爱迪生发明了电灯。‎ ‎　 （2）invent还可以表示“虚构”。例如：‎ ‎　　The whole story was invented. 整个故事是虚构的。‎ ‎　　 （3） invent的名词形式有两个，一个是inventor（发明者；发明家），另一个是invention（发明物）。例如：‎ ‎　　Edison is a great inventor in history.‎ ‎　　爱迪生是历史上伟大的发明家。‎ ‎　　Human history is also a history of great inventions.‎ ‎　　人类的历史也是一个伟大发明的历史。‎ ‎　　【拓展】‎ ‎　　invent和discover辨析 ‎　　（1）invent 意为“发明，发明之物”，指“从无到有”。例如：‎ ‎　　Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.‎ ‎　　亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔在1876年发明了电话。‎ ‎　　（2）discover 意为“发现”，指“本来就已经存在，但不为人知”的事物。例如：‎ ‎　　Columbus discovered America in 1492.‎ 哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。‎ ‎9. chance chance作名词，意为“机会；机遇”，与opportunity意思相近，当表示“有机会做某事”时，这两个词的用法相同。get/have a chance to do sth.意为“获得/有做某事的机会”。例如：‎ I got the chance / opportunity to visit Beijing. ‎ 我获得参观北京的机会了。‎ I haven’t had a chance to read my letter.‎ 我还没有机会看我的信呢。‎ ‎10.another another作形容词，意为“另外的，别的”，只可修饰单数名词；作代词，意为“另一个，‎ ‎　　一个”，指三者或三者以上中的任何一个。‎ ‎　　例如：‎ ‎　　Here comes another bus. 又来了一辆公共汽车。‎ ‎　　Please give me another cup of tea. 请再给我一杯茶。‎ ‎　　【注意】‎ ‎　　区别: another 和 more ‎　　两个词都有“还有，再有”的意思，但another置于数词之前，more置于数词之后。‎ ‎　　例如:‎ I want another two books. = I want two more books.　 我想再要两本书.‎ 5‎ ‎11. score ‎（1）score作动词，意为“得分；获胜”。例如：‎ ‎　　Hughes scored two goals before half-time.‎ ‎　　休斯在上半场进了两个球.‎ ‎　　The army continued to score successes in the south.‎ ‎　　军队在南方不断取得胜利。‎ ‎　　（2）score作名词，意为“得分；二十；乐谱”。例如：‎ ‎　　I recorded the score in a notebook.‎ ‎　　我在笔记本上记下了分数。‎ ‎　　He bought two scores of apples yesterday.‎ ‎　　他昨天买了四十个苹果。‎ ‎　　Look at the score and try to play that song.‎ 看乐谱演奏一下那首曲子。‎ ‎12. break ‎（1）break作动词时，既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词，意为“打破；折断；弄坏”。‎ 例如：‎ He fell through the window, breaking the glass. 他撞破玻璃从窗口摔了下去。‎ The plate broke. 盘子打破了。‎ She broke a leg in a skiing accident. 她在一次滑雪事故中摔断了一条腿。‎ The lead biker broke his bike chain. 那位领先的自行车手车链子断了。‎ ‎（2）break用作名词的基本意思是“裂口，裂缝；破裂”，用于时间可表示“间歇，休息时间”，是可数名词。例如：‎ There is a break in the pipe. 管道上有一处裂缝。‎ There is a break during the performance. 演出中有一次中场休息。‎ ‎【词汇精练】‎ I.根据首字母提示补全句子。‎ ‎1. The old man was born in the 19th c_______.‎ ‎2. You can’t_______ the basketball from any part of the court.‎ ‎3. I’ll go s_______ else.‎ ‎4. Could you please give me a f_______?‎ ‎5. Are you r_______? Let’s begin.‎ ‎6. Liu Xiang broke the Olympic r_______ and won a gold medal in the 2004 Athens Olympics.‎ ‎7. They are l_______ for Beijing the day after tomorrow.‎ ‎8.Cui Hua, shall we s_______ the sour cabbage (酸菜)?‎ ‎9. When you get home from school, you should r_______ yourself with music.‎ ‎10. Jane is always careful, but her brother is always c_______.‎ II. 根据汉语提示完成句子。‎ ‎1.If I have a _______(机会), I believe I will do better next time.‎ ‎2.All the football players must _______（遵守）the football rules.‎ ‎3.It’s very nice of you, but I can_______(对付) the box myself.‎ ‎4. Dr. White _______（发明）a kind of new medicine last year.‎ ‎5.One of my teammates fell ill, so he can’t _______（训练）with us now.‎ ‎6.The computer will cost at _______(至少)10,000 yuan. It’s too expensive.‎ 5‎ ‎7.Maria passes the _______ (木棒) to Jane.‎ ‎8.Here are three pages from Kangkang’s _______ (日记).‎ ‎9.Zhang Yining is the _______(获胜者) in the table tennis game.‎ ‎10.Er Yuehe is one of the _______(当代的) writers.‎ III. 用括号中所给单词适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. Can you tell me your reason for_______ (leave) home in a hurry?‎ ‎2. Phelps won eight _______ (golden) medals in swimming in the Beijing Olympics.‎ ‎3. Who _______ (invent) basketball in 1891?‎ ‎4. He is going away for at _______ (little) a week.‎ ‎5. Doing morning exercises is a good way to keep _______ (health).‎ IV. 用方框中所给词组填空。（有两项多余）‎ instead of, build up, have fun, follow the rules ‎ right away, more and more, take part in ‎1._______ young people like playing computer games.‎ ‎2. As a student, you must _______ of your school.‎ ‎3. Walking helps to _______ our leg muscles.‎ ‎4. Will you _______ our English corner?‎ ‎5.—Lucy, don’t listen to the music. Do your homework first.‎ ‎—OK. I’ll do it _______.‎ ‎【参考答案】‎ I.‎‎ 根据首字母提示补全句子。‎ ‎1. century 2. throw 3. somewhere 4. favor 5. ready ‎ ‎6. record 7. leaving 8. serve 9. relax 10. careless II. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。‎ ‎1. chance 2. follow 3. manage 4. invented 5. practice ‎6. least 7. stick 8. diary 9. winner 10. modern III. 用括号中所给单词适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. leaving 2. gold 3. invented 4. least 5. healthy IV. 用方框中所给单词填空。‎ ‎1. More and more 2. follow the rules 3. build up 4. take part in 5. right away 5‎