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(八)动词的分类
01 命题趋势 考标导向化
近年来对动词的考查主要是动词的种类及各类动词的基本区别,动词的基本变化形式,常见的动词的词义辨析及短语动词的辨析,其中,动词和短语动词的辨析以及动词的基本变化形式是考查的重点和热点。预计年动词考查的趋势将是:在具体的语言环境中考查基础动词及其短语动词的辨析。
02 定义 概念清晰化
动词是表示人或事物动作和状态的词。按照其语法功能,动词分为行为动词、系动词、助动词及情态动词四类。行为动词又叫实义动词,分为及物动词(后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的动词),不及物动词(本身意义不完整,其后不能接宾语的动词);系动词(不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语);助动词(本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和别的动词一起构成谓语的词,这类词表示时态、语态、语气等特征,帮助构成否定、疑问等);情态动词(本身有一定意义,但没有人称和数的变化,不能单独使用,必须和实义动词一起构成句子的谓语,表示说话者的情感、态度和语气)。
03 知识归类 知识网络化
❶动词的种类
分类图解
类别
功能及用法
例子
行为
动词
及物动
词vt.
本身含有实在意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。
可以
接宾语
afford,buy,
enjoy,keep
不及物
动词vi.
不可以直接接宾语
arrive,cry,
die,fall
连系
动词
本身有一定的词义,但词义不完整,不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。
be,smell,
look,taste
助动词
本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态、否定、疑问等。
do,does,
will,shall
情态动词
本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态,没有人称和数的变化。
may, must,
can, need
特例清单
1.不及物动词要想接宾语,必须在不及物动词后加上适当的介词。如:
The baby is smiling at us.小孩正对着我们笑呢。
He died of hunger.他死于饥饿。
Please listen to the teacher carefully.请仔细听老师讲课。
2.双宾语动词后面跟两个宾语,直接宾语为动词直接涉及的事物;间接宾语往往指涉及的人。间接宾语有时可放到后面去,由介词to或for引导,变成介词短语。
◆能接以to引导的间接宾语的动词常见的有:bring,give,leave,lend,offer,pass,play,read,send,show,take,teach,tell,write等。如:
Could you lend your dictionary to me?请你把你的字典借我用用好吗?
She passed the salt to him.她把盐递给了他。
◆能接以for引导的间接宾语的动词常见的有:bring,build,buy,cook,cut,fetch,find,get,keep,make,order,save,pick,play,sing,take,win,write等。如:
Mother cooks breakfast for us every day.母亲每天都为我们做早饭。
I’ll fetch a chair for you.我去给你拿一个凳子。
【题组训练】
( )1.(2014·眉山)—Who _____ the tennis game yesterday?
—Jack,he _____ all the others.
A.beat;won B.won;won
C.beat;beat D.won;beat
( )2.(2014·河南)Choosing the right circle of friends will ____ us a lot of troubles,heartaches and possibly a life of deep regret.
A.save B.share C.keep D.bring
( )3.(2014·十堰)—Smart phones are more and more popular now.
—So they are.But they still _____ too much.
A.pay B .cost C.take D.spend
( )4.(2014·山西)During the World Cup,a large number of soccer fans fly to Brazil.It has _____ a great place for fans to have fun.
A.made B.kept C.become
( )5.(2014·宿迁)—Tom is an honest boy,_______ he?
—Yes.We trust him all the time.
A.isn’t B.is C.does D.doesn’t
❷常见连系动词的用法
分类图解
常用连系动词
词义
例句
be
是
I’m a girl with short hair.
become
成为,变得
Mike becomes interested in Chinese.
turn
变得
Mr. White’s face turned red.
get
变得
The weather is getting bad.
smell
闻起来
The flowers smell nice.
sound
听起来
The plan sounds good.
taste
尝起来
The soup tastes delicious.
stay
保持
The shop stays open till 8 pm.
grow
成长,变得
Her hair is growing white.
keep
保持
The girl keeps silent all the time.
feel
感到,摸起来
The coat feels very soft
look
看起来
My mother looks very young.
