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2018年中考英语知识归纳复习专题形容词与副词外研版

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形容词与副词 ‎ 【形容词的用法】‎ 形容词是描述人或事物的性质、特征或状态的词类,主要用来修饰名词或部分代词。‎ ‎1.形容词的用法 功能 位置 例句 定语 名词前或不定代词后作定语 She is a beautiful girl.她是一个漂亮的女孩。‎ I have something important to say.我有重要的事情要说。‎ 表语 系动词后作表语 It’s very cold today.今天非常冷。‎ 宾语补 足语 keep,make,leave等动词的宾语后作宾语补足语 You must keep the classroom clean.你必须保持教室干净。‎ 2. 名词变形容词 名词 构成方法 意义 例词 17‎ 表示天气的名词 ‎-y 充满……的 多……的 cloud-cloudy sun-sunny 表示方位的名词 ‎-ern ‎……方位的 朝……方的 west-western south-southern 表示称谓的名词 ‎-Ly ‎……般的 friend-friendly 表示时间的名词 ‎-ly 每……的 week-weekly day-daily 表示物质的名词 ‎-en/-y ‎……制成的 ‎……般的 wood-wooden sand-sandy 表示情感的名词 ‎-ful ‎……的 有……的 care-careful beauty-beautiful ‎-y ‎……的 luck-lucky health-healthy 17‎ ‎-less 不……的 无……的 home-homeless hope-hopeless 表示大洲与 国家的名词 ‎-n ‎……的 ‎……人的 America-American Russia-Russian 要点提醒:‎ 如:‎ a nice large square old brown wooden table一张又大又漂亮的古老的棕色方木桌 ‎2.ed与ing形容词(考点讲解详见P8考点3)‎ ‎3.在英语中有些形容词通常只用作表语,不可作(前置)定语。这类形容词主要有:‎ ‎①表示健康状况的形容词,如ill,well;‎ ‎②以a开头的表状态的形容词,如:‎ 17‎ afraid,asleep,awake等。‎ ‎4.在构词法中,以ly结尾的词并不都是副词,也有形容词。常见的有:‎ friendly(友好的),lovely(可爱的),lively(生动的),daily(日常的)等。‎ 5. enough既可作形容词,也可作副词。‎ ‎【考点训练1】‎ ‎1.The Bruce family had to give up camping on such a _______ (rain) day.‎ ‎2.In _______ (west) countries,people usually go to church on weekends.‎ ‎3.The little boy is so _________ (care) that he often leaves his homework at home.‎ ‎4.Mountain climbing is a ___________ (danger) sport.‎ ‎5.Keep all the windows ______ .It’s too hot in the room. ( )‎ A.opened B.open C.closed D.close ‎6.Robert is so ____ that he even has no time to stay with his children at weekends. ( )‎ A.busy B.smart C.serious D.pleased 答案:rainy western careless dangerous B A ‎【副词的用法】‎ 副词是指在句中表示动作或状态特征的词,常用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子等,表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。‎ ‎1.副词的分类 分类 定义 例词 时间 副词 表示时间的副词 now,then,today,tomorrow,ago,lately,soon,recently,right now,before等 17‎ 地点 副词 表示地点的副词 here,there,home,in,out,inside,outside,down,up,upstairs,downstairs,above,back,over 方式 副词 描绘动作发生方式的副词 carefully,easily,fast,happily,loudly,quickly,slowly,suddenly 程度 副词 描绘行为、动作或状态的程度的副词 much,a little,very,enough,quite,rather,too,nearly,so,really 频度 副词 描绘一定时间内动作发生次数的副词 usually,often,sometimes,never,always,hardly (ever),seldom 疑问 副词 ‎(词组)‎ 构成特殊疑问句 where,when,why,how,how long,how often,how far,how soon,how old,how much 连接 副词 连接句子 however,therefore 引导宾语从句 how,when,where,why 关系 副词 引导定语从句 where,when,why 句子 副词 对句子进行说明,用逗号与主句隔开 fortunately,unfortunately,luckily,unluckily,first of all ‎2.副词的构成 17‎ 副词一般由形容词变化而来,常见变化规则如下:‎ 形容词 构成方法 例词 一般情况 ‎-ly quick-quickly slow-slowly 以y结尾的 双音节词 变y为i 再加-ly happy-happily heavy-heavily 以y结尾的 单音节词 ‎-ly shy-shyly dry-dryly 以e 结尾 开音节词 ‎-ly wide-widely polite-politely 去e加-ly true-truly 元音字母+e结尾 以le结尾 去e加-y possible-possibly 17‎ 特殊变化 good-well 注意:有些副词与形容词同形。如:fast,late,early,hard等。‎ 2. 副词的用法 功能 位置 例句 状语 修饰形容词、副词,常位于被修饰词的前面 Bill is very tall.比尔非常高。‎ 修饰动词,一般位于被修饰动词之后 He jumps high.他跳得高。‎ 位于句首,修饰整个句子 Luckily,he won the game.幸运的是,他赢得了比赛。‎ 表语 位于系动词之后 Class is over.下课。‎ 17‎ 宾语 补足语 位于动宾结构后 We found Li Hua out when we arrived.当我们到的时候,发现李华出去了。‎ 后置 定语 一般位于被修饰词之后 Life here is rich and interesting.这儿的生活富裕且有趣。‎ ‎【考点训练2】‎ ‎1.Lily dances as _______ (good) as you.‎ ‎2.Mobile phones are _______ (wide) used in China.