注意
1.连系动词不能单独作谓语,其后必须接形容词、名词或介词短语作表语。
2.含连系动词(be除外)的句子变疑问句时一定要借助助动词do,does,did等。
【题组训练】
( )6.(2014·眉山)—Shall we go for a walk?
— ______great.
A.Feels B.Sounds C.Turns D.Looks
( )7.(2014·荆州)—Do you like swimming in winter?
—Of course.The water _____ a bit cold at first,but then I am warm and full of energy.
A.feels B.tastes C.smells D.looks
( )8.(2014·河北)Mom is making dinner. It_____ so nice!
A.smells B.tastes C.feels D.sounds
( )9.(2014·宿迁)—Your trainers _____ colourful.
—Yes.And they are popular among young people.
A.feel B.smell C.taste D.look
( )10.(2014·乐山)—I can’t stand the smell of the stinking tofu.
—Would you like to have a try? It _____ quite delicious!
A.looks B.sounds C.tastes
❸情态动词的用法
分类图解
情态
动词
意义及用法
例句
may
表示“请求许可”,意思是“可以,可能”,其一般疑问句的否定回答为mustn’t。
—May I go out and play football?
—No,you mustn’t.
表推测,意思是“可能”。
Mr.Li may be at home.
can
(could)
表示“能力”,意思是“能,会”,否定形式为can’t,couldn’t。
Mike can speak a little Chinese.
I could ride the bike when I was 6 years old.
用在疑问句中,表示“征求意见”,could比can的语气更委婉、客气。
Could you tell me something about your school?
表推测,常用在否定句和疑问句中。
He can’t be at home. He has gone to Japan.
can用于一般现在时及一般过去时两种时态,be able to可以用于各种时态。
He can spell these words.
He has been able to draw pictures already.
must
表示义务、命令或要求,意思是“必须,应该”,否定形式为mustn’t,意思是“不应该,不允许”,表示警告。
You must be careful next time.
You mustn’t take photos here.
表示推测,意为“必定”。
He must be in the room.
表示说话人的主观看法。
I must go home now.
must引导的一般疑问句,肯定回答时用must,have to;否定回答时用needn’t或don’t have to。
—Must I finish the homework today?
—No,you needn’t/you don’t have to.
need
表示“需要”,多用于否定句。
He needn’t worry about it.
作实义动词,后接动词不定式。
I’m very tired and I need to have a rest.
【题组训练】
( )11.(2014·台州)—Are you interested in shopping online?
——Not so much. We_____see real products but pictures.
A.shouldn’t B.can’t
C.mustn’t D.needn’t
( )12.(2014·威海)—Bob,Where is Linda?
—She ________ be in the library.But I am not sure.
A.must B.may C.need D.has to
( )13.(2014·菏泽)—Look,someone left a book.
—Oh,yeah…This book_____ be Kitty’s. Only she likes to read this kind of books.
A.can B.must C.may D.might
( )14.(2014·福州)—Lisa,hurry up! The bus is coming.
—Oh,no. We ____ cross the street until the traffic lights turn green.
A.mustn’t B.needn’t C.should
( )15.(2014·江西)Last year I ______ drive.I used to take the bus.