‎ ‎3.The children enjoy the life in the country and live ________(happy) with their families.‎ ‎4. __________ (lucky),the damage is not serious.‎ ‎5.We will have to set off ____ to avoid the heavy traffic tomorrow morning. ( )‎ A.early B.quietly C.slowly D.politely ‎6.We have to say goodbye,my dear friends! But I will _____ forget the days we spent together. ( )‎ A.always B.often C.never D.usually 答案:well widely happily Luckily A C ‎【形容词、副词的比较等级】‎ 形容词、副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分,通常as...as是原级的标志,than,much,a little等是比较级的标志,the,in,all,among,one of 等是最高级的标志。1.形容词、副词比较级、最高级的构成 ‎(1)规则变化 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级 17‎ 单音节词和少数双音节词 一般在词尾加 ‎-er或-est slow fast slower faster slowest fastest 以不发音的字母e结尾的词,在词尾加-r或-st large fine late larger finer later largest finest latest 以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母的词,先双写该辅音字母,再加-er或-est big fat hot thin bigger fatter hotter thinner biggest fattest hottest thinnest 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先把y改为i,再加 ‎-er或-est easy happy early easier happier earlier easiest happiest earliest 17‎ 多音节词和部分双音节词 在词前加more或most beautiful carefully more beautiful more carefully most beautiful most carefully ‎(2)不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/badly/ill worse worst many/much more most little less least farfarther(较远)‎ further(进一步)farthest(最远)‎ furthest(最大限度)‎ 17‎ old older(年纪较大的)‎ elder(较年长的)‎ oldest(年纪最大的)‎ eldest(最年长的)‎ ‎2.形容词、副词原级的用法 结构 意义 例句 as+原级+as 与……一样 She is as tall as her mother.她和她的妈妈一样高。‎ not as/so+原级+as 不如 ‎……‎ The weather here is not as/so hot as that in Wuhan.这儿的天气不如武汉热。‎ 2. 形容词、副词比较级的用法 结构 意义 例句 比较级+than 两者比较,表示一方超过另一方,意为“比……”‎ China is larger than Italy.中国比意大利大。‎ less+原级+than(此结构不用于单音节词)‎ 两者比较,表示一方不及另一方,意为“不如……”‎ He thinks English is less important than Chinese.他认为英语不如汉语重要。‎ 17‎ 比较级+and+比较级 越来越……‎ Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.我们的国家正变得越来越强大。‎ the+比较级,the+比较级 越……,越……‎ The more,the better.多多益善。‎ the+比较级+of the two+复数名词 两者中较……的一个 John is the cleverer of the two boys.约翰是两个男孩中较聪明的那一个。‎ Which/Who...‎ ‎+比较级,A or B?‎ 表示“两者比较,哪个(人)更……”‎ Who runs faster,Tom or Jack?谁跑得更快,汤姆还是杰克?‎ 2. 形容词、副词最高级的用法 结构 意义 例句 the+最高级+范围 表示三者或三者以上人或物的比较,意为“最……”‎ Spring is the best season of the year.春天是一年中最好的季节。‎ 17‎ the+序数词+最高级+范围 第几最……‎ Mike is the second tallest boy in his class.迈克是他们班上第二高的男孩。‎ one of the+最高级+复数名词+范围 最……之一 Kobe is one of the best basketball players in the NBA.科比是NBA最好的篮球运动员之一。‎ Which/Who...‎ ‎+最高级,A,B or C...?‎ 表示“在三者或三者以上的人或物中,哪个(人)更……”‎ Who is the tallest,Tom,Jack or Jim?谁最高,汤姆,杰克还是吉姆?‎ 要点提醒:‎ ‎1.修饰比较级常用的词和短语主要有much,a little,even,still,a lot,far,a bit,any等。如:‎ It is much colder than yesterday.今天比昨天冷得多。My apple is a little bigger than yours.我的苹果比你的大一点。‎ 注意:very,quite常用于修饰原级,不能修饰比较级。‎ ‎2.副词最高级前的the可以省去。在运用最高级的句子中,句末常用of/in/among等短语来说明比较的范围。如:‎ Kate is the youngest in her class.凯特是她班上最年轻的。‎ Jenny sings (the) most beautifully of the three.珍妮是三人之中唱得最动听的。‎ ‎3.倍数的表达方式 ‎(1)A+be+倍数+as+原级+as+B如:‎ Our school is three times as big as theirs.我们的学校是他们的三倍大。‎ ‎(2)A+be+倍数+比较级+than+B如:‎ The box is twice bigger than that one.这个箱子比那个大一倍。‎ (3) A+be+倍数+the size(length/amount...)+of+B如:The earth is 49 times the size of the 17‎ ‎ moon.地球的体积是月球的49倍。‎ ‎4.用比较级时要避免与自身进行比较,若比较的对象属于同一范围,要用以下句型表示“比其他任何……都……”。 ‎ ‎ any other+单数名词 ‎ all the other+复数名词 ‎ anyone/anything else Lin Tao is taller than any other student in his class.