A.could B.couldn’t
C.should D.shouldn’t
❹短语动词
分类图解
类别
实例
汉义
动
词
+
副
词
add up
加起来
break out
爆发
carry on
坚持下去;继续下去
change into
转换成;变成
clean up
清除;收拾干净
clear up
整理,收拾;(天气)放晴
come back
回来;想起来
come down
落下来
come in
进入,进来
cut down
砍倒
cut off
切断
cut up
切碎
eat up
吃光,吃完
fall behind
落在……后面;输给别人
find out
发现;查明
get along
取得进展
get together
聚会,联欢
get up
起床
give away
分发;赠送
give back
归还,送回
give in
屈服
give out
分发;用完,耗尽
give up
放弃
go ahead
继续
go away
走开,离去
go on
继续
grow up
长大成人,成长
hand in
上交;交纳
hand out
分发
hold on
坚持;(打电话)别挂断
keep on
继续(进行)
let in
让……进来,放进
look ahead
向前看
look up
查找
pay back
偿还(借款等)
pick up
拾起,捡起;开车接;学会
point out
指出,标明
put off
推迟
put on
穿;戴上;上演
put up
举起;张贴
start off
出发
stay up
熬夜
take off
脱下;起飞
turn down
声音调小
turn in
上交
turn off
关闭
wake up
唤醒,醒来
watch out
当心
work out
计算出动
词
+
介
词
agree with
赞同,同意(某人的看法)
arrive at/in
到达
ask for
请求;询问
base on
以……为依据
belong to
属于
break into
破门而入
call for
需要;呼吁
care for
在乎,关心
come from
来自……
deal with
处理;对付
depend on/upon
依靠;相信;依赖
get over
克服
get to
到达……
go by
走过,经过
go over
仔细检查;复习
knock at
敲
laugh at
嘲笑……
learn from
向……学习
look after
照顾
look at
看……,观看……
look for
寻找
look like
看起来像
pass by
经过
point to
指向……
quarrel with
(和某人)争吵
stand for
代表(某事物);支持
stick to
坚持
talk about
谈论,议论
think about
考虑
think of
想起,想出;认为
wait for
等待
动
词
+
副
词
+
介
词
add up to
加起来总计
catch up with
赶上
come up with
想出
get along with
相处
go on with
继续进行
keep away from
远离
keep up with
跟上;和……保持联系
look down on/upon
看不起
look forward to
盼望
look out of
朝……外看
make up of
由……组成,构成
run out of
耗尽
注意:
对于动词+副词类的短语,如果是名词作宾语,那么这个名词既可以放在短语之间也可以放在短语的后面,但是如果是代词作宾语,则代词一定要放在短语之间。如:
He turned off all the lights when he left.当他离开时,他关上了所有的灯。
He picked it up and gave it to me.他捡起它,然后把它交给了我。
【题组训练】
( )16.(2014·咸宁)—When will your new book _______?
—It has not been decided yet.
A.find out B.come out
C.look up D.set up
( )17.(2014·山西)—Mum.I did best in our group discussion today.
—Well done! I _________ you.
A.am mad at B.am patient with
C.am proud of
( )18.(2014·河南)This bus doesn’t go to the train station.I’m afraid you’ll have to ______ at the library and take the A52.
A.take off B.put off
C.get off D.turn off
( )19.(2014·十堰)—The song Where did the time go _____ the old days and the love of family.
—Sure.It’s my favorite song.
A.helps us out B.reminds us of
C.lets us down D.regards us as
( )20.(2014·安徽)As time _______,you’ll come to think of English as your friend and love it.
A.goes by B.runs out
C.takes off D.turns up
04 整合集训 反馈层级化
( )1.—Can I borrow your English book,please?
—Sure.But you must ______ it to me soon.
A.keep B.buy
C.return D.hold
( )2.—Have you ever listened to the song Baby?
—Yes,it _____ wonderful.All of us like it very much.
A.smells B.sounds C.looks D.tastes
( )3.—How about the silk skirt?
—It ______ soft!I’ll take it.
A.tastes B.sounds C.smells D.feels
( )4.After the serious illness,he finally _____ how important health is.
A.realized B.meant
C.added D.impressed
( )5.The old man’s eyesight isn’t very good.He often ______ Tim for Jim.
A.regards B.treats
C.mistakes D.thinks
( )6.—Why is Lily so popular among the students?
—Because she often_____us with help and care.
A.gives B.offers
C.provides D.supports
( )7.—Do you think Houston Rockets will beat Lakers?
—Yes.They have better players,so I ______ them to win.
A.hope B.think C.depend D.expect
( )8.—How long do you think the terrible weather will______?
—Why not listen to the weather report?
A.appear B.last C.change D.discover
( )9.Listen! The whole class is quiet now. It _____ that everyone falls asleep.
A.seems B.looks C.sounds D.gets
( )10.The children are making too much noise.I can’t ____ it.
A.stand B.hear C.consider D.know
( )11.Wow,the dish _____ delicious. Could you please tell me how to cook it?
A.keeps B.tastes C.sounds D.feels
( )12.—Why does Zhang Lei look unhappy?
—Because her best friend didn’t _____ her to go on a picnic.
A.make B.let
C.invite D.refuse
( )13.David _______ his friend’s invitation to the picnic in order to stay at home and have a good rest.
A.expected B.refused
C.received D.told
( )14.—Who’s that boy in the red coat?
—He is my new friend.Let me ______him to you.
A.introduce B.tell
C.promise D.say
( )15.—What about the picture over there?
—It ________ nice.
A.tastes B.gets C.looks D.sounds
( )16.—May I go to the cinema,Mum?
—Certainly.But you _____ be back by 11 o’clock.
A.can B.may C.must D.need
( )17.— ____I speak to May,please?
—I’m sorry she ____ come to the phone because she is busy now.
A.Might;won’t B.Can;mustn’t
C.May;can’t D.Could;shouldn’t
( )18.—I want to know if I ______ smoke here.
—No,you_______ .Could you see the sign “NO SMOKING” there?
A.can;needn’t B.must;can’t
C.shall;won’t D.can;mustn’t
( )19.My wife never remembers my telephone number. She always _______ look it up.
A.must B.should C.would D.has to
( )20.—_____ you pass me the dictionary,please?
—Sure.Here you are.
A.Could B.Need C.Must D.Might
( )21.—Must I go there with you?
—No,you____ .David ______ go with me.
A.mustn’t;can B.can’t;must
C.don’t;should D.needn’t;may
( )22.You ______ be careful when crossing the road—the traffic lights aren’t working.
A.might B.should C.could D.may
( )23.—Could I borrow your ruler?
—Yes,of course you _______.
A.will B.should C.can D.need
( )24.—I’ve taken someone else’ s green sweater by mistake.
—It _______ Henry’s.He always wears green.
A.has to be B.will be
C.mustn’t be D.could be
( )25.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but luckily everyone _______ get out.
A.had to B.would
C.was able to D.could
( )26.—Is Paul coming by train?
—He should,but he _______.He likes driving his car.
A.can’t B.needn’t
C.may not D.mustn’t
( )27.—Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?
—No,it _______ be him.I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.
A.can’t B.must not C.won’ t D.may not
( )28.Susan,you ______ leave all your clothes on the floor like this!
A.wouldn’t B.mustn’t
C.needn’t D.may not
( )29.—Listen!Someone is singing in the next room. Who____ it be? Is it Zhu Lei?
—No.It ______ be her.She is at school now.
A.will;may not B.must;mustn’t
C.may;can’t D.may;won’t
( )30.Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool.It _______ be very expensive.
A.must B.can C.mustn’t D.can’t
( )31.—Do you know if he is still living?
—I’m not sure.I think he _______die in a battle in 1943.
A.have to B.should
C.must D.might
( )32.—You can sit and read the books here if you _____.
—Thank you very much.
A.can B.will C.may D.must
( )33.—Must I wash all the clothes this afternoon?
—No,you_______.
A.don’t have to B.mustn’t
C.can’t D.may not
( )34.—_______ the work be finished by the end of this week?
—Yes,it must.
A.Will B.Shall C.Need D.Can
( )35.—_______ I go there at once?
—No,I don’t think you ____ now.It’s still early.
A.Can;have to B.Do;need to
C.Need;must D.May;would
( )36.—Tom,it’s cold outside. _______your coat when you go out.
—OK,Mum.
A.Take off B.Take away
C.Put away D.Put on
( )37.I work very hard because I don’t want to______ .
A.let my parents down
B.let down my parents
C.let my parents to be disappointed
D.let my parents go
( )38.—When will Han Han’s new book ________?
—Sorry,I don’t know.Im looking forward to his new book,too.
A.come on B.come out
C.come in D.come over
( )39.—Great changes have taken place in this city.
—Right.Many modern buildings have been _______ these days.
A.turned up B.put up
C.shown up D.fixed up
( )40.Dont worry!Im sure you’ll _______ your classmates if you are kind and friendly to them.
A.catch up with B.agree with
C.get along well with D.make friends with
参考答案:
(八)动词的分类
题组训练
1—5DABCA6—10BAADC11—15BBBAB
16—20BCCBA
整合集训
1—5CBDAC6—10CDBAA11—15BCBAC
16—20CCDDA21—25DBCDC26—30CABCA
31—35DBACC36—40DABBC