林涛比他班上其他任何学生都高。‎ Lucy is taller than all the other girls in her class.露西比她班上所有其他的女孩都高。‎ Jack studies harder than anyone else in his class.杰克比班上其他的学生学习都刻苦。‎ 注意:以上句型实际上用比较级形式表达了最高级的含义。如:‎ Lin Tao is taller than any other student in his class.(=Lin Tao is the tallest student in his class.)林涛比他班上其他任何学生都高。(=林涛是他班上最高的学生。)‎ ‎【考点训练3】‎ ‎1.The tea trade helped to spread the tea plant to _____(many) places around the world.‎ ‎2.John speaks English as ____ as Mike.They are both good at English. ( )‎ A.good B.well C.better D.best ‎3.—We should go to school by bus instead of by car.‎ ‎—Yeah,___ cars we use,___ pollution there will be. ‎ ‎( )‎ A.fewer;less B.less;fewer C.the less;the fewer D.the fewer;the less ‎4.Soccer is one of ____ sports in the world. ( )‎ A.more popular B.the more popular C.most popular D.the most popular ‎5.Qomolangma is ___ than any other mountain.I hope to climb it one day. ( )‎ 17‎ A.high B.higher C.highest D.the highest ‎6.The box was ___ than I had expected.I was out of breath when I got home. ( )‎ A.more heavier B.much heavier C.little heavier D.very heavier 答案:more B D D B B ‎【中考示例】‎ ‎(2017·广西)She closed the door _____ in order not to make her grandpa awake. ( )‎ A.angrily B.loudly C.clearly D.quietly ‎【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:为了不吵醒爷爷,她轻轻地关上了门。A项意为“愤怒地;生气地”;B项意为“大声地”;C项意为“清楚地”;D项意为“轻声地”。由语境可知D项符合题意。‎ ‎【考题热身】‎ ‎1.(2017·云南)It’s noisy outside.I can’t hear you ______(clear).‎ ‎2.(2017·云南)All the people in the world wish to enjoy a beautiful and _______(peace) life.‎ ‎3.(2017·甘肃)He was driving as _____(fast) as possible.‎ ‎4.(2017·长春)In the school hallways,the students are supposed to speak and act ______(quiet).‎ ‎5.(2017·鄂州)—Tom has invented a treeplanting machine.‎ ‎—I think no one is ______________(create) than him.He’s a boy full of strange ideas.‎ ‎6.(2017·云南)There are ___ sharing bikes in many cities.So there will be ___ pollution. ( )‎ A.less and less;more and more B.less and less;fewer and fewer C.more and more;less and less D.fewer and fewer;less and less ‎7.(2017·安徽)My deskmate is really ___ .She likes to attend different activities after school. ( )‎ 17‎ A.active B.quiet C.lazy D.honest ‎8.(2017·苏州)Millie,now go to have a nice bath and an early night,so that you will be ___ for the journey tomorrow. ( )‎ A.safe B.patient C.fresh D.natural ‎9.(2017·呼和浩特)The pizza looks ___.It is my favourite. ( )‎ A.lovely B.sweetly C.softly D.healthily ‎10.(2017·江西)Sleeping is a good thing,but some people sleep ____ . ( )‎ A.easily B.badly C.quickly D.well ‎11.(2017·重庆B卷)Peter is ___ boy in our class and he often helps us carry heavy things. ( )‎ A.strong B.stronger C.strongest D.the strongest ‎12.(2017·上海)Nowadays people wish to have ___ food than before as their life improves. ( )‎ A.healthy B.healthier C.healthiest D.the healthiest ‎13.(2017·盐城)I felt much ____ after I told the problems to my close friend. ( )‎ A.good B.well C.better D.best ‎14.(2017·宿迁)Daniel is ____ his twin brother.They are both 1.75 metres tall. ( )‎ A.taller than B.shorter than C.as tall as D.so tall as ‎15.(2017·德州)I’ve read through this book several times,but I will read it ____ so as to get better understanding. ( )‎ A.more bravely B.less easily C.less confidently D.more carefully 答案:clearly peaceful fast quietly more creative C A C A B D BCCD 17‎ 